Raney Ni催化生物基糠醛还原胺化合成糠胺

生物质衍生物糠醛还原胺化是合成糠胺的一种有效方法。本文以糠醛为原料、氨水为氨源,使用商业Raney Ni催化糠醛还原胺化合成糠胺,考察了氢压、温度、n(糠醛)/n(氨水)、溶剂、催化剂用量等条件对反应的影响。实验结果表明：在1,4-二氧六环溶剂中,0.03 g Raney Ni、n(糠醛)/n(氨水)=1/2、130 ℃、2.0 MPa H₂条件下反应3 h,糠醛转化率100%,糠胺选择性96.3%。与传统方法相比,该工艺实现了非贵金属催化剂作用下高选择性反应,具有操作简单、低成本、收率高等优点。      

Ruthenium-Catalyzed Direct Reductive Amination of Carbonyl Compounds for the Synthesis of Amines: An Overview

Reductive amination is a valuable method for amine synthesis that has been the topic of a century‘s worth of in-depth study in both academia and industry. Amines and their derivatives serve as incredibly adaptable building blocks for a broad array of organic substrates and are significant precursors for a myriad of advanced chemicals, physiologically active compounds, agrochemicals, biomolecules, pharmaceuticals, and polymers. The creation of innovative catalytic processes for the long-term and selective synthesis of amines from readily accessible and environmentally benign reagents remains a top priority in chemical research. Both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts have been designed with success to enable these reactions to explore new amines. Ruthenium catalysts are employed in reductive amination owing to their stability, selectivity, versatility, low toxicity, and high efficiency. This review comprehensively overviews the Ru-catalyzed reductive amination processes and includes the literature from 2009 to 2022.     

Ni2P/SiO2 和Ni/SiO2 催化剂甘油氢解反应性能比较:催化剂活性及产物选择性影响因素的探讨（英文）

采用浸渍法及程序升温还原法制备了Ni2P/SiO2和Ni/SiO2催化剂,利用N2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、X射线荧光、CO化学吸附、氢气程序升温脱附及氨气程序升温脱附等手段对催化剂进行了表征并用于甘油氢解反应.结果表明,Ni2P/SiO2和Ni/SiO2具有相近的表面Ni密度,但前者表面酸中心和表面氢物种(包括吸附氢和溢流氢)密度明显更高,且在甘油氢解反应中的活性也更高,这与其酸性中心与金属中心之间的协同作用有关.Ni2P/SiO2催化剂上主要产物为1,2-丙二醇及1-丙醇,而Ni/SiO2催化剂上主要产物为1,2-丙二醇、乙二醇和乙醇.提高反应温度和H2压力不能促进Ni2P/SiO2上乙醇和乙二醇的生成,但促进了1,2-丙二醇进一步氢解转化为1-丙醇.由此可见,Ni2P/SiO2具有较强的C-O键断裂活性及较弱的C-C键断裂活性,这可能分别与其较多酸性中心和电子及几何结构性质密切相关.     

新型Ni/TiO2催化剂用于对硝基苯酚催化加氢

以介孔氧化钛晶须为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了Ni/TiO2催化剂,通过扫描电镜、X射线衍射、N2吸附脱附、热重分析和程序升温还原技术对催化剂及其前驱体进行了表征,考察了催化剂中Ni含量及焙烧和还原温度对催化剂催化对硝基苯酚加氢反应性能的影响.结果表明,Ni/TiO2催化剂不仅具有晶须状形貌和高结晶度的锐钛晶型,还保持了高比表面积和介孔结构.随着Ni/TiO2催化剂中镍负载量的增加,对硝基苯酚转化率逐渐增加,当镍负载量超过10%时,催化剂活性和选择性没有明显变化.当镍负载量为10%,焙烧和还原温度分别为500和450 ℃时,Ni/TiO2催化剂的加氢活性最佳,是Raney Ni的4倍.该催化剂循环使用7次后未发现明显失活.     

等离子体条件Cu/SiO2对甲烷偶联的催化作用

It has been reported that methane coupling by plasma techniques with catalysts, such as direct current corona discharge with a Sr/La2O3 catalyst[1], dielectric-barrier discharge with zeolites[2] and pulsed corona discharge with metal oxide catalysts[3], give C2 hydrocarbons under atmospheric pressure. But acetylene predominates over other C2 hydrocarbons in the products. Our recent work reported that good results can be obtained for methane coupling under a pulsed corona plasma in the presence of hydrogen[4]. The addition of hydrogen improves the conversion of methane and the yield of C2 hydrocarbons. A methane conversion of 57.1% and a yield of C2 hydrocarbons of 43.4% were obtained at lower power, but acetylene was inevitably the main product. With the introduction of a Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalyst prepared by a cold plasma into the plasma reaction, the distribution of C2 hydrocarbons changed, and the content of C2H4 was 66.1%[5].     

Reductive Amination of Carbonyl Compounds with Ammonia and Hydrogenation of Nitriles to Primary Amines with Heterogeneous Cobalt Catalysts

Reductive amination of aldehydes/ketones with aqueous NH3 and hydrogenation of nitriles to primary amines with Co catalysts were reported. Co@NC-700 exhibited remarkable activity and high selectivity for the reductive amination of aldehydes/ketones with aqueous NH3 and the hydrogenation of nitriles to primary amines. Several primary amines can be obtained with good to excellent yields via the reductive amination of aldehydes/ketones and the hydrogenation of nitriles. The nitrogen-doped carbon(C)-supported Co@NC-700 metal catalyst was prepared via the pyrolysis of bioMOF Co/adenine in activated C. Co@NC-700 can be reused five times without evident loss of activity.     

Reductive Amination of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural by the Hydrogenation of Intermediate Imines in the Presence of a Pt/Al2O3 Catalyst in a Flow Reactor

Kinetics and Catalysis - The catalytic properties of a platinum catalyst supported on γ-alumina in the hydrogenation of imines formed during the condensation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)...     

Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Amines with an Efficient Pd/NiO Catalyst

By applying a simple Pd/NiO catalyst, the reductive amination of amines and aldehydes can progress efficiently under mild reaction conditions, and 24 substituted amines with different structures were synthesized with up to 98% isolated yields.     

超细负载型Ni/SiO2 催化剂用于虫白蜡加氢反应

用醇盐法制备了超细负载型催化剂Ni／SiO2,并应用于虫白蜡的高压催化加氢反应。通过TEM,XRD考察了催化剂的物相及结构特征。结果表明该催化剂载体物相为非晶态,催化剂活性中心高度分散于载体上,粒径小于10nm。催化剂的加氢活性随Ni负载量的增加而提高,负载量为20％时氢化效果最佳。     

Ni／Al2O3催化剂上CH4／CO2重整的脉冲反应研究

报道了用脉冲反应研究Ｎｉ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂上ＣＨ４／ＣＯ２重整反应的结果。脉冲反应显示，在还原的Ｎｉ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂上，ＣＨ４在６７３Ｋ就开始发生分解，并有Ｃ２Ｈ６、Ｃ２Ｈ４生成，１０２３Ｋ下，ＣＨ４几乎完全分解，单纯的ＣＯ２则很难在还原的催化剂上发生反应，在９７３Ｋ以上的高温下才会有少量Ｃ胜成ＣＯ．ＣＨＣＯ２的脉冲反应表明，当ＣＨ４在较低温度下开始分解时，ＣＯ２也会发生分解，并生成ＣＯ。脉冲反     

Mo-P-O/SiO2催化剂上的异丁烷选择氧化反应

 采用溶胶－凝胶法制备了MoO3／SiO2和Mo－P－O／SiO2催化剂，用X射线衍射、红外光谱、程序升温还原、程序升温脱附和活性评价等手段研究了催化剂的表面结构、晶格氧活泼性、化学吸附性能以及异丁烷选择氧化反应性能．结果表明，活性组分在催化剂表面分散较好；异丁烷吸附在催化剂表面Lewis碱位的MoO端氧上形成分子吸附态；MoO3／SiO2和Mo－P－O／SiO2两种催化剂对异丁烷选择氧化都有较好的选择性，将PO3－4引入到MoO3／SiO2催化剂中可提高含氧化合物的选择性     

甲烷在Ni/TiO_2催化剂表面的活化

考察了Ｎｉ／ＴｉＯ２催化剂甲烷部分氧化和二氧化碳重整制合成气的反应活性,实验表明,以ＴｉＯ２为载体的镍系催化剂对于甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应具有较好的活性,尤其对Ｈ２的选择性较高,对二氧化碳重整制合成气反应具有较好的低温反应活性．采用脉冲－质谱在线分析等技术,在无气相氧条件下向Ｎｉ／ＴｉＯ２催化剂脉冲ＣＨ４,发现甲烷在催化剂表面的活化（转化）及其氧化产物的选择性与金属催化剂表面氧的浓度密切相关．ＣＨ４与Ｎｉ／ＴｉＯ２催化剂作用过程中存在明显的氢溢流和氧溢流现象,可能是这种溢流效应使得Ｎ／ＴｉＯ２催化剂具有良好的反应活性和抗积碳性能．     

Colloidal and Nanosized Catalysts in Organic Synthesis: XXIII. Reductive Amination of Carbonyl Compounds Catalyzed by Nickel Nanoparticles in a Plug-Flow Reactor

Reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones with primary and secondary amines under catalysis with nickel nanoparticles supported on zeolite X, MgO, or activated carbon in the gas phase or in the gas-liquid system in a plug-flow reactor proceeds at atmospheric pressure of hydrogen with the formation of secondary or tertiary amines in high yield.     

Ag／SiO2催化剂上气相合成3-甲基吲哚

考察了Ag/SiO2催化剂对常压下苯胺和1,2-丙二醇气相合成3-甲基吲哚的催化活性.当Ag/SiO2在500℃焙烧4h并且反应中水蒸气与氢气摩尔比为0.750时,3-甲基吲哚的收率可达35%.X射线衍射结果表明,具有银微晶的Ag/SiO2催化剂有利于3-甲基吲哚的合成。     

Reductive Coupling Reaction of Carbonyl Compounds In a TiCl4/Ga Bimetal Redox System

For about 20 yeers the chemisty of low-valent titanium complexes has received great attention¹ and now many of the reactions involving them are commonly used in synethesis². The reactivity, of the low-valent titanium slurries, obtained after reduction of titanium trichloride or titanium tetrachloride by means of strong reducting agents such as magnesium, zinc in tetrahydrofuran has also been studied^3-4. In 1995,we reported that carbonyl compounds react with ethyl trichloracetate and iodoacetonitrile in a PbCl₂/Ga bimetal redox system⁵. Herein, we report reductive coupling reaction of carbonyl compound to afford E-alkenes with TiCl₄/Ga bimetal redox system. Simplicity of produre and moderate to excellent yields of product.     

Pd-Sn-K/SiO2催化剂上甲苯气相氧乙酰化反应

 在常规固定床流动反应体系中研究了Pd-Sn-K/SiO2催化剂上气/固相氧化条件下甲苯与乙酸一步合成乙酸苄酯的反应. 结果表明,金属态钯是催化甲苯氧乙酰化合成乙酸苄酯的高活性组分,锡化合物的存在可明显提高催化剂的活性. 催化剂的活性与制备方法密切相关,用H2将SiO2上负载的钯化合物还原之后再负载锡化合物所得催化剂的活性较高. XRD分析结果表明,钯还原前负载锡化合物所得催化剂的活性大幅度降低的原因在于Pd和Sn形成了金属间化合物. 使用Pd/SiO2质量比为0.015, K∶Sn∶Pd摩尔比为27∶3∶1的Pd-Sn-K/SiO2催化剂,在反应温度为180 ℃,混合原料气甲苯∶乙酸∶氧气∶氮气摩尔比为1∶4∶1∶4以及空速为 1680 h-1的条件下,甲苯转化率可达25.3%, 乙酸苄酯选择性为91%. 以TiO2和ZrO2代替SiO2载体,或以其它变价金属氧化物代替Sn氧化物助剂或金属钯,均未发现有更好的催化效果.     

Water/Oil Biphasic Hydroformylation of Higher Olefins over a TPPTS-Rh/SiO2 Catalyst

A novel TPPTS-Rh/SiO2 catalyst, prepared by directly modifying a heterogeneous highsurface-area Rh/SiO2 catalyst with water-soluble TPPTS ligands, could decrease the resistance of mass transfer in water/oil biphasic media for the hydroformylation of higher olefins. The catalytic performance for hydroformylation on this biphasic TPPTS-Rh/SiO2 catalyst system was higher than those of the traditional biphasic HRhCO(TPPTS)3 systems, owing to the chemical bonds between the highly dispersed Rh metal particles and the TPPTS ligands. The catalyst system is applicable for hydroformylation of higher olefins such as 1-dodecene.     

Water／Oil Biphasic Hydroformylation of Higher Olefins over a TPPTS-Rh／SiO2 Catalyst

A novel TPPTS-Rh/SiO2 catalyst, prepared by directly modifying a heterogeneous high-surface-area Rh/SiO2 catalyst with water-soluble TPPTS ligands, could decrease the resistance of masstransfer in water/oil biphasic media for the hydroformylation of higher olefins. The catalytic performancefor hydroformylation on this biphasic TPPTS-Rh/SiO2 catalyst system was higher than those of thetraditional biphasic HRhCO(TPPTS)3 systems, owing to the chemical bonds between the highly dispersedRh metal particles and the TPPTS ligands. The catalyst system is applicable for hydroformylation ofhigher olefins such as 1-dodecene.     

Additive-Free Transfer Hydrogenative Direct Asymmetric Reductive Amination Using a Chiral Pyridine-Derived Half-Sandwich Catalyst

Chiral amines are broadly used compounds in pharmaceutical industry and organic synthesis, and reductive amination reactions have been the most appreciated methods for their syntheses. However, one-step transfer hydrogenative direct asymmetric reductive amination (THDARA) that could expand the scope, simplify the operation and eliminate the use of additives has been challenging. In this work, based on the Xiao's racemic transfer hydrogenative reductive amination in 2010 and our recent work in novel chiral pyridine ligands, chiral half-sandwich iridium catalysts were rationally designed and synthesized. Using the optimized catalyst and azeotropic mixture of formic acid and triethylamine as the hydrogen source, a broad range of α-chiral (hetero)aryl amines, including various polar functional groups and heterocycles, were prepared in generally high yield and enantioselectivity under mild and operationally simple conditions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation of the catalytically active Ir−H species and the key hydride transfer step supported the chiral pyridine-induced stereospecific generation of the iridium center, and the enantioselection by taming the highly flexible key transition structure with multiple attractive non-covalent interactions. This work introduced a type of effective chiral catalysts for simplified approach to medicinally important chiral amines, as well as a rare example of robust enantioselective transition-metal catalysis.