Daily dietary intake of elements of nutritional and radiological importance by adult Koreans

A one day representative mixed diet of an adult Korean was collectedfrom the data based on the food intake of 108 healthy subjects between theages 20 and 50. Sampling for the Korean total diet was carried out by usinga market basket study based on the Korean standard food consumption schemereported by the Korean Nutrition Society. Average consumption frequency ofdifferent food items for a one day representative mixed diet of an adult Koreanand the amount of each item to prepare a one day Korean representative totaldiet are surveyed. The analytical methods involve both instrumental and radiochemicalneutron activation techniques developed for the determination of the elementsCs, I, Sr, Th and U in various kinds of food samples. Concentrations of traceelements including 5 important elements for radiological protection, U, Th,Cs, Sr and I in the Korean total diet and the 4 most frequently consumed Koreanfoodstuffs have been analyzed by neutron activation analysis. Detection limitsfor U, Th, Sr and I were improved to ppb levels by radiochemical separationafter neutron irradiation. Five biological NIST reference materials were alsoanalyzed for quality control of the analysis. Seventeen trace elements inthe Korean total diet and four Korean representative foodstuffs were alsoanalyzed quantitatively by instrumental neutron activation analysis.     

Daily dietary intake of minor and trace elements by upper social groups in Taiwan

Sixteen minor and trace element contents of diet samples from three different social population groups in Taiwan were determined. Samples were prepared using duplicate portion technique by collecting the 15 subjects ate and drank during a 3-day period. Samples were homogenized, freeze-dried, and elemental concentration of minor and trace elements were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Elemental concentrations and daily dietary intake of the elements were compared with those in the other nations, and possible origins were discussed.     

Daily dietary selenium intake of selected Brazilian population groups

Due to its essential characteristics, the daily dietary selenium intake of individuals should be monitored accurately. In the current work, daily selenium intake of different Brazilian population groups based on duplicate portion diet analysis was evaluated and compared with the new estimated average requirement values (EAR), to assess if selenium deficiency or excess could be observed in these groups. Selenium content was determined by neutron activation analysis (NAA). The average daily dietary selenium intake found was 26.3 (±8.3) ·g/day for children from the city of São Paulo, 37.4 (±16.0) ·g/day for children from Belém, 107 (±107) ·g/day for children from Macapá, 28.4 (±7.5) ·g/day for institutionalized elderly, 32 (±6) ·g/day for non-institutionalized elderly and 37 (±17) ·g/day for university students from São Paulo. Most daily dietary selenium intake range observed were below the EAR values. The values obtained for children groups from Belém and Macapá cities, whose intake levels were much higher than the recommendation, were an exception.     

Determination of some toxic trace elements in Indian tobacco and its smoke

Toxic trace metals like mercury, arsenic and cadmium have been determined in widely used Indian chewing tobacco and cigarette tobacco by neutron activation followed by sequential radiochemical separation (RNAA). Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (DPASV) has been used for the estimation of lead, cadmium and copper in cigarette tobacco and its smoke aerosols. The reliability of the data has been assured by analyzing standard reference materials, bovine liver (NBS-1577) and orchard leaves (NBS-1571), and intercomparison of the Pb, Cd and Cu values by three techniques, namely, RNAA, DPASV and Energy Dispersive X-ray Flourescence technique (EDXRF). The levels of Hg, Cd, As, Pb and Cu in cigarette and chewing tobacco and the estimated intake of Cd, Cu and Pb to the smoker are presented and discussed.     

Investigation of trace and ultra-trace elements of nutritional and toxicological significance in Italian potable waters by INAA

The element concentrations in potable water samples collected in two different urban areas for the water supply, Rome and Florence, are determined by INAA and compared. The results on drinking water of Rome show that the potentially toxic elements (Sb, Hg, Cr, Ni, etc.) are present at levels below the limit values whereas the essential human elements give a convenient nutritional support. Further, it is also evidenced that the elemental composition is quite similar to that of uncontaminated natural waters. According to the drinking water of Florence the characterization of the concentration of elements show an almost good situation except for Al.     

A study of six elements daily dietary intake of Chinese people

Neutron activation analysis (NAA) was used to determine the concentrations of 6 elements Cr, Co, Rb, Cl, Br and I in 12 kinds of Chinese diets. The daily dietary intakes of these elements in 4 areas groups of China were investigated and the analytical results were compared with other countries and WHO recommended dietary intakes.     

Study on the relationship between intake of trace elements and breast cancer mortality with chemometric methods

Several chemometric methods were employed to survey the interaction among the trace elements and the relationship between the intake of these elements and the breast cancer mortality. It is indicated that there are strong interactions among the trace elements so as to form a dynamic balance; the intake of Cr is the most important factor that could cause the increase of breast cancer mortality; no definite relation can be observed between the intake of Cu and that of Zn. However, either the ratio of the intake of Cu and that of Zn or the intake of Cd could show a certain state of dynamic balance among some of the trace elements. Comparison of the analytical methods reveals that it is important to select a suitable method so as to obtain the most appropriate explanation.     

Determination of trace elements in scalp hair of an elderly population by neutron activation analysis

Neutron activation analysis was applied to assess trace elements concentrations in head hair from healthy elderly people living in the São Paulo metropolitan area. Concentrations of As, Br, Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, La, Mn, Na, Sb, Se and, Zn were determined. Comparisons were made between the results obtained for dyed and non-dyed hair as well as for hair from females and males of two different age groups. The results were also compared with range values established by clinical laboratories and published data.     

INAA of trace elements in Indian vegetarian diet and its adequacy vis-a-vis Recommended Dietary Allowances

There has been an increasing awareness conceming the adequacy of trace elements in diet as their deficiency or excess may cause abnormal changes in the biochemical processes. Typical Indian vegetarian diet and dietary components such as cereals, grains, pulses, vegetables and spices have been analysed for 19 elements (Br, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mn, Mo, Na, P, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sr, Th and Zn) by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Several Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) were analysed for quality assurance. Based on the elemental contents, the daily dietary intake has been calculated and the data compared with those from other countries, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and permissible body burden. It has been observed that, although vegetarian, the Indian diet has an adequate content of essential trace elements compared to non-vegetarian oriental (Japan and Taiwan) and western (Germany, Denmark and USA) diets.     

Preconcentration of trace elements by aluminium hydroxide

Summary Coprecipitation of traces of cobalt, zinc, chromium, ruthenium and mercury with freshly precipitated aluminium hydroxide has been investigated by a radiotracer method. Investigations were performed over a wide range of pH. The results indicate that traces of cobalt, zinc and chromium could be almost completely coprecipitated between pH 6 and 10. On the other hand coprecipitation yield for ruthenium in this pH range do not exceed 95%, which is believed to be the consequence of the various physicochemical states of ruthenium. The coprecipitation yields for mercury are very low as a consequence of the presence of non-ionized HgCl₂.

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Zusammenfassung Die Mitfällung von Spuren Kobalt, Zink, Chrom, Ruthenium und Quecksilber mit frisch gefälltem Aluminiumhydroxid wurde radiochemisch untersucht. Die dazu nötigen Experimente erstreckten sich über ein weites pH-Gebiet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Spuren Kobalt, Zink und Chrom zwischen pH 6 und 10 fast vollständig mitgefällt werden konnten. Andrerseits sind die Mitfällungsausbeuten für Ruthenium in diesem pH-Gebiet nicht größer als 95%, was vermutlich die Folge der verschiedenen physikalischchemischen Zustände des Rutheniums ist. Die Mitfällungsausbeuten für Queckilber sind infolge der nur geringen Dissoziation des HgCl₂ sehr gering.

     

Determination of trace elements in hair from Tanzanian children: Effect of dietary factors

The objective of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of essential and toxic elements in hair of children in Tanzania in order to assess their nutritional status. 141 samples of hair from boys and girls living in Tanzania were analyzed using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The mean concentration levels of Zn and Cu were lower whilst those of other elements were in the same range as the hair elemental concentrations reported in the literature. The lower concentrations of Zn might be related to the diet of mainly cereals with low animal proteins consumed by most of the Tanzanian population.     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定铋黄铜合金中微量元素

利用ICP-AES(电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪)研究了铋黄铜合金中铋、锑、铅、砷、铝、铁元素的测定方法,对仪器参数、分析谱线、干扰情况等因素进行了研究,确定了合适的谱线,并对铋黄铜合金进行精密度和回收实验。结果表明,相对标准偏差小于5%,回收率在94%～106%。     

Determination of trace elements in hair of some local population in Iran by instrumental neutron activation analysis

Scalp hair samples from 100 individual residents in Isfahan, Iran were analyzed for Al, Br, Ca, Cu, Hg, I, K, Mg, Mn, Na, S, V, and Zn by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The results of this investigation show that the ranges of the concentration of trace elements in hair are somewhat wide, for example Mg has the range of 20 to 209 ppm for 100 subjects. The results are compared with the data reported in the literatures. A substantive correspondence between the present data and literature values from different countries, have been observed but they did not show any regular dependence. The level of iodine is significantly different from other countries and is strongly linked to local environmental factors. The correlation coefficient for Al–V, Mn–Al, Ca–Mg, and V–Mg pairs was 0.823, 0.821, 0.830 and 0.746, respectively.     

Analytical quality control program used by the trace elements in foods and diets sub-network of the FAO European cooperative network on trace elements

Summary The analytical quality control program employed by the ongoing FAO study on 14 trace elements in nationally representative staple foods of European countries is presented. The analytical quality control used is based on: 1) precautions taken to avoid trace element contaminations or losses during sampling and sample handling; and, 2) on methods used to guarantee that the actual determinations yield correct results. The precautions are presented. A number of certified biological reference materials (RMs) were used to validate the analytical methods employed. The following staple food RMs were also prepared: wheat flour, potato powder, animal muscle (pork) and milk powder. They were tested for homogeneity and subjected to an interlaboratory comparison study on the basis of which recommended values for trace element concentrations were defined. Further, the mean relative standard deviation for the 95% confidence limits of the medians in all RMs was below 5% for Ca, Mg and Zn; below 10% for Mn; below 15% for Fe, Cu and Se; and below 25% for Mo and Ni. These RMs were used to control the analytical quality of the trace element determinations in the actual samples. It is concluded that important contaminations were avoided in sampling and sample handling and that use of the RMs described was necessary to guarantee the analytical quality of the results.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定玄武岩中的8种微量元素

采用硝酸-盐酸-氢氟酸高压封闭消解样品,电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定玄武岩中的8种微量元素。实验确定了方法的分解条件以及测定元素的检出限及干扰条件。用国家一级标准物质GBW07105(玄武岩)进行方法验证,检测结果与标准值基本吻合,符合地质矿产开发的要求。     

原油中微量金属元素的测定及风化条件下元素的变化规律

建立了微波消解-电感耦舍等离子体质谱(ICP.MS)法同时测定原油及自然风化后原油中的V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、zn、Mo、Ba等11种微量金属元素的方法.结果表明,11种微量金属元素的检出限为0.0056～0.8729μg/g,线性关系良好,相关系数r≥0.9995;相对标准偏差(RSD)<5.0%.经过30d风化...     

Tracing the sources of stream sediments by Pb isotopes and trace elements

The objective of this research is to trace the sources of stream sediments in a small watershed influenced by anthropogenic and lithogenic origins identified by the spatial distributions and temporal variations of stream sediments using geochemical interpretation of the stable and radiogenic isotopes, major components, and heavy metals data and principal component analysis. To know the effects of both present and past mining, the stream sediments were sampled at the stream tributaries and sediment coring work. The spatial distributions of heavy metals clearly showed the effects of Cu and Pb?CZn mineralization zones at the site. Anthropogenic Pb was elevated at the downstream area by the stream sediments due to an active quarry. The results of principal components analysis also represent the effects of the stream sediments origins, including anthropogenic wastes and the active quarry and lithogenic sediment. Anomalous Cu, indicating the effect of past Guryong mining, was identified at the deep core sediments of 1.80?C5.05?m depth. The influence of active quarry was shown in the recently deposited sediments of <1.50?m depth, which was proved by the profiles of radioactive ²¹⁰Pb and stable Pb and Sr isotopes. This study suggests that the chemical studies using radiogenic and stable isotopes and heavy metals and multivariate statistical method are useful tools to discriminate the sources of stream sediments with different origins.     

Assessment of daily dietary intake of Hg and some essential elements in diets of children from the Amazon region

Summary Daily dietary intake of Hg and some essential elements in diets of children from communities in the Jaú National Park, Amazon region, were assessed. Diet samples were analyzed for total Hg content using cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry and Ca, Fe, K, Na, Se and Zn contents by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The weekly tolerable provisional intake for Hg in the communities studied varied from 13 to 57 mg of Hg per kg of body weight, exceeding the limit of 5 mg ^. kg^-1 set by the WHO. Comparison of the daily dietary intake values to the new Dietary Reference Intakes (4-8 years), showed prevalence of inadequacy.     

Monitoring of depth distribution of trace elements by GDMS

The depth distribution of B and Li have been studied in ZrO₂ layers by GDMS. Zr alloy has been corroded to ZrO₂ in an autoclave in solutions containing Li and B. Samples were collected at different reaction times and analyzed. The GDMS crater depth and the sputter rate could be determined by profilometry for the discharge conditions used. In the analyzed samples three zones could be identified: oxide, interface and zircaloy. The concentration of Li and B was followed in each of the three zones.