加速溶剂提取-液相色谱-原子荧光光谱法测定对虾饲料中5种形态的汞北大核心CSCD

称取经粉碎的样品1.000 0g,置于加速溶剂提取池中,加入10mL的5mol·L-1盐酸溶液、1mL的5mol·L-1氯化钾溶液和2mL的10mol·L-1半胱氨酸溶液;在8.0MPa和70℃下,预加热2min,加热5 min,静态提取5min,分离,重复上述提取过程2次,合并提取液;加入0.2mL的0.5mol·L-1半胱氨酸溶液、1.5mL的6mol·L-1氢氧化钠溶液,以10 000r·min-1离心5min,将上清液氮吹浓缩并用硝酸(5+95)溶液定容至1mL,过0.45μm尼龙滤膜后,采用Eclipse XDB-C18反相色谱柱(150mm×4.6mm,5.0μm)分离溶液中的甲基汞、乙基汞、无机汞、硫柳汞和苯基汞,流动相为50g·L-1乙腈溶液+5g·L-1乙酸铵溶液+1g·L-1半胱氨酸溶液(体积比为1∶1∶1),用原子荧光光谱仪进行测定。5种形态的汞的质量浓度在一定范围内与其荧光强度呈线性关系,测定下限(10S/N)在1.0~2.5μg·kg-1之间。加标回收率在91.0%~98.3%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.94%~2.7%之间。     

加速溶剂提取-液相色谱-原子荧光光谱法测定对虾饲料中5种形态的汞

称取经粉碎的样品1.000 0g,置于加速溶剂提取池中,加入10mL的5mol·L-1盐酸溶液、1mL的5mol·L-1氯化钾溶液和2mL的10mol·L-1半胱氨酸溶液;在8.0MPa和70℃下,预加热2min,加热5 min,静态提取5min,分离,重复上述提取过程2次,合并提取液;加入0.2mL的0.5mol·L-1半胱氨酸溶液、1.5mL的6mol·L-1氢氧化钠溶液,以10 000r·min-1离心5min,将上清液氮吹浓缩并用硝酸(5+95)溶液定容至1mL,过0.45μm尼龙滤膜后,采用Eclipse XDB-C18反相色谱柱(150mm×4.6mm,5.0μm)分离溶液中的甲基汞、乙基汞、无机汞、硫柳汞和苯基汞,流动相为50g·L-1乙腈溶液+5g·L-1乙酸铵溶液+1g·L-1半胱氨酸溶液(体积比为1∶1∶1),用原子荧光光谱仪进行测定。5种形态的汞的质量浓度在一定范围内与其荧光强度呈线性关系,测定下限(10S/N)在1.0~2.5μg·kg-1之间。加标回收率在91.0%~98.3%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.94%~2.7%之间。     

碘量法测废水中硫化物的改进

对碘量法测定废水中硫化物的标准方法(HJ/T 60-2000)中所述条件做进一步优化试验,提出了如下改进:1选择水浴温度为65℃;2吹氮的气体流量及时间:第1次为80 mL·min-1和20min,第2次为300 mL·min-1和10 min,第3次为400 mL·min-1和6 min;3以1mol·L-1乙酸锌溶液为吸收液,当样品中硫化物的质量浓度≤1.5mg·L-1时,选择吸收液的加入量为3mL;4方法适用于硫化物质量浓度在0.4~3mg·L-1范围内的废水样品的分析;当实际质量浓度超过1.5mg·L-1时,应减少取样量,使实际测定的试液中硫化钠的质量浓度保持在1.5mg·L-1以内。按上述优化的条件,在实样的基础上作加标回收试验,测得回收率在94.4%~94.9%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在2.3%~3.4%之间。     

微波消解样品-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定橡胶及其制品中微量汞

称取经冷冻粉碎的橡胶样品0.2g,用硝酸6mL和过氧化氢2mL在密闭的聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)消解罐中进行微波消解,所得溶液定容至50mL。分取此溶液5.00mL,加盐酸(5+95)溶液至10mL,用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定此溶液中的汞含量。经试验选定分析条件:1用0.5g·L-1硼氢化钾溶液(溶于2g·L-1氢氧化钠溶液中)作还原剂;2以盐酸(5+95)溶液作载流;3光电倍增管负高压为260V;4灯电流为15mA;5原子化器高度为10mm;6载气和屏蔽气流量依次为300,800mL·min-1。方法的检出限(3s/k)为3μg·L-1。用标准加入法做回收试验,测得平均回收率为95.7%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=11)为4.3%。选取含汞高及低量的样品各1个,分别由10家实验室对所提出的方法做验证,结果较好。     

微波消解-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定土壤及生物样品中铅和汞

应用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定了土壤及生物样品中铅和汞。样品用硝酸4mL及过氧化氢1mL按微波消解仪的工作参数进行消解,消解后溶液定容至25mL供测定。用30g·L-1柠檬酸溶液和硝酸(1+99)溶液的混合液作载流,根据铅(Ⅱ)离子的反应和试液对酸度的要求,选用含15g·L-1硼氢化钾,10g·L-1铁氰化钾和20g·L-1氢氧化钾的混合溶液作为还原剂。方法的检出限(3s/k)为0.512μg·L-1(铅)和0.067μg·L-1(汞)。应用此方法分析了3种实样并进行加标回收试验,测得回收率分别在91.0%~97.0%(铅)和88.0%~95.5%(汞)之间。     

改进的重铬酸盐法测定水和废水中化学需氧量

对重铬酸盐法测定水和废水中化学需氧量的国家标准方法作了改进。改进方法较原方法的取样量由20.00mL减少为10.00mL,氯离子掩蔽剂硫酸汞由固体改为溶液;改进方法受氯离子干扰的程度与国标方法相似,当氯离子质量浓度小于1 000mg·L-1时对测定结果无影响。改进方法的检出限为3 mg·L-1,对标准物质和标准溶液进行测定,测定结果的相对误差在0.96%~2.70%之间,标准偏差在0.80~5.6 mg·L-1之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.80%~5.9%之间。方法应用于水样的测定,测定值与国标法测定值相符,测定值的标准偏差在0.94~20.5mg·L-1之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.53%~11%之间。     

化学蒸气发生-多通道原子荧光光谱法同时测定化探样品中的砷、锑、铋、汞

采用氢化物发生-四通道原子荧光光谱仪同时测定化探样品中砷、锑、铋和汞的含量。试样溶于盐酸-硝酸-水(3+1+4)的混合酸中,分取适量试液在盐酸(1+4)溶液和含硫脲10g·L-1的介质中预还原30min。用纯氩气作载气和屏蔽气,流量依次为300,900mL·min-1。仪器采用间歇流动进样方式,硼氢化钾溶液的质量浓度为15g·L-1。上述4种元素的质量浓度在一定范围内呈线性,检出限(3S/N)为0.031μg·L-1(砷)、0.028μg·L-1(锑)、0.024μg·L-1(铋)和0.004 8μg·L-1(汞)。应用此方法分析了化探样品,并用标准加入法对上述4种元素进行回收试验,测得回收率在95.4%~101%之间。     

冷原子荧光光谱法测定沉积物中总汞方法的改进

应用国家标准方法(GB/T 22105.1-2008)测定沉积物中总汞量时,对其中的样品消解方法作如下改进:①试样置于盐酸-硝酸(3+1)混合酸中浸泡过夜,次日加水定容为50mL,取其上层清液供冷原子荧光光谱法测定其总汞量;②上述试样溶液如在1～3d内分析毋需加入保护剂及稀释剂,按改进后的方法,总汞的质量浓度在4.00ng.L-1以内与荧光强度呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)为0.011ng.L-1。用于沉积物中总汞的测定,经t-检验与国家标准方法测定值无显著差异。方法的日内(n=6)和日间(n=5)相对标准偏差分别在1.1%～3.7%和5.9%～7.0%之间。     

微波消解样品-原子荧光光谱法同时测定海苔中砷和汞

采用微波消解技术处理样品,用原子荧光光谱法同时测定海苔中砷和汞.砷和汞的回收率分别为90.0%～97.0%和90.0%～94.0%;砷和汞的检出限(S/N=3)分别为0.10μg·L-1和0.01μg·L-1.     

高效阴离子交换色谱-脉冲安培检测法分析漏芦多糖中单糖组成

采用高效阴离子交换色谱-脉冲安培检测法(HPAEC-PAD),建立了一种测定漏芦多糖中单糖组成的方法.水提、醇沉法提取粗多糖,Sevage法除蛋白,用2mol·L-1硫酸在100℃水解多糖,以CarboPac PA10色谱柱(2mm×250mm)为分离柱,100 mmol·L-1氢氧化钠溶液为淋洗液,流速为1.0 mL·min-1,脉冲安培检测,总分析时间为6min.测定漏芦多糖中单糖组成为阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖和果糖,其摩尔比为1.55:1.00:2.10;加标回收率为93.0%～107.8%,捡出限为2.8～12.3 μg·L-1.     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。