Beam stability in synchrotrons with digital transverse feedback systems in dependence on beam tunes

The beam stability problem in synchrotrons with a digital transverse feedback system (TFS) is studied. The TFS damper kicker (DK) corrects the transverse momentum of a bunch in proportion to its displacement from the closed orbit measured at the location of the beam position monitor (BPM). It is shown that the area and configuration of the beam stability separatrix depend on the beam tune, the feedback gain, the phase balance between the phase advance from BPM to DK and the phase response of the feedback chain at the betatron frequency.     

合肥光源横向束流反馈系统中矢量运算单元和光纤陷波滤波器的研制

 合肥光源横向束流反馈系统已经建成,着重介绍了系统中矢量运算单元和光纤陷波滤波器的研制。矢量运算单元中使用混频器控制信号的衰减,调节控制电压的大小以控制反馈信号的相位;光纤陷波滤波器创新性地提出用光纤延时制作陷波滤波器,很好地滤除了信号中的回旋频率分量,节省了反馈功率。     

合肥光源基于同步光的测量与研究

介绍了合肥光源同步光测量系统, 包括条纹相机系统、快速光电测量束团长度系统、束团横向截面测量系统和光位置测量系统. 利用条纹相机系统和快速光电测量束团长度系统进行了束团长度测量和束团伸长效应的研究. 利用束流截面测量系统进行了六极铁对横向不稳定性抑制效果和横向反馈系统反馈效果的测量研究. 光位置测量系统采用丝型光位置检测器和自行研制了对数处理器, 用于测量光源点的束流位置和角度.     

Stability of an ion beam in synchrotrons with digital filters in the feedback loop of a transverse damper

The stability of an ion beam in synchrotrons with digital filters in the feedback loop of a transverse damper is treated. A transverse feedback system (TFS) is required in synchrotrons to stabilize the high intensity ion beams against transverse instabilities and to damp the beam injection errors. The TFS damper kicker (DK) corrects the transverse momentum of a bunch in proportion to its displacement from the closed orbit at the location of the beam position monitor (BPM). The digital signal processing unit in the feedback loop between BPM and DK ensures a condition to achieve optimal damping. Damping rates of the feedback systems with digital filters are analysed in comparison with those in an ideal feedback system.     

合肥光源逐束团横向反馈系统

 介绍了在合肥光源研制的一套横向(x, y方向)高频、宽带逐束团测量和反馈系统,以及抑制耦合束团不稳定性的初步实验。其中重点介绍了在该系统研制过程中所涉及的部分关键技术：矢量运算模块的开发使得反馈系统的调试简易方便;Notch滤波器用于滤除反馈信号中的直流分量以及回旋频率分量,节省反馈功率;激励条带的研制。初步的反馈实验结果表明：反馈系统开启后不稳定性振荡得到抑制。     

合肥光源逐束团测量和横向束流反馈系统设计

 介绍了在合肥光源开展逐束团测量（横向和纵向）和横向束流反馈系统研究和研制的重要性,同时还介绍了设计思想。合肥光源高频频率为204 MHz，因此，系统至少需要100 MHz的带宽。还较详细地介绍了宽带部件和系统参数的选择原则。该系统不仅可用于研究由于高频腔中的高阶模和真空室的阻抗壁效应所引起的耦合束团不稳定性，而且还能抑制耦合束团不稳定性振荡、快速束流离子不稳定性和注入大幅度振荡等，从而将提高机器的运行性能。     

BEPCII横向束流反馈系统的梳状滤波器

 BEPCII是一个多束团、大流强的装置, 由于高频腔的高次模和电阻壁阻抗等因素，不可避免地会出现束流不稳定性。BEPCII中采用束流反馈系统来抑制束流不稳定性。横向束流反馈系统主要包括前端电子学、信号处理电子学、反馈器件和放大器等几个部分。梳状滤波器是信号处理电子学的重要部件，利用两根长短不同的电缆以及一个功分器和合成器构成了一种简单有效的梳状滤波器，其梳状深度达到-41 dB，使用这种梳状滤波器的横向反馈系统成功地抑制了束流中出现的不稳定性。     

合肥光源横向反馈系统的改进与试验结果

介绍了在合肥光源横向模拟反馈样机系统进行的改造和升级。主要包括前端束流位置信号处理模块的重建和与直流成分剔除单元模块。同时还进行了信号矢量合成模块的优化与改造、增加独立可调增益模块以及优化信号传输线路在内的重要改进。对改进后的反馈系统进行了抑制耦合束团不稳定性试验,相关试验数据分析结果表明,反馈系统提供的注入阻尼率提高了一个数量级。     

合肥储存环二期改造工程的调试

合肥光源二期工程改造后, 对电子储存环光学参数进行了全面的调试和测量, 新注入系统和高频系统的调试, 也获得了巨大的成功, 在插入八极铁和过正地补偿色品后, 耦合束团不稳定性的得到了有效地抑制, 从而使改造后电子储存环能积累和运行在300mA以上的流强.     

Preserving high multibunch luminosity in linear colliders

An analytic theory of cumulative multibunch beam breakup in linear colliders is developed. Included is a linear variation of transverse focusing across the bunch train as might be applied, e.g., by chirping the radio frequency power sources or by using radio frequency quadrupole magnets. The focusing variation saturates the exponential growth of the beam breakup and establishes an algebraic decay of the transverse bunch displacement versus bunch number. A closed-form expression for the transverse bunch displacement is developed. It is used to quantify the total normalized emittance and thereby isolate the region of parameter space corresponding to high multibunch luminosity.     

Mechanisms for suppressing the transverse mode coupling instability in a circular accelerator

The chromatic and nonlinear suppression of the transverse mode coupling instability in a circular accelerator is analyzed. Analytical estimates are compared with the results of experiments and numerical simulations. The transverse mode coupling (or fast head—tail) instability is a significant factor that limits the beam intensity in circular accelerators. This instability arises when the bunch current exceeds a threshold value determined by the broadband impedance of the vacuum chamber. Feedback systems are traditionally used to suppress the instability. The experience of working with such systems shows that their efficiency depends strongly on the operating parameters of the amplifier, particularly on the chromaticity and nonlinearity of the magnetic lattice. Thus, both chromatic and nonlinear effects should be taken into account to better understand the physical processes and to increase the feedback efficiency.     

Bunch evolution study in optimization of MeV ultrafast electron diffraction

Megaelectronvolt ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) is a promising detection tool for ultrafast processes. The quality of diffraction image is determined by the transverse evolution of the probe bunch. In this paper, we study the contributing terms of the emittance and space charge effects to the bunch evolution in the MeV UED scheme, employing a mean-field model with an ellipsoidal distribution as well as particle tracking simulation. The small transverse dimension of the drive laser is found to be critical to improve the reciprocal resolution, exploiting both smaller emittance and larger transverse bunch size before the solenoid. The degradation of the reciprocal spatial resolution caused by the space charge effects should be carefully controlled.     

Coherent radiation from a beam accelerated in a microtrone

The coherent radiation of relativistic electrons that are accelerated in a microtrone and move through a beam-deflecting magnet is measured. Experiments show that the radiation intensity depends not only on the number of electrons but also on which region of the bunch the radiating electrons are extracted from. The measurements provide information on how the phase extent of the electron bunch varies over the cross section. Numerical calculations of the radiation intensity versus number of particles passing through the beam-deflecting magnet and of the bunch coherence factor versus transverse coordinate are in good agreement with the experiment.     

Theoretical and numerical analysis of coherent Smith-Purcell radiation

Coherent enhancement of Smith-Purcell radiation has attracted people's attention not only in adopting a better source but also in beam diagnostics aspect. In this paper, we study the intrinsic mechanism of coherent Smith-Purcell radiation on the basis of the van den Berg model. The emitted power of Smith-Purcell radiation is determined by the bunch profile in transverse and longitudinal directions. For short bunch whose longitudinal pulse length is comparable with the radiation wavelength, it can be concluded approximately that the power is proportional to the square number of electrons per bunch.     

Halo formation and emittance growth of positron beams in plasmas

An ultrarelativistic 28.5 GeV, 700-microm-long positron bunch is focused near the entrance of a 1.4-m-long plasma with a density n(e) between approximately equal to 10(13) and approximately equal to 5 x 10(14) cm(-3). Partial neutralization of the bunch space charge by the mobile plasma electrons results in a reduction in transverse size by a factor of approximately equal to 3 in the high emittance plane of the beam approximately equal to 1 m downstream from the plasma exit. As n(e) increases, the formation of a beam halo containing approximately 40% of the total charge is observed, indicating that the plasma focusing force is nonlinear. Numerical simulations confirm these observations. The bunch with an incoming transverse size ratio of approximately 3 and emittance ratio of approximately 5 suffers emittance growth and exits the plasma with approximately equal sizes and emittances.     

Effect of a longitudinal magnetic field on the excitation of plasma wake waves

The effect of a longitudinal magnetic field on the linear wake fields excited by a relativistic electron bunch in a cold homogeneous plasma is considered. The obtained results prove that the presence of an external magnetic field leads to a dependence of the wake wavelength on the transverse coordinate, to a change in the wave amplitude with increasing distance from the bunch, and to the emergence of anharmonicity. It is found that a strong magnetic field reduces the wave amplitude significantly for narrow bunches and changes the amplitude insignificantly for broad bunches.     

合肥光源逐束团测量系统研制

 逐束团测量装置属于宽带和实时测量，足以分辨重复频率为204 MHz的相邻束团的信号，设计功能包括横向水平和垂直Beta振荡，纵向同步相位振荡，束团填充等信息的实时检测。对信号频谱分析，系统参数设计，前端射频检测，锁相环信号合成，高速数据采集以及基于PXI的整个系统作了详细介绍，分析了若干调试和实验结果，并讨论了合肥光源储存环目前存在的不稳定性及该测试手段在诊断中的应用。     

Implementation of integral transforms by electrooptic spatial light modulators

Spatial symmetry of the impulse response of the spatial light modulators operating via the longitudinal and transverse electrooptic effects is analysed. The modulators employing the internal transverse effect are shown to automatically produce the Hilbert type integral transforms of the input signals.     

Slice emittance measurement for photocathode RF gun with solenoid scanning and RF deflecting cavity

The radiation of high-gain short-wavelength free-electron laser depends on the slice transverse emittance of the electron bunch. This essay introduces the method of slice emittance measurement, and shows the brief setup of this experiment using the solenoid scanning and RF deflecting cavity at Tsinghua University. The preliminary experimental results show that the slice rms emittance of the electron bunch generated by photocathode RF gun has considerable variations along the bunch and is typically less than 0.55 mm mrad for the laser rms radius of 0.4 mm.

     

Bunch length measurement using a traveling wave RF deflector

RF deflectors can be used for bunch length measurement with high resolution. This paper describes a completed S-band traveling wave RF deflector and the bunch length measurement of the electron beam produced by the photocathode RF gun of the Shanghai DUV-FEL facility. This is the first time that such a transverse RF deflector has been developed and used to measure the bunch length of picosecond order in China. The deflector's VSWR is 1.06, the whole attenuation 0.5 dB, and the bandwidth 4.77 MHz for VSWR less than 1.1. With a laser pulse width of 8.5 ps, beam energy of 4.2 MeV, and bunch charge of 0.64 nC, the bunch lengths for different RF input power into the deflector were measured, and an averaged rms bunch length of 5.25 ps was obtained. A YAG crystal is used as a screen downstream of the deflector, with the calibrated value of 1 pix = 136 μm.