微波合成水杨酸异丙酯

研究了微波合成水杨酸异丙酯的工艺，与常规方法相对比，发现利用微波合成 水杨酸异丙酯具有反应速度快、转化率高、杂质含量小、后处理简单、无三废排放 等优点。     

微波作用下2,5-二取代-1,3,4-噁二唑的合成

2 ,5 二取代 1 ,3 ,4 二唑可用作药品 ,光敏物质 ,闪烁体 ,激光材料 ,高分子液晶单体等[1- 5] 。一种是以芳香酸与水合肼作为原料用多聚磷酸作为脱水环合剂来合成此类化合物[6 ] ,另一种是由芳香酸转变为芳香酰氯或酯 ,再与水合肼反应得到单酰肼或二酰肼 ,最后用三氯氧磷[7] ,五氧化二磷和五氯化磷[8] ,一氯三甲硅[9] 脱水环合 ;此外 ,用水合肼和尿素合成得到的氨基脲代替水合肼 ,与芳香酸缩合合成二唑[10 ] ,这些方法共同的缺陷是 :环合时间较长 ,少者 4～ 5ｈ ,多则 8ｈ。近年来 ,微波技术在有机合成及其杂环化合物的合成中得到了广…     

Ethanol from lignocellulosic wastes with utilization of recombinant bacteria

This article presents the advanced technology that has been developed by BioEnergy International of Gainesville, Florida, utilizing novel recombinant strains of bacteria developed by Lonnie Ingram of the University of Florida. The first commercial applications of these unique fermenting organisms convert 5-carbon sugars, as well as 6-carbon sugars, and oligomers of cellulose (e.g., cellobiose and cellotriose) directly to ethanol. The proposed systems that will be utilized for conversion of agricultural wastes, mixed waste papers, and pulp and paper mill waste in forthcoming commercial installations are now under design. This involves the extensive experience of Raphael Katzen Associates International, Inc. in acid hydrolysis, enzyme production, enzymatic hydrolysis, large-scale fermentation engineering, and distillation/dehydration. Specific examples of this advanced technology will be presented in different applications, namely:

微波干法有机合成研究进展

摘要：本文综述了近年来微波无溶剂有机合成如保护与脱保护反应,缩合反应,成环反应,氧化—还原反应,加成反应,酰化反应,偶联反应及水解反应的进展。参考文献36篇。     

应用微波辐射技术一步合成4－芳基－1，4－二氢吡啶衍生物

以芳醛、乙酰乙酸乙酯、醋酸铵为原料在无溶剂条件下应用微波技术合成了4 －芳基－2，6－二甲基－3－5－二乙氧羰基－1，4－二氢吡啶，该反应的2－5min 内完成，产率73％－99％。     

微波辐射下的芳基甲酰氨基硫脲的合成

本文报道了以水为介质, 在微波辐射下的芳基甲酰氨基硫脲的合成。该法反应快, 产率高。     

Deprotection of oximes using urea nitrate under microwave irradiation

A new mild and efficient method for the cleavage of oximes to carbonyl compounds using readily available urea nitrate in acetonitrile-water (95:5), under microwave irradiation within 2 min, in good yields is reported     

微波辐射下有效合成缩氨基硫脲类化合物

将肼基二硫代甲酸甲酯与相应的醛或酮在微波辐射下,经2~3.5m in反应得到化合物3-二取代甲(乙)撑肼基二硫代甲酸甲酯1,收率90~96%,然后将化合物1与胺在微波辐射下,经35~45m in反应得到目标化合物2~4,收率68~90%。微波辐射法比常规法显著的缩短了反应时间,提高了收率。共计合成目标化合物19个。以上化合物均经过熔点测定、质谱、红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱对其结构进行确证。     

Etherification of benzyl alcohol under microwave irradiation using a heteropoly acid as catalyst

Selective dehydration of benzyl alcohol to dibenzyl ether using heteropoly acid as catalyst in solvent-free conditions under microwave irradiation has been studied. The microwave power and irradiation time, and concentration of heteropoly acid are key factors, and under the severe conditions dibenzyl ether was polymerized. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

无溶剂微波辅助合成醚类化合物的工艺探讨

与传统加热方法相比,通过体系内部分子运动摩擦产热的微波辐射方法可催化化学反应,缩短反应时间,提高转化率和收率.传统的加热方法需要数十小时,甚至几天的反应.     

微波辐射下苯偶姻的干法氧化反应

研究了微波辐射下干法氧化苯偶姻生成苯偶酰的反应。结果表明，硅胶和酸性氧化铝是本反应的良好载体，空气是良好的氧化剂。在较短时间内(8～15min)即可获得很高的产率(92%～98%)，为一种有效的苯偶姻氧化反应新方法。     

Direct preparation of primary amides from carboxylic acids and urea using imidazole under microwave irradiation

A very simple and efficient solvent-free procedure for the preparation of primary amides is described from carboxylic acids and urea using imidazole under microwave irradiation. Various aliphatic and aromatic primary amides were prepared in good yields by this direct amidation method.     

New environmentally-friendly solvent-free synthesis of imines using calcium oxide under microwave irradiation

Condensation of structurally diverse aldehydes including heterocyclic aldehydes, like furfural, with various amines in the presence of calcium oxide affording the corresponding imines in solvent-free conditions in good to excellent yields under microwave irradiation is described. A comparative study has been done under thermal conditions. The synergy between dry media and microwave irradiation in this reaction is evaluated by condensing less electrophilic aldehydes with poorly nucleophilic amines. The main advantages of this environmentally friendly protocol are the use of the non-toxic and inexpensive reagent calcium oxide and the considerable rate enhancement in comparison with a thermal reaction.     

微波辐射催化合成肉桂酸苄酯

肉桂酸苄酯是一种具有弱苏合香、花香等香气的香料,主要用于配制龙蜒香,在东方型香脂中作为定香剂,也可用作皂用、化妆用及果实香精的调香配料。肉桂酸苄酯的合成,在工业上,主要采用肉桂酸钠与氯化苄在二乙胺作用下反应,反应时间长达17h,产率80％以上。近年来的研究     

Emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate under pulsed microwave irradiation

Emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) under pulsed microwave irradiation (PMI) with higher peak pulse power was studied. The effects of various parameters of PMI on the polymerization were analyzed and compared with that under conventional heating (CH) process. The results were summarized, as compared with that under CH, as follows. The amount of initiator used to reach constant conversion reduced by 50% at the same polymerization time; at the same initiator concentration 0.15 and 0.2 wt.%, the polymerization rate increased by 131% and 163%, respectively. The molecular weight of polymer obtained was 1.1-2.0 times larger than that under CH; at the same irradiation energy, the conversion achieved using a lower pulse power was greater than that using a higher pulse power. There seemed to be a factor of the irradiation energy efficiency; in other words, for the monomer conversion, the irradiation energy of low pulse power had a higher efficiency. The conversion achieved using a 3.5 μs pulse width was almost the same as that using a 1.5 μs pulse width. The results indicated that PMI had a significant non-thermal effect on the emulsion polymerization of MMA so as to effectively enhance the polymerization rate. The glass transition temperature (T_g), the polydispersity index (PDI) and the regularity of the polymer obtained using two processes were similar, indicating that the physical properties and microstructure of the polymer were not modified by the use of microwaves.     

Heterogeneous Pd catalysts and microwave irradiation in heck arylation

Pd metal dispersed on supports like γ-Al₂O₃, C, MgO and CaCO₃ is an efficient and recyclable catalyst in Heck arylation of several olefins. This reaction is also effective in microwave environment. IPCL Communication No. 294     

Thermal properties of lignocellulosic filler-thermoplastic polymer bio-composites

Summary In the TG analysis of the bio-composites, their thermal stability was found to slightly decrease and the ash content to increase as the lignocellulosic filler loading increased. This is a logical consequence of the lower thermal stability of the lignocellulosic filler compared to that of the matrix polymer. The dispersion and interfacial adhesion between the lignocellulosic filler and thermoplastic polymer were important factors affecting the thermal stability of the composite system. In order to improve their compatibility and interfacial adhesion, the incorporation of a compatibilizing agent into the lignocellulosic material-thermoplastic polymer composites is recommended. In the TMA analysis, the thermal expansion of the composites was found to decrease with increasing filler loading and incorporating compatibilizing agent. Lignocellulosic filler is a suitable material for preventing the thermal expansion of the composite materials caused by atmospheric changes.     

Solvent-free thionation of γ-lactones under microwave irradiation

A series of γ-thionolactones was synthesized, with good yields, using a new combination of Lawesson's reagent (LR) and hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDO) in solvent-free conditions under microwave irradiation.     

伯溴代烷的微波快速合成法

198 6年Ｒ .Ｊ.Ｇｉｇｎｅｒｅ[1 ] 和Ｒ .Ｇｅｄｙｅ[2 ] 首次报道将微波用于有机合成反应以来 ,大量实验事实证明[3] 微波不仅能极大地提高某些化学反应速率 ,而且能使一些在常规加热条件下几乎不能进行的反应得以完成、获得满意的收率。用伯醇在溴化氢溶液中微波条件下发生反应制备了伯溴代烷。1　实验部分ＷｈｉｒｌｐｏｏｌＴ1 2 0Ｘ微波炉 (四川大学无线电系改装 ,可连续发射微波 ,功率连续可调 )、ＷＺＳ -Ｉ阿贝折光仪 (未校正 )。工业溴化氢 (Ｃ =40 % ,ｄ =1 38) ,其余试剂均为ＣＰ级。合成通法　将适量的醇、一定量的浓硫酸和过…     

微波辐射下甲基丙烯酸正丁酯原子转移自由基聚合

原子转移自由基聚合(Atom transfer radical polymerization,ATRP)与其他活性聚合方法相比,具有适用单体广、反应条件温和。但其催化体系活性不高,聚合温度较高,数均分子量不高。