Highly stable,active and recyclable solid acid catalyst based on polymer-coated magnetic composite particles

Sulfonic acid-functionalized polymer-coated magnetic composite particles were prepared and applied as highly stable, active and recyclable magnetic solid acid catalyst for biodiesel preparation and biomass transformation.     

稻壳炭基固体酸催化剂的制备及其催化酯化反应性能

以热解稻壳炭为原料, 浓硫酸为磺化剂制备了固体酸催化剂. 采用X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、元素分析、孔结构分析和热重-质谱联用等手段对其进行了表征. 以油酸和甲醇的酯化为探针反应, 考察了磺化温度和时间对催化剂活性的影响, 探讨了反应条件对油酸转化率的影响, 并对所制催化剂的稳定性进行了研究. 结果表明, 制备该催化剂的适宜磺化温度和时间分别为90℃和0.25 h, 在该条件下制得的催化剂为无定形碳结构, 磺酸基密度为0.7 mmol/g. 该催化剂表现出较高的催化酯化反应活性, 在催化剂用量为5%、甲醇/油酸摩尔比为4、酯化温度和时间分别为110℃和2 h的条件下, 油酸的酯化率可达98.7%. 该催化剂具有较好的稳定性, 经7次连续反应后, 油酸的酯化率仍可达96.0%.     

磁性纳米固体超强酸的合成、表征及性能

首次制备了SO₄^2-/Co_0.5Fe_2.5O₄-ZrO₂磁性固体超强酸,利用TEM,DTA,XRD和FTIR等手段研究了Co_0.5Fe_2.5O₄磁性基质对ZrO₂的粒子大小、晶化温度与结构的影响.考察了磁性固体超强酸的催化性能及催化剂的寿命、回收率和磁性.结果表明,引入Co_0.5Fe_2.5O₄磁性基质不但赋予催化剂以磁性,而且在固体超强酸形成过程中延迟了ZrO₂由四方晶相向单斜晶相的转变,有助于稳定样品表面的含硫物种,磁性固体超强酸对酯化反应具有较高的催化活性,可活化再生,并保持磁性.     

One-pot synthesis of a novel catalyst with strong acid sites based on carbon/silica composite

A novel catalyst with strong acid sites based on carbon/silica composite has been synthesized through one-pot hydrothermal carbonization of hydroxyethylsulfonic acid, glucose and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). The novel solid acid showed an acidity of 2.1 mmol/g, much higher than that of traditional solid acids such as Nafion and Amberlyst-15 (0.8 mmol/g). The catalytic activity of the solid acid was investigated in the acetalization and dimerization of α-methylstyrene. The results showed that the novel solid acid was very efficient for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic acid-catalyzed reactions. Because of the high acidity and catalytic activity the novel solid acid based on carbon/silica composite is a promising catalyst for the processes in green chemistry.     

煤基固体酸催化合成席夫碱反应

以煤基活性炭(AC)和苯胺(ANI)为原料,通过原位-溶液聚合法制备了煤基固体酸催化剂AC@PANI-SO_3H(APS),利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和热重分析(TG)等技术手段对催化剂进行了结构和性能的表征。研究了该催化剂在微波辐射下催化合成Schiff碱化合物的活性,并对其催化工艺条件进行了优化考察。结果表明,催化剂用量5%(以每摩尔邻苯二胺用量为基准),反应时间3~20 min,溶剂选用乙醇(Et OH),Schiff碱化合物产率可达80%~93%,说明该催化剂在微波催化合成席夫碱反应中变现出良好的催化活性,反应时间短,工艺简单操作,且催化剂能重复使用5次。通过红外发现,催化剂重复5次后活性下降的主要原因是固体酸表面键合的磺酸基官能团消失,从而导致活性降低。     

新型Brnsted-Lewis酸性催化剂LaPW_(12)O_(40)/SiO_2制备及其在催化酯化反应合成生物柴油中的应用

以十二磷钨杂多酸(Tungstophosphoric acid,H_3PW_(12)O_(40))为基体,分别通过普通浸渍法、溶胶凝胶法和超声浸渍法进行了La3+改性作用,合成了三种固体酸催化剂A-LaPW_(12)O_(40)、B-LaPW_(12)O_(40)/Si O2和C-LaPW_(12)O_(40)。采用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、孔径比表面积测定、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、热重(TG)、N2吸附-脱附、NH3程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)、吡啶吸附红外光谱(Py-FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等方法对合成的催化剂进行了表征,并比较了以上催化剂在用于催化以油酸和甲醇为反应物经酯化反应合成生物柴油时的活性和稳定性。结果表明,B-LaPW_(12)O_(40)/Si O2具有最高催化活性,当甲醇与油酸的物质的量比为8∶1,催化剂用量为反应物总质量的2%,反应温度为65℃,反应1 h后,油酸的转化率即高达93%。循环使用B-LaPW_(12)O_(40)/Si O2催化剂六次后,油酸的转化率仍高达86.4%。B-LaPW_(12)O_(40)/Si O2的高催化活性和稳定性可归因于在溶胶凝胶的转化过程中,作为硅源材料的四乙氧基硅(TEOS)易在酸性条件下发生水解反应形成Si O2网络,进而Si O2网络中的硅醇键与H_3PW_(12)O_(40)中的H+发生配位作用,生成具有强静电吸附力的(≡Si-OH2+)(H2PW12O-40)络合物。随着该络合物的形成,促进了La3+在Si O2表面的吸附而堵塞了H_3PW_(12)O_(40)的孔道结构,抑制了H_3PW_(12)O_(40)颗粒在焙烧过程中进一步聚集长大。Si O2将作为载体并以干凝胶状态存在于B-LaPW_(12)O_(40)/Si O2催化剂中,由于Si O2凝胶的高比表面积而使B-LaPW_(12)O_(40)/Si O2具有了较大的比表面积,从H_3PW_(12)O_(40)的1.4 m2/g增加至31.3 m2/g。并且,通过吡啶吸附红外光谱确定B-LaPW_(12)O_(40)/Si O2为Br9nsted-Lewis酸型固体酸,由于Br9nsted酸位易与酯化反应过程中生成的水发生水合反应而失活,因而Lewis酸位的形成有助于减少催化剂的失活现象发生。Lewis酸位的出现可归因于(≡Si-OH2+)(H2PW12O-40)与吸附在其表面的具有强吸电子作用的La3+发生键合作用后生成了LaPW_(12)O_(40)/Si O2。     

介孔分子筛SBA-15-SO3H催化合成油酸甲酯

在成功合成出含磺酸基的介孔分子筛SBA-15-SO3H的基础上，用于油酸与甲醇的酯化反应，考察该催化剂的催化性能，结果表明：在高级脂肪酸的酯化反应中，SBA-15-SO3H催化剂的活性高于沸石分子筛，与等摩尔数的硫酸的活性接近。考察了反应条件对SBA-15-SO3H催化剂性能的影响，得到油酸与甲醇酯化反应的最佳条件：反应温度60 ℃，甲醇与油酸的原料比为2∶1（摩尔），催化剂与原料比为1.5∶35（重量）。最后对催化剂的稳定性进行了考察，反应结果认为该催化剂在重复使用过程中活性未发生明显变化，反应前后的XRD分析结果认为，SBA-15-SO3H具有较高的水热稳定性。     

Sulfonic acid-functionalized core-shell Fe_3O_4@carbon microspheres as magnetically recyclable solid acid catalysts

Green and recyclable solid acid catalysts are in urgent demand as a substitute for conventional liquid mineral acids.In this work,a series of novel sulfonic acid-functionalized core-shell Fe_3 O_4@carbon microspheres(Fe_3 O_4@C-SO_3 H) have been designed and synthesized as an efficient and recyclable heterogeneous acid catalyst.For the synthesis,core-shell Fe_3 O_4@RF(resorcinol-formaldehyde) microspheres with tunable shell thickness were achieved by interfacial polymerization on magnetic Fe_3 O_4 microspheres.After high-temperature carbonization,the microspheres were eventually treated by surface sulfonation,re sulting in Fe_3 O_4@C-x-SO_3 H(x stands for carbonization temperature) microspheres with abundant surface SO_3 H groups.The obtained microspheres possess uniform core-shell structure,partially-graphitized carbon skeletons,superparamagnetic property,high magnetization saturation value of 10.6 emu/g,and rich SO_3 H groups.The surface acid amounts can be adju sted in the range of 0.59-1.04 mmol/g via sulfonation treatment of carbon shells with different graphitization degrees.The magnetic Fe_3 O_4@C-x-SO_3 H microspheres were utilized as a solid acid catalyst for the acetalization reaction between benzaldehyde and ethylene glycol,demonstrating high selectivity(97%) to benzaldehyde ethylene glycol acetal.More importantly,by applying an external magnetic field,the catalysts can be easily separated from the heterogeneous reaction solutions,which later show well preserved catalytic activity even after 9 cycles,revealing good recyclability and high stability.     

Al含量对Pt-S2O82-/ZrO2-Al2O3型固体超强酸催化剂异构化性能的影响

通过向S₂O₈^2-/ZrO₂催化剂中同时引入适量的Pt和Al₂O₃, 制备出了具有较高催化性能和高稳定性的Pt-S₂O₈^2-/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃型固体超强酸催化剂. 以正戊烷异构化反应为探针, 考察了Al含量对催化剂的异构化性能的影响, 并采用XRD, BET, FTIR, TPR, TG-DTA, NH₃-TPD和ICP手段对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, Al能够延迟ZrO₂的晶化温度, 抑制硫的分解; Al能够增加催化剂的比表面积, 增强硫氧键的结合, 提高催化剂的还原性能, 增加催化剂的酸强度和酸总量. 当Al₂O₃质量分数为2.5%时, Pt-S₂O₈^2-/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃固体超强酸催化剂的催化活性最高, 正戊烷异构化收率可达60.02%, 选择性在98.2％以上.     

An efficient synthesis of ampicillin on magnetically separable immobilized penicillin G acylase

<正>Penicillin G acylase(PGA) was immobilized on the magnetic hydrophilic polymer microspheres with average pore size of 17.1 nm,specific surface area of 128.2 m~2/g and saturate magnetization of 6.4 emu/g.The 96.7%ampicillin yield with 1.60 of the synthesis/hydrolysis(S/H) ratio from 6-aminopenicillanic acid(6-APA) and D-(-)-alpha-phenylglycine methyl ester(D-PGME) can be achieved using the resultant magnetic biocatalyst in ethylene glycol,where only 82.1%yield with 1.40 of the S/H ratio was obtained using the free PGA under the identical reaction conditions.The immobilized PGA can be separated magnetically and recycled for five times without obvious loss of its catalytic activity.     

12-Tungstophosphoric acid niched in Zr-based metal-organic framework: a stable and efficient catalyst for Friedel-Crafts acylation

Heteropoly acids(HPA) are well known for their versatile solid acid catalysis in diverse chemical reactions, however they suffer from low surface area(10 m~2/g) and leaching into the reactions media, which reduce their prospects as industrial catalyst.Herein, a novel hybrid material HPW@Zr-BTC,composed of 12-tungstophoric acid(HPW) and Zr~(Ⅳ)-benzene tri-carboxylate(Zr-BTC) metal-organic framework(MOF), was prepared via one-pot solvothermal method. Excellent HPW loading up to 32.3 wt% was achieved, and HPW@Zr-BTC composite proved to be highly stable, besides the crystalline morphology of Zr-BTC was intact. The catalytic activity of the hybrid composite was explored via Friedel-Crafts acylation of anisole with benzoyl chloride.The 28.2 wt% HPW@Zr-BTC showed excellent catalytic performance, with 99.4% anisole conversion and 97.6% yield(pmethoxybenzophenone) under solvent free conditions. Excellent retention of catalytic activity was achieved after at least five consecutive runs due to non-observable HPW leaching. The promising activity and stability of the catalyst forecasted its potential industrial applications.     

铜钴尖晶石复合氧化物催化剂的组成对二甲苯完全氧化反应催化性能的影响

具有特定结构的复合氧化物,如ABO3,A2BO4及AB2O4等对某些反应比单一氧化物具有更好的催化性能[1,2]. 然而,有关尖晶石型复合氧化物AB2O4对有机物燃烧反应催化性能的研究相对较少,且常用的模型反应大都是一氧化碳或甲烷的催化氧化反应[3]. 超微粒子由于具有大的比表面积和高的表面能等特性,在催化领域已日益引起人们的重视[4]. 低温固相合成是近十几年发展起来的一种新的超细粒子制备方法[5]; 它具有不使用溶剂,无废液排放,工艺过程简单,能耗低等优点,属于对环境友好的“绿色化学”. 目前,此法在合成多组分复合氧化物及催化化学中的应用仍不多见. 本文以含有结晶水的醋酸铜和醋酸钴为原料,采用低温固相合成法制备了单组分氧化铜和氧化钴,以及三种不同铜钴比的铜钴尖晶石型复合氧化物,并以二甲苯氧化为模型反应,采用XRD,BET及程序升温还原(TPR)等手段进行了研究.     

Immobilization of Au nanoparticles on poly(glycidyl methacrylate)-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for enhanced catalytic application in the reduction of nitroarenes and Suzuki reaction

We report a novel strategy for the synthesis of magnetic nanocomposite for highly efficient catalysis. Poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) chains were grafted to the surface of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) through surface-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. Then, the oxirane rings in the PGMA chains were opened with 2,6-diamino pyridine (DAP) molecules as ligands to prepare the solid support. Finally, this magnetic nanocomposite was used for the immobilization of gold nanoparticles. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, gel permeation chromatography, vibrating sample magnetometry, and atomic absorption spectroscopy were used for characterization of the catalyst. The loading of gold nanoparticles on the solid support was 0.52 mmol/g. The catalytic activity of the prepared catalyst (MNP@PGMA@DAP@Au) was evaluated for the reduction of nitro compounds and C–C coupling reaction in water. The catalyst can be easily recovered and reused seven times without significant loss of catalytic activity.     

生物质炭基固体酸催化剂的制备

 以生物质木粉为原料, 采用炭化-磺化法制备了炭基固体酸催化剂, 并用于油酸与甲醇的酯化反应, 考察了制备条件对炭基固体酸催化剂活性的影响. 采用 X 射线衍射、红外光谱、热重分析、高分辨透射电子显微镜及元素分析等手段对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, 由生物质木粉制备的炭基固体酸催化剂具有较高催化酯化反应活性, 在 400 oC 下炭化 0.5 h, 135 oC 下磺化 1 h 制备的炭基固体酸催化剂在精馏分水连续酯化装置中催化油酸与甲醇的酯化反应 2 h 时, 酯化转化率达到 96%. 采用炭化-磺化法制备的生物质炭基固体酸催化剂具有蠕虫状的无序乱层炭结构, 磺酸基 (－SO3H) 含量高达 13.25%, 并且在 220 oC 以下时具有良好的热稳定性.     

SiO2担载聚甲酚磺醛作为固体酸催化剂用于有机反应

均相催化多相化是催化化学研究热点之一.但是,很多固体催化剂的制备需要专门的仪器设备和长期的实验技术积累,而一般的有机合成化学实验室并不具备制备和调控固体催化剂的条件.另外,部分固体催化剂制备过程较为复杂,制备周期较长,因此,人们在进行有机转化反应操作时往往倾向于采用均相催化剂.为了改变这一现状,需要尽快发展制备方法简单、周期短、性能可靠的固体催化剂,以期能够在当前化学反应绿色化过程中做出更大贡献.酸催化剂广泛用于有机合成反应.传统硫酸、氢氟酸等均相酸催化剂虽然催化活性较好,但其腐蚀性强、毒性大,且回收困难.为了提高化学转化过程的绿色性,固体酸催化剂在有机反应中的应用已广受关注.但是,传统的固体酸催化剂制备过程大多较为复杂,获取周期长,且酸度不均、负载量也难以实现调控,因此有必要发展一种制备便捷、酸度适中、普适性广的固体酸催化剂.聚甲酚磺醛是2-羟基-4-甲基苯磺酸与甲醛的低聚物,不溶于二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯等大部分有机溶剂,易溶于水.聚甲酚磺醛的水溶液已经被用作治疗妇科疾病的药物,是一种廉价、易得、生物兼容性好的市售化学品.由于聚甲酚磺醛分子结构中含有大量的磺酸基,因此其具备作为酸催化剂的潜质.考虑到其骨架结构中富含大量羟基,可能与SiO2类多羟基载体产生氢键作用,因而可在一定程度上稳定制备的SiO2/聚甲酚磺醛复合固体材料.本文采用浸渍法,经如下两步将聚甲酚磺醛负载于SiO2表面,制备了一系列担载量不同(0.2~1.5 mmol/g)的复合酸性材料：(1)将SiO2加入聚甲酚磺醛水溶液的乙醇溶液中,在室温下磁力搅拌10–15分钟;(2)在减压条件下除去水和乙醇(约30分钟).整个制备过程,无需专门的设备,仅需使用磁力搅拌器和旋转蒸发仪等一般有机合成实验室的常规仪器,并且制备周期非常短,在1小时以内即可完成.该方法所制备催化剂的负载量可由投料比直接控制,可简单、快速制备负载量不同的SiO2/聚甲酚磺醛复合固体材料.研究发现, SiO2/聚甲酚磺醛复合固体催化剂能够高效地促进多种有机反应,如二苯甲醇与苯乙烯衍生物的亲核取代反应、2-苯基乙醇与醛的oxa-Pictect-Spengler反应以及吲哚与1,3-二羰基化合物或2-苯基乙醛的直接C3-烯基化反应.在上述反应中,目标产物的产率均较高,且反应对底物具有良好的官能团兼容性. SiO2/聚甲酚磺醛催化剂均可重复使用多次,且催化活性无明显下降.更重要的是,上述反应的投料量可增加至10 mmol,且产物的分离产率无明显下降,从而证明SiO2/聚甲酚磺醛催化剂具有一定的实际合成价值.值得一提的是,由于SiO2/聚甲酚磺醛催化剂含有一定量的水,本文认为聚甲酚磺醛在SiO2表面是以水溶液的形式存在,因此在反应过程中可能是以均相催化的方式进行.相较于传统的SiO2负载磺酸、TiO2负载苯磺酸以及Amberlyst-15催化剂, SiO2/聚甲酚磺醛复合固体酸催化剂具有活性高、制备周期短、廉价易得的特点.同时,该催化剂可简单、快速制备各种不同酸负载量的固体催化剂,在一定范围内调控该类固体酸催化剂的酸性.因而, SiO2/聚甲酚磺醛复合固体酸催化剂望用于各种酸催化合成反应中.     

多级孔结构WO3/ZrO2固体酸催化剂的烷基化催化性能研究

采用复合模板表面活性剂辅助水热法一步合成WO3/ZrO2体系多级孔固体酸催化剂,探讨了煅烧温度对所合成催化剂试样酸强度及酸量的影响,并考察了催化剂针对苯和十二烯的烷基化反应中的催化性能.结果表明,WO3/ZrO2体系催化剂具有较强的酸强度,并且与催化剂的比表面积和晶化程度有密切关系,比表面积的增大和四方相ZrO2的生成能有效地提高催化剂的酸强度.该催化剂具有优良的烷基化反应催化活性和选择性,其中450℃,5h煅烧的WO3/ZrO2催化剂样品酸性最强,其烷基化催化活性和选择性最优.     

Synthesis of Ethyl Oleate Catalyzed by Solid Superacid SO4^2-/TiO2/La3＋

Rare-earth compound solid superacid SO42-/TiO2/La3+ was prepared. Its catalytic activity was examined under different synthetic conditions for the esterification of propanoic acid and n-butyl alcohol as probing reaction. The optimum conditions were also found, which were the pH=8, the depositing time was 24 h, the mass fraction of La(NO3)3 used in solid superacid was 5%, the concentration of H2SO4 was 1.25 mol/L, the soaking time in H2SO4 was 16 h and the calcining temperature was 500 °C. The ethyl oleate was synthesized from oleic acid and ethanol in the presence of SO42-/TiO2/La3+. The optimum reaction conditions were obtained which were the reaction time was 6 h, molar ratio of oleic acid to ethanol was 1:4 and the mass fraction of catalyst was 4%.     

焙烧温度对V2O5/CNTs-TiO2催化剂脱氯性能的影响

用浓硝酸纯化改性碳纳米管(CNTs),以钛酸四丁酯为原料,通过溶胶-凝胶法制备碳纳米管-氧化钛(CNTs-TiO₂)复合载体并浸渍制得V₂O₅/CNTs-TiO₂催化剂,重点考察了制备过程中焙烧温度对催化剂催化氧化活性的影响.利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)仪、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)仪和紫外-可见(UV-Vis)分光光度计等对催化剂材料的结构、形貌和表面化学性质进行了表征分析.结果表明,硝酸处理后的碳纳米管纯度和石墨化程度增加, 450 ℃焙烧温度制备得到的催化剂活性组分分散度好, V₂O₅/CNTs-TiO₂催化剂中钒钛氧均以有利于催化反应的价态存在;催化剂表面活性氧的含量最高,催化剂表现出很好的电子迁移与氧移动的能力,从而提高催化剂的催化活性.实验表明,在250 ℃、催化剂用量为0.2 g、N₂ (80%) + O₂ (20%)下催化降解六氯苯(HCB)的效率可达到94.78%左右,并在24 h内保持很好的稳定性.     

有序介孔Ru-MgZr复合氧化物合成及催化亚油酸异构化性能

筛选高效、高选择性多相催化剂异构化亚油酸是共轭亚油酸(CLA)研究的重点。 本文采用溶剂挥发自组装改进的溶胶-凝胶法,合成有序介孔Ru掺杂的MgO-ZrO₂固体碱催化剂。 考察了催化剂中不同Mg物质的量对催化剂孔径、比表面积和表面碱性以及Ru等的结构和性能对催化性能的影响。 对比了催化剂的形貌、表面碱性及Ru组分对催化性能的影响程度。 结果表明,n(Zr)∶n(Mg)=3∶1时,Ru掺杂的MgO-ZrO₂固体碱催化剂具有高度有序的介孔结构和高的比表面积。 而n(Zr)∶n(Mg)=1∶1时, MgO-ZrO₂固体碱催化剂合成CLA产率较高,反应时间4 h,产率达到85%,催化效率为0.099 g(CLA)·L^-1(solvent)·min^-1,并且催化产物主要为具有生物活性的3种共轭亚油酸异构体。 催化剂的强碱性位点和晶格Ru是催化异构化反应的两个活性位点,强碱性位点是提高催化性能的关键。 固体碱复合氧化物催化效率高、制备方法简单、反应产物生物活性高等优点,具有较好的应用前景。     

Electrochemical activities of platinum-decorated multi-wall carbon nanotube/chitosan composites for the oxidations of alcohols

Electrooxidation of alcohols including methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol is studied on the modified solid glassy carbon electrodes with various amounts of platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) immobilized on a composite of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and chitosan in an acidic solution. Here the chitosan is available as a binder to tightly anchor Pt nanoparticles onto the MWCNTs surfaces. MWCNTs/chitosan composite support can significantly improve the activity of the catalyst for alcohol oxidation and reduce the Pt catalyst loading. The calculated electrochemical active surface area is 379.2 m²/g Pt for PtNP–MWCNT/chitosan. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry techniques are employed for catalytic activity evaluation. The effects of operational parameters including platinum loading, concentration of the corresponding alcohol, concentration of the acid solution, scanning rate, and the final limit of anodic potential on the performance of the electrodes are also investigated.