非牛顿流体在Hele-Shaw模型中的流动

本文研究了非牛顿流体在Hele-Shaw模型中的流动特性,并用摄动法求出了Bingham流体、Power-law流体的速度分布、压力降与流量的关系,分析了屈服应力及幂律指数对物理参数的影响.     

页岩气藏的双重介质-离散裂缝模型

考虑页岩气藏开发中渗流的多尺度效应,提出了一个基于裂缝-孔隙双重介质的离散裂缝模型．在该模型中,基质、天然裂缝和人工压裂裂缝采用各自控制方程独立计算,不同介质之间通过流量交换相互关联．为分析模型可靠性,分别和基于渗透率粗化及压裂裂缝导流能力无穷大的模型对比．数值算例显示,伴随着网格细分,该模型与精确渗透率粗化模型具有相同计算精度,两者收敛速度均较快,但该模型易推广到多相流动问题,而等压模型对产量将有所高估．研究了地质参数和工艺参数对气井产量的影响规律．计算结果表明天然裂缝渗透率及基质孔隙扩散系数对产气速率有着重要影响,产气速率伴随着人工压裂裂缝导流能力、长度以及数目的增加而增加,但是增加幅度会逐步趋缓．     

幂律流体在多孔介质中径向渗流的分形模型

基于分形理论及毛细管模型,本文研究了非牛顿幂律流体在各向同性多孔介质中径向流动问题,推导了幂律流体径向有效渗透率的分形解析表达式．研究结果表明,幂律流体径向有效无量纲渗透率模型和Chang and Yortsos’s模型吻合很好;同时还得出幂律流体径向有效渗透率随孔隙率、幂指数的增加而增加,随迂曲度分形维数的增加而减少．     

可压缩气体定常非Darcy渗流的流动分析及其应用

气体通过多孔介质的非Darcy流动具有广泛的工程应用背景，因此对多孔介质中的气体非Darcy流动进行流动分析有着非常重要的意义。然而，在通常的研究中，一般都将气体考虑为不可压缩流体，很少考虑气体的压缩性。对于高压气体以较高的速度通过多孔介质的情况，在进行流动分析时，不仅要考虑非Darcy效应，还必须考虑气体的压缩性。在本文中，对可压缩气体通过多孔介质的定常非Darcy流动进行了一维流动分析，得出了多孔介质中气体的压力分布和速度分布。还进一步给出了在高压差和高流速情况下，测定多孔介质材料渗透率和惯性系数的方法，以及多孔介质材料前后压力差与材料厚度的比Δp/L和材料有气流速度u1的解析关系。     

非平整、多孔介质海底上波浪传播的复合方程

为了反映近岸区域实际存在的多孔介质海底效应，并且考虑到波浪在刚性海底上传播模型的 最新研究进展，运用Green第二恒等式建立了波浪在非平整、多孔介质海底上传播的复合方 程. 假设水深和多孔介质海底层厚度均由两种分量组成：慢变分量，其水平变化的长度尺度大于 表面波的波长；快变分量，其水平变化的长度尺度与表面波的波长等阶，但其振幅小于表面 波的振幅. 另外，多孔介质层下部边界的快变分量比水深的快变分量小1个量级. 针对水体层和多孔介质层，选择Green第二恒等式方法给出了波浪传播和渗透的复合方程， 它在交接面上满足压力和垂直渗透速度的连续性条件,可充分考虑波数变化的一般连续性， 并包含了某些著名的扩展型缓坡方程.     

缝洞型多孔介质中多相流的有限体积法数值模拟

本文研究的碳酸盐岩油藏储集体属于缝洞型多孔介质.这类缝洞型多孔介质由裂缝、溶蚀孔洞和低孔隙度低渗透率的基岩组成.裂缝是空隙流体流动的主要通道;溶蚀孔洞大小从几厘米到数米不等,渗透率和孔隙度都很高,是流体主要的储集空间.由于缝洞型多孔介质空隙空间的复杂性和强非均质性,数值计算中基本控制方程的空间离散应采用非结构化网格的计算模型.本文采用有限体积法模拟缝洞型多孔介质中多相流体的流动,并给出了相应的单元中心格式有限体积法的计算公式.裂缝介质和溶洞介质中单元间多相流体的流动考虑为高速非达西流,其质量通量采用Forchheimer定律计算.非线性方程的离散选取全隐式格式,并采用Newton-Raphson迭代进行求解.通过两个二维模型注水驱油的数值模拟,验证了本文方法的有效性.     

多孔介质壁面剪切湍流速度时空关联的研究

作为一个基础统计量,时空关联函数在湍流问题的研究中有着广泛的应用,是研究湍流噪声、湍流中物质扩散和大涡模拟亚格子模型等问题的重要参考.本文通过建立三维多孔结构壁面剪切湍流模型,采用含Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer作用力项的格子Boltzmann方程对无穷大多孔介质平行板之间壁湍流进行了数值模拟,进而研究其速度脉动时空关联函数的统计特性.一方面,根据计算得到的流场数据,对比分析了常规槽道湍流与多孔介质壁面槽道湍流的时间关联函数.另一方面,计算并讨论了不同孔隙率和渗透率的多孔介质壁面对速度脉动时空关联性的影响.通过研究表明:多孔结构壁面剪切湍流的时空关联函数等值线与椭圆理论相符;在研究参数范围内,多孔介质壁面的速度时空关联系数随着孔隙率增大而增大,随着渗透率增大而减小.同时发现在槽道壁面的近壁区、过渡区、对数律区和中心区等不同位置处,速度时空关联呈现较大差异性:越远离壁面位置(对数律区和中心区),其时空关联函数所呈现的关联等值线椭圆越细长,高值相关等值线越集中.多孔介质主要改变速度时空关联椭圆图像的椭圆率,说明多孔介质壁面主要影响湍流横扫速度.     

基于蒙特卡罗随机有限元方法的随机多孔介质内流体自然对流不确定性研究

为分析孔隙率不确定性对多孔介质方腔内自然对流换热的影响,发展了一种基于KL(Karhunen-Loeve展开)-蒙特卡罗随机有限元算法的随机多孔介质内自然对流不确定性分析数理模型及有限元数值模拟程序框架。通过K-L展开及基于拉丁抽样法生成多孔介质孔隙率随机实现,并耦合多孔介质自然对流有限元程序,进行随机多孔介质内自然对流传热数值模拟,得出了多孔介质内流场与温度场平均值与标准偏差,并分析了孔隙率不确定性条件下Da数对Nu数的影响。结果表明,孔隙率不确定性对多孔介质方腔内自然对流有重要影响。随机多孔介质内流场及温度场与确定性条件下的流场及温度场存在一定偏差,Nu数标准偏差随着Da的增大先增大后减小。     

复杂微通道气体流动的格子Boltzmann模拟

构建了一个模拟复杂微通道内气体流动的多松弛格子Boltzmann模型。该模型采用动力学曲面滑移边界,考虑了微尺度效应和努森层影响。此外,为了更准确地描述微通道内气体的滑移速度,在模型中引入孔隙局部Kn数来代替平均Kn数。之后采用Poiseuille流对模型进行验证,模拟结果与用直接模拟蒙特卡洛方法和分子模拟结果吻合较好,证明了该模型模拟微通道内处于滑移区和过渡区气体流动的有效性。最后,采用该模型模拟多孔介质内气体渗流过程。结果表明,随着孔隙平均Kn数的增加,多孔介质内的高渗区域增加,且优先从小孔隙中开始增加,这是由于小孔隙中微尺度效应更加明显,相对大孔隙流动阻力更小所致。     

基于图像识别的裂隙煤层气非Darcy渗流模拟

煤层气在煤岩裂隙中流动时,由于其粘度系数较小,很容易产生非Darcy现象.因此,考虑煤层气的非Darcy渗流将会使得研究结果更加客观和准确,对煤层气开采具有实际意义.首先将实物裂隙高清拍照导入Matlab软件中进行图像二值化处理,再利用COMSOL软件对二值图像进行模型重构和数值模拟.模拟结果显示,煤层气渗流速度随着裂隙尺度的变化而不断改变,速度随时间不断增加,但区域渗流速度分布状态保持不变.与Darcy结果的对比分析可知,相同压力梯度下,考虑非Darcy因素的产气量要明显小于仅考虑Darcy因素的情况.同时,结果显示,在渗透率不同的煤裂隙中,煤层气的渗流速度不同.渗透率较大时,渗流速度相对较大,同样,渗透率较小时,渗透速度较小.     

Modelling of Power-law Fluid Flow Through Porous Media Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics

The flow of non-Newtonian fluids through two-dimensional porous media is analyzed at the pore scale using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method. A fully explicit projection method is used to simulate incompressible flow. This study focuses on a shear-thinning power-law model (n < 1), though the method is sufficiently general to include other stress-shear rate relationships. The capabilities of the proposed method are demonstrated by analyzing a Poiseuille problem at low Reynolds numbers. Two test cases are also solved to evaluate validity of Darcy’s law for power-law fluids and to investigate the effect of anisotropy at the pore scale. Results show that the proposed algorithm can accurately simulate non-Newtonian fluid flows in porous media.     

A Lattice Boltzmann study of non-newtonian flow in digitally reconstructed porous domains

In the present study, the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) is applied to simulate the flow of non-Newtonian shear-thinning fluids in three-dimensional digitally reconstructed porous domains. The non-Newtonian behavior is embedded in the LBM through a dynamical change of the local relaxation time. The relaxation time is related to the local shear rate in such a way that the power law rheology is recovered. The proposed LBM is applied to the study of power-law fluids in ordered sphere packings and stochastically reconstructed porous domains. A linear relation is found between the logarithm of the average velocity and the logarithm of the body force with a curve slope approximately equal to the inverse power-law index. The validity of the LBM for the flow of shear thinning fluids in porous media is also tested by comparing the average velocity with the well known semi-empirical Christopher–Middleman correlation. Good agreement is observed between the numerical results and the Christopher–Middleman correlation, indicating that the LBM combined with digital reconstruction constitutes a powerful tool for the study of non-Newtonian flow in porous media.     

Pressure-driven and electroosmotic non-Newtonian flows through microporous media via lattice Boltzmann method

The lattice Boltzmann method is developed to simulate the pressure-driven flow and electroosmotic flow of non-Newtonian fluids in porous media based on the representative elementary volume scale. The flow through porous media was simulated by including the porosity into the equilibrium distribution function and adding a non-Newtonian force term to the evolution equation. The non-Newtonian behavior is considered based on the Herschel–Bulkley model. The velocity results for pressure-driven non-Newtonian flow agree well with the analytical solutions. For the electroosmotic flow, the influences of porosity, solid particle diameter, power law exponent, yield stress and electric parameters are investigated. The results demonstrate that the present lattice Boltzmann model is capable of modeling non-Newtonian flow through porous media.     

Non-Newtonian flow in microporous structures under the electroviscous effect

Single phase non-Newtonian microporous flow combined with the electroviscous effect is investigated in the pore-scale under conditions of various rheological properties and electrokinetic parameters. The lattice Boltzmann method is employed to solve both the electric potential field and flow velocity field. The simulation of commonly used power-law non-Newtonian flow shows that the electroviscous effect on the flow depends on both the fluid rheological behavior and pore surface area ratio significantly. For the shear thinning fluid with power-law exponent n < 1, the fluid viscosity near the wall is smaller and the electrovicous effect plays a more important role compared to the Newtonian fluid and shear thickening fluid. The high pore surface area ratio in the porous structure increases the electroviscous force and the induced flow resistance becomes important even to the flow of Newtonian and shear thickening fluids.     

Displacement of a Newtonian fluid by a non-Newtonian fluid in a porous medium

This paper presents an analytical Buckley-Leverett-type solution for one-dimensibnal immiscible displacement of a Newtonian fluid by a non-Newtonian fluid in porous media. The non-Newtonian fluid viscosity is assumed to be a function of the flow potential gradient and the non-Newtonian phase saturation. To apply this method to field problems a practical procedure has been developed which is based on the analytical solution and is similar to the graphic technique of Welge. Our solution can be regarded as an extension of the Buckley-Leverett method to Non-Newtonian fluids. The analytical result reveals how the saturation profile and the displacement efficiency are controlled not only by the relative permeabilities, as in the Buckley-Leverett solution, but also by the inherent complexities of the non-Newtonian fluid. Two examples of the application of the solution are given. One application is the verification of a numerical model, which has been developed for simulation of flow of immiscible non-Newtonian and Newtonian fluids in porous media. Excellent agreement between the numerical and analytical results has been obtained using a power-law non-Newtonian fluid. Another application is to examine the effects of non-Newtonian behavior on immiscible displacement of a Newtonian fluid by a power-law non-Newtonian fluid.     

Transient spherical flow of non-newtonian power-law fluids in porous media

The transient spherical flow behavior of a slightly compressible non-Newtonian, power-law fluids in porous media is studied. A nonlinear partial differential equation of parabolic type is derived. The diffusivity equation for spherical flow is a special case of the new equation. We obtain analytical, asymptotic and approximate solutions by using the methods of Laplace transform and weighted mass conservation. The structures of asymptotic and approximate solutions are similar, which enriches the theory of one-dimensional flow of non-Newtonian fluids through porous media.     

Calculating the Anisotropic Permeability of Porous Media Using the Lattice Boltzmann Method and X-ray Computed Tomography

A lattice Boltzmann (LB) method is developed in this article in a combination with X-ray computed tomography to simulate fluid flow at pore scale in order to calculate the anisotropic permeability of porous media. The binary 3D structures of porous materials were acquired by X-ray computed tomography at a resolution of a few microns, and the reconstructed 3D porous structures were then combined with the LB model to calculate their permeability tensor based on the simulated velocity field at pore scale. The flow is driven by pressure gradients imposed in different directions. Two porous media, one gas diffusion porous layer used in fuel cells industry and glass beads, were simulated. For both media, we investigated the relationship between their anisotropic permeability and porosity. The results indicate that the LB model is efficient to simulate pore-scale flow in porous media, and capable of giving a good estimate of the anisotropic permeability for both media. The calculated permeability is in good agreement with the measured date; the relationship between the permeability and porosity for the two media is well described by the Kozeny–Carman equation. For the gas diffusion layer, the simulated results showed that its permeability in one direction could be one order of magnitude higher than those in other two directions. The simulation was based on the single-relaxation time LB model, and we showed that by properly choosing the relaxation time, it could give similar results to those obtained using the multiple-relaxation time (MRT) LB method, but with only one third of the computational costs of MRTLB model.     

Analysis of a benchmark solution for non-Newtonian radial displacement in porous media

We present an analytical formulation useful to interpret the key phenomena involved in non-Newtonian displacement in porous media and an analysis of the results obtained by considering the uncertainty associated with relevant problem parameters. To derive a benchmark solution, we consider the radial dynamics of a moving stable interface in a porous domain saturated by two fluids, displacing and displaced, both non-Newtonian of shear-thinning power-law behavior, assuming the pressure and velocity to be continuous at the interface, and constant initial pressure. The flow law for both fluids is a modified Darcy’s law. Coupling the nonlinear flow law with the continuity equation, and taking into account compressibility effects, yields a set of nonlinear second-order partial differential equations. Considering two fluids with the same flow behavior index n allows transformation of the latter equations via a self-similar variable; further transformation of the equations incorporating the conditions at the interface shows for n<1 the existence of a compression front ahead of the moving interface. Solving the resulting set of nonlinear equations yields the positions of the moving interface and compression front, and the pressure distributions; the latter are derived in closed form for any value of n. A sensitivity analysis of the model responses is conducted both in a deterministic and a stochastic framework. In the latter case, Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA) of the benchmark analytical model is adopted to study how the effects of uncertainty affecting selected parameters: (a) the fluids flow behavior index, (b) the relative total compressibility and mobility in the displaced and displacing fluid domains, and (c) the domain permeability and porosity, propagate to state variables. The relative influence of input parameters on model outputs is evaluated by means of associated Sobol indices, calculated via the Polynomial Chaos Expansion (PCE) technique. The goodness of the results obtained by the PCE is assessed by comparison against a traditional Monte Carlo (MC) approach.     

Dynamic Network Model of Mobility Control in Emulsion Flow Through Porous Media

Modeling the flow of emulsion in porous media is extremely challenging due to the complex nature of the associated flows and multiscale phenomena. At the pore scale, the dispersed phase size can be of the same order of magnitude of the pore length scale and therefore effective viscosity models do not apply. A physically meaningful macroscopic flow model must incorporate the transport of the dispersed phase through the porous material and the changes on flow resistance due to drop deformation as it flows through pore throats. In this work, we present a dynamic capillary network model that uses experimentally determined pore-level constitutive relationships between flow rate and pressure drop in constricted capillaries to obtain representative transient macroscopic flow behavior emerging from microscopic emulsion flow at the pore level. A parametric analysis is conducted to study the effect of dispersed phase droplet size and capillary number on the flow response to both emulsion and alternating water/emulsion flooding in porous media. The results clearly show that emulsion flooding changes the continuous-phase mobility and consequently flow paths through the porous media, and how the intensity of mobility control can be tuned by the emulsion characteristics.