Competitive dynamics and gaming simulation: lessons from a fishing industry simulator

Experiments with a gaming simulator of the fishing industry show that a wide range of firm and industry performance can arise from players’ differing perceptions of the competitive environment. When transferred into the arena of applied strategy development, the results suggest that modellers should give more attention to modelling alternative conceptualizations of strategic intent in the minds of rival business leaders and the firms they create. This new interpretive emphasis should complement the traditional modelling of cross-functional coordination that has been the hallmark of much published work in strategic modelling and simulation. When leaders and firms in the same industry adopt quite different views of the overall system of resources in the industry, it is important to model the heterogeneity of rival firms in order to understand the dynamic performance of the firm and the industry. We propose a modelling approach that captures heterogeneity among the strategic resources that rival firms seek to build and in the operating goals and coordinating processes they use to build them.     

公司盈余质量:董事会微观治理绩效之考察——来自我国独立董事制度强制性变迁的经验证据

本文选用我国上市公司董事会结构变迁背景下的经验数据,系统地考察了董事会特征对公司盈余信息披露质量的治理效应问题.研究结果表明,董事会的独立性、专业性特征是影响我国上市公司财务呈报质量的重要因素,即:公司拥有更高比例的独立董事、拥有财务独立董事、或者设立审计委员会,均能更好地抑制公司的盈余管理行为;但作为表征董事会行为特征的变量,如董事会持股水平、董事会年度会议频率和兼任控股股东职务等,却与公司盈余质量之间没有显著关系;而且,在认同审计委员会与独立董事制度能够发挥财务报告监督作用的同时,亦要避免其形式上的装饰现象。     

董事会控制与盈余质量——中国证券市场的实证分析

基于我国沪深两市上市公司2002年至2005年的数据,对我国上市公司从董事会结构和董事会成员工作情况角度,对董事会在上市公司盈余质量上的控制作用进行了实证分析.实证发现:董事会规模较大、董事会中设立审计委员会对公司盈余质量的正面作用越大,且相对于基本盈余回报模型,有增量信息解释能力.董事会规模在13人时,董事会对盈余质量的正面效应最大.董事会成员工作情况(董事会开会的次数、独立董事的工作地点与公司所在地一致性、成立一年以上的审计委员会)对盈余质量的提高有一定的成效,且相对于基本盈余回报模型,有一定的增量信息解释能力.但实证不支持独立董事对盈余质量提高的正面作用.     

基于遗传算法的上市公司财务危机预测模型研究

本文以我国沪深A股上市公司为研究对象,选取制造业公司376家,其中被特别处理的ST公司188家,与其配对的健康公司188家,使用遗传算法和21个财务比率建立了财务危机预测模型,并与Logistic回归和BP神经网络模型进行了比较,结果表明,使用遗传算法可以获得不受统计约束且预测准确率更高的模型。     

Evaluating performance of Iranian cement firms using an integrated fuzzy AHP–VIKOR method

In today’s competitive environment, a firm’s performance evaluation and its comparison with other companies is an important issue for investors, creditors and companies in order to reach their investment goals. They can also develop their place to increase their revenue. The aim of this study is presenting a model based on fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) and VIKOR (Vlse Kriterijumska Optimizacija Kompromisno Resenje) method. This combined method (fuzzy AHP–VIKOR) in the firm’s performance evaluation is presented by financial ratios. In this research, the proposed method is utilized in evaluating the performance of 27 Iranian cement firms in the Tehran stock exchange market for 2 years (2008 and 2009), separately. The FAHP method is used to determine weights of criteria taking the subjective judgments of decision makers. VIKOR method is then applied for ranking the firms.     

Prediction of financial distress: An empirical study of listed Chinese companies using data mining

The deterioration in profitability of listed companies not only threatens the interests of the enterprise and internal staff, but also makes investors face significant financial loss. It is important to establish an effective early warning system for prediction of financial crisis for better corporate governance. This paper studies the phenomenon of financial distress for 107 Chinese companies that received the label ‘special treatment’ from 2001 to 2008 by the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange. We use data mining techniques to build financial distress warning models based on 31 financial indicators and three different time windows by comparing these 107 firms to a control group of firms. We observe that the performance of neural networks is more accurate than other classifiers, such as decision trees and support vector machines, as well as an ensemble of multiple classifiers combined using majority voting. An important contribution of the paper is to discover that financial indicators, such as net profit margin of total assets, return on total assets, earnings per share, and cash flow per share, play an important role in prediction of deterioration in profitability. This paper provides a suitable method for prediction of financial distress for listed companies in China.     

Modeling international investment decisions for financial holding companies

This research analyzes the internationalization process model developed by Johanson and Vahlne and derives two integer programming investment decision models that consider the risk attitudes of investment firms. Johanson and Vahlne’s model provides a starting point for building a model that suits the investment approach and decision making process of financial holding companies. In practice, when firms make an international investment decision, there is a need for a model that can generate outputs based on financial measures such as profit, investment returns, and tolerable levels of risk. Thus, in this paper, Johanson and Vahlne’s concepts are studied and financial managers are interviewed to derive models that match the investment decision procedures of the firms. The model helps firms manage the risks of their investments and derive accurate investment strategies based on investment objectives and constraints.     

基于Hotelling模型的双寡头免费增值策略竞争分析

软件产品的经验性和强网络效应使得企业往往依靠免费的基础产品积聚人气,再通过收费的增值产品或服务来盈利。现有免费增值策略相关研究多局限于垄断情况,对多个企业之间的竞争交互鲜有探讨。基于产品网络效应和消费者偏好差异,本文构建Hotelling模型研究了双寡头企业免费增值策略博弈均衡及其影响因素。结果表明:若网络效应相对较强,企业都应采用免费增值策略;若网络效应相对较弱,都不采用;若网络效应相对处于中等水平,存在“都不采用”和“都采用”两种可能的均衡结果,但前者情况下双方企业都能获得更大利润。另外,消费者对企业之间的水平差异越敏感,对免费版本的质量要求越高,企业采用免费增值策略的动力越弱,“都不采用”区域扩大,而“都采用”区域缩小。     

审计意见、高管财务背景与内部控制缺陷修正

文章运用2010~2014年度沪深两市A股上市公司的相关数据,首先检验了审计意见与内部控制缺陷修正之间的相关性,结果表明上年收到“不清洁”审计意见的企业在当年更有可能进行内控缺陷的整改与修正;进一步通过分组回归发现,高管中具有财务背景特征的成员比例越高,进行缺陷整改的概率更大,一方面表明外部审计非标准审计意见对内部控制治理效用可能赖于管理层的配合,另一方面也折射出高管人力资源有效配置的重要性。而对披露缺陷修正信息的企业进行跟踪研究,发现这类企业在后续年度仍然会收到“不清洁”的审计意见,反映出这些上市公司的缺陷整改可能浮于表面,并不是实施有效的。     

我国创业板企业内部人交易择时行为研究

利用深圳证券交易所2012年1月1日至2013年12月31日期间的创业板企业内部人的交易数据,从间接与直接两个角度考虑创业板企业的内部人交易与信息优势利用的关系.从间接角度来看,创业板企业的内部人卖出能够有效预测未来股票走势,来获取超额收益;而买入则不具有显著的择时能力,不能获取正的超额收益,这与主板企业具有相同特点;但其中创业板小额买入可取得长期收益,这与主板企业有所不同.从直接角度来看,创业板企业内部人在卖出中充分利用了估值判断优势,抓住高估值偏差的市场机会套现,这与主板企业的特点相同;而创业板企业的内部人买入交易决策与估值判断、业绩预测这两种信息优势利用的关系都不密切,这与主板企业的特点有所不同.     

Productivity and technical changes in the Indian pharmaceutical industry

We study the productivity change and factors driving this change in the Indian pharmaceutical industry during 1994–2003, in the backdrop of economic liberalization and change in regulatory norms. We use a non parametric Data Envelopment based-methodology to estimate productivity change and decompose it into technical and relative efficiency changes. We find that, the long-term strategic measures by a section of innovative firms that foresaw the implications from competitive forces of globalization and a change in the regulatory environment have sphereheaded the technical change. Consequently, few innovative firms, characterized by greater R&D investments, transition into higher value-added products and businesses as a step towards more technically sophisticated new drug development have pushed the production frontier, increasing the technical and productivity gains. The higher technical and R&D capabilities and wider new product portfolios of multinational companies also have contributed to the positive technical and productivity changes in the Indian pharmaceutical industry.     

Introduction to financial optimization: Mathematical Programming Special Issue

Optimization models are effective for solving significant problems in finance, including long-term financial planning and other portfolio problems. Prominent examples include: asset-liability management for pension plans and insurance companies, integrated risk management for intermediaries, and long-term planning for individuals. Several applications will be briefly mentioned. Three distinct approaches are available for solving multi-stage financial optimization models: 1) dynamic stochastic control, 2) stochastic programming, and 3) optimizing a stochastic simulation model. We briefly review the pros and cons of these approaches, discuss further applications of financial optimization, and conclude with topics for future research. Published online December 15, 2000     

因子分析和Logistic回归在农业上市公司财务预警中的联合运用

在普遍采用的盈利能力、偿债能力、经營能力和发展能力四个主要方面财务指标的基础上,新加入了利润质量指标和市场估值两类指标,采用2007-2018年沪深农业上市公司的数据为样本,联合运用因子分析法和二元logistic回归法重新构建农业上市公司财务风险预警模型,结果表明,该模型具有较高的拟合精度和判别能力。     

中国非金融行业上市公司现金流风险研究

本文研究了我国非金融行业上市公司经营净现金流的风险状况,建立了风险现金流(Cash-Flow-at-Risk)的POT模型,在可比公司估计的分析框架下,度量并分析经营净现金流风险。实证结果表明:第一、房地产业和综合类风险现金流级别相对最高,而采掘业、交通运输仓储业、电力煤气及水的生产与供应业的风险现金流相对最低;第二、除房地产业和综合类业外,其他行业ST公司风险现金流值均比同行业正常公司值要高;第三、受金融危机的影响,与2006、2007年同期相比,2008年经营净现金流为负值公司数目及超出风险现金流值的公司数目均明显增加。     

竞争型“以旧换再”闭环供应链策略选择及生产决策研究

针对两阶段闭环供应链系统,研究了古诺竞争型闭环供应链中的“以旧换再”策略选择问题。研究发现:(1)企业如何及何时实施“以旧换再”策略取决于自身及竞争企业的再制造水平。再制造水平不仅影响了企业的“以旧换再”数量,同时还会影响产品市场份额及利润。(2)“以旧换再”策略可以提高企业竞争力,增加企业产品市场份额和提高收益;(3)提高 “以旧换再”补贴及再制造产品接受度, 降低“二手市场”价格,均可以降低企业实施“以旧换再”策略和提高企业的“以旧换再”数量。     

Multicriteria decision support methodologies for auditing decisions: The case of qualified audit reports in the UK

All UK companies are required by company law to prepare financial statements that must comply with law and accounting standards. With the exception of very small companies, financial accounts must then be audited by UK registered auditors who must express an opinion on whether these statements are free from material misstatements, and have been prepared in accordance with legislation and relevant accounting standards (unqualified opinion) or not (qualified opinion). The objective of the present study is to explore the potentials of developing multicriteria decision aid models for reproducing, as accurately as possible, the auditors’ opinion on the financial statements of the firms. A sample of 625 company audited years with qualified statements and 625 ones with unqualified financial statements over the period 1998–2003 from 823 manufacturing private and public companies is being used in contrast to most of the previous works in the UK that have mainly focused on very small or very large public companies. Furthermore, the models are being developed and tested using the walk-forward approach as opposed to previous studies that employ simple holdout tests or resampling techniques. Discriminant analysis and logit analysis are also used for comparison purposes. The out-of-time and out-of-sample testing results indicate that the two multicriteria decision aid techniques achieve almost equal classification accuracies and are both more efficient than discriminant and logit analysis.     

上市公司财务预警的BP神经网络模型的建立及其应用

将BP神经网络方法应用于上市公司的财务预警上,构建了上市公司财务预警模型,不仅能发现企业是否存在风险和企业经营是否偏离轨道,向经营者提出警示,以便及时采取相应管理对策,而且还为广大的投资者和银行在内的债权人判定上市公司质量和经营业绩提供科学的手段和可靠的依据.实例分析表明该模型有效、可行,为上市公司财务预警提供了新的途径.     

财务供应链管理提高企业短期财务绩效的实证研究

近几年来,无论是理论界还是实务界,对供应链管理理念在企业短期财务管理中的应用日益关注.负营运资本管理和类金融模式即是两种典型的形式.对2001-2006年间实施后一年较前一年的79个供应链管理样本进行细分,分为物理供应链样本25个,财务供应链样本54个,运用单样本t检验、单样本位置参数的Wilcoxon符号秩检验和一般线性回归法来深入探究两类供应链管理之间的关系以及二者对企业财务绩效的影响有何差异.实证结果显示:在物理供应链样本中,产成品周转率和存货周转率在10%的水平上有了显著的提高,但并未转化为盈利指标的改善.在财务供应链样本中,营业利润率和净资产收益率在5%的水平上有了显著的提高,即看到了盈利指标的改善.财务供应链管理对业绩的影响更为直接.但回归分析的结果显示:实施类金融模式会阻碍营业利润率的提高.该文的研究结论在更深入的层面上揭示了两类供应链管理之间的关系,有利于提高对供应链管理对企业财务绩效影响机制的认识.     

Large exposure estimation through automatic business group identification

Large exposure rules are considered critical for financial institutions, as they directly restrict the lending activity of banks to clients. However, empirical evidence suggests that those rules are difficult both for regulators to enforce and for financial institutions to implement. We present a data-driven analytical model that automatically and algorithmically creates groups of related parties based on ownership information, financial dependencies, business associations, and family ties. We develop a methodology based on linear algebra and networks to group clients, highlight missing critical information, and identify unreported business partners. The approach can be used both prospectively by banking institutions analyzing credit risk and by regulators. We include a case study, applying the methodology retrospectively to highlight large exposure violations and systemic risk leading up to the 2008 banking crises in Iceland.     

Keep or return? Managing ordering and return policies in start-up companies

Start-up companies are considered an important factor in the success of a nation’s economy. We are interested in the decisions for long-term survival of these firms when they have considerable cash restrictions. In this paper we analyse several inventory control models to manage inventory purchasing and return policies. The Markov decision models are formulated for both established companies that look at maximising average profit and start-up companies that look at maximising their long-term survival probability. We contrast both objectives, and present properties of the policies and the survival probabilities. We find that start-up companies may need to be riskier if the return price is very low, but there is a period where a start-up firm becomes more cautious than an established company and there is a point, as it accumulates capital, where it starts behaving as an established firm. We compare the various models and give conditions under which their policies are equivalent.