Exact solutions to the generalized lienard equation and its applications

Some new exact solutions of the generalized Lienard equation are obtained, and the solutions of the equation are applied to solve nonlinear wave equations with nonlinear terms of any order directly. The generalized one-dimensional Klein-Gordon equation, the generalized Ablowitz (A) equation and the generalized Gerdjikov-Ivanov (GI) equation are investigated and abundant new exact travelling wave solutions are obtained that include solitary wave solutions and triangular periodic wave solutions.      

Exact solutions of the nonlocal Gerdjikov-Ivanov equation

The nonlocal nonlinear Gerdjikov-Ivanov (GI) equation is one of the most important integrable equations, which can be reduced from the third generic deformation of the derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The Darboux transformation is a successful method in solving many nonlocal equations with the help of symbolic computation. As applications, we obtain the bright-dark soliton, breather, rogue wave, kink, W-shaped soliton and periodic solutions of the nonlocal GI equation by constructing its 2n-fold Darboux transformation. These solutions show rich wave structures for selections of different parameters. In all these instances we practically show that these solutions have different properties than the ones for local case.     

Master Equation and Fokker–Planck Equation: Comparison of Entropy and of Rate Constants

A usual approximation of the master equation is provided by the Fokker–Planck equation. For chemical systems with one species, we prove generally that the prediction of the rate constant of the metastable state given by the Master equation and the Fokker–Planck approximation differ exponentially with respect to the size of the system. We show that this is related to the fact that the entropy of the metastable state is not described correctly by the Fokker–Planck equation. We prove that the rate given by the Fokker–Planck equation overestimates that rate given by the Master equation.     

Langevin equation with multi-Poissonian noise

A general master equation is shown to be equivalent to a Langevin equation whose noise is expressed as a linear superposition of Poissonian random variables (multi-Poissonian noise). As typical examples, a birth and death process and a Boltzmann-Langevin equation are given.     

Trial Equation Method to Nonlinear Evolution Equations with Rank Inhomogeneous:Mathematical Discussions and Its Applications

A trial equation method to nonlinear evolution equation with rank inhomogeneous is given. As applications, the exact traveling wave solutions to some higher-order nonlinear equations such as generalized Boussinesq equation, generalized Pochhammer-Chree equation, KdV-Burgers equation, and KS equation and so on, are obtained. Among these, some results are new. The proposed method is based on the idea of reduction of the order of ODE. Some mathematical details of the proposed method are discussed.     

利用连续介质力学方法研究超光速现象

从可压缩连续介质角度出发,给出一种可以在空间二级准确度上兼容的相对论然而又允许超光速介质运动存在的数学描述.先给出无粘不可压缩流动的Euler方程可以改写成和电磁场方程相同的表达形式：在空间二阶准确度的意义上来说,不可压缩流+相对论近似等于可压缩流,它们都是和现在的实验结果相融的;给出可压缩流动的广义相对论.这也说明协变不变原理不过是可压缩流动的一种近似处理方法.新模型可以解释索么菲（A.Sommerfeld）提出的粒子在超过光速后减小能量反而加速的现象.     

Higher-Dimensional KdV Equations and Their Soliton Solutions

A (2+1)-dimensional KdV equation is obtained by use of Hirota method, which possesses N-soliton solution, specially its exact two-soliton solution is presented. By employing a proper algebraic transformation and the Riccati equation, a type of bell-shape soliton solutions are produced via regarding the variable in the Riccati equation as the independent variable. Finally, we extend the above (2+1)-dimensional KdV equation into (3+1)-dimensional equation, the two-soliton solutions are given.     

A Note on the Transformation of Variables of KP Equation,Cylindrical KP Equation and Spherical KP Equation

In a recent article(Commun. Theor. Phys. 67(2017) 207), three(2+1)-dimensional equations — KP equation, cylindrical KP equation and spherical KP equation, have been reduced to the same Kd V equation by using different transformation of variables, respectively. In this short note, by adding an adjustment item to original transformation, three more general transformation of variables corresponding to above three equations have been given.Substituting the solutions of the Kd V equation into our transformation of variables, more new exact solutions of the three(2+1)-dimensional equations can be obtained.     

A type of conserved quantity of Mei symmetry of Nielsen equations for a holonomic system

A type of structural equation and conserved quantity which are directly induced by Mei symmetry of Nielsen equations for a holonomic system are studied.Under the infinitesimal transformation of the groups,from the definition and the criterion of Mei symmetry,a type of structural equation and conserved quantity for the system by proposition 2 are obtained,and the inferences in two special cases are given.Finally,an example is given to illustrate the application of the results.     

考虑空气阻力时铅球最佳投掷角的参数方程和实用方程

指出了一些文章在讨论有空气阻力作用时关于球类运动的微分方程中存在的问题,得出了空气阻力与速度平方成正比时的微分方程及近似解,计算了最佳投掷角的参数方程,还导出了空气阻力与速度成正比时铅球最佳投掷角的实用方程.     

On a hierarchy of nonlinear dynamical systems and Painlevé test

A hierarchy of nonlinear dynamical systems is studied applying the Painlevé test. An interesting connection between a reduced self-dual Yang-Mills equation and a reduced Yang-Mills equation is given.     

转动相对论系统动力学的积分理论

建立转动相对论系统动力学方程的积分理论.给出系统运动的第一积分,分别利用系统的循环积分和能量积分降阶运动方程,得到推广的Routh方程和推广的Whittaker方程,建立系统运动的正则方程和变分方程,并由第一积分构造系统的积分不变量.给出系统的Poincaré-Cartan型积分变量关系和积分不变量. 关键词： 转动相对论 运动方程 积分方法     

The symmetries of wave equations on new lattices

This paper focuses on studying the symmetry of a practical wave equation on new lattices. It is a new step in that the new lattice equation is applied to reduce the discrete problem of motion of an elastic thin homogeneous bar. The equation of motion of the bar can be changed into a discrete wave equation. With the new lattice equation, the translational and scaling invariant, not only is the infinitesimal transformation given, but the symmetry and Lie algebras are also calculated. We also give a new form of invariant called the ratio invariant, which can reduce the process of the computing invariant with the characteristic equation.     

对“求一类非线性偏微分方程解析解的一种简洁方法”一文的一点注记

利用文献中所引入的变换，将一个非线性偏微分方程化为一个非线性常微分方程，再直接求解该常微分方程，从而简洁地求得了Burgers方程的几个精确解析解.所得结果与已有结果完全符合. 关键词： 非线性偏微分方程 非线性常微分方程 解析解     

Soliton-like Solutions to Wick-type Stochastic mKdV Equation

In this paper, the Wick-type stochastic mKdV equation is researched. Many Wick-type stochastic solitonlike solutions are given via Hermite transformation and further generalized projective Riccati equation method.     

Soliton-like Solutions to Wick-type Stochastic mKdV Equation

In this paper, the Wick-type stochastic mKdV equation is researched. Many Wick-type stochastic solitonlike solutions are given via Hermite transformation and further generalized projective Riccati equation method.     

一类环状非球谐振子势场中相对论粒子的束缚态解

提出了一种新的环状非球谐振子势, 在标量势与矢量势相等的条件下，给出了其Klein-Gordon方程和Dirac方程的束缚态解. Klein-Gordon方程的θ角向波函数以超几何函数表示，径向波函数可用合流超几何函数或广义拉盖尔多项式表示，能谱方程由径向波函数满足的束缚态边界条件得到. Dirac方程的旋量波函数可用Klein-Gordon方程的解构造. 关键词： 环状非球谐振子势 Klein-Gordon方程 Dirac方程 束缚态     

Periodic Waves of a Discrete Higher Order Nonlinear SchrSdinger Equation

The Hirota equation is a higher order extension of the nonlinear Schr6dinger equation by incorporating third order dispersion and one form of self steepening effect, New periodic waves for the discrete Hirota equation are given in terms of elliptic functions. The continuum limit converges to the analogous result for the continuous Hirota equation, while the long wave limit of these discrete periodic patterns reproduces the known resulr of the integrable Ablowitz-Ladik system.     

Linear superposition solutions to nonlinear wave equations

The solutions to a linear wave equation can satisfy the principle of superposition,i.e.,the linear superposition of two or more known solutions is still a solution of the linear wave equation.We show in this article that many nonlinear wave equations possess exact traveling wave solutions involving hyperbolic,triangle,and exponential functions,and the suitable linear combinations of these known solutions can also constitute linear superposition solutions to some nonlinear wave equations with special structural characteristics.The linear superposition solutions to the generalized KdV equation K(2,2,1),the Oliver water wave equation,and the k(n,n) equation are given.The structure characteristic of the nonlinear wave equations having linear superposition solutions is analyzed,and the reason why the solutions with the forms of hyperbolic,triangle,and exponential functions can form the linear superposition solutions is also discussed.     

An extended functional transformation method and its application in some evolution equations

In this paper, an extended functional transformation is given to solve some nonlinear evolution equations. This function, in fact,is a solution of the famous KdV equation, so this transformation gives a transformation between KdV equation and other soliton equations. Then many new exact solutions can be given by virtue of the solutions of KdV equation.