一种骨小管中液体流动产生的流量及切应力模型

骨组织受力变形后其内部液体就会流动,同时在其微观结构——骨单元壁中扩散,并进一步产生一系列与骨液流动相关的物理效应,如流体剪切应力、流动电位等,这些物理效应被细胞感知并做出破骨或成骨等反应,来使骨适应外部载荷环境.鉴于骨组织产生的内部液体流动很难实验测定,理论模拟是目前的主要研究手段.基于骨单元的多孔弹性性质建立了骨小管内部液体的流动模型,该模型将骨单元所受的外部载荷与骨小管内部液体的压力、流速、流量和切应力联系起来,并进一步可以研究其力传导与力电传导机制.骨小管模型的建立分别基于中空和考虑哈弗液体的骨单元模型,并考虑了骨单元外壁的弹性约束和刚性位移约束两种边界条件.最终得到骨单元在外部轴向载荷作用下,骨小管内部液体的流量及流体切应力的解析解.结果表明:骨小管中的液体流量与流体切应力都正比于应变载荷幅值和频率,并由载荷的应变率决定.因此应变率可以作为控制流量和流体切应力的一种生理载荷因素.流量随着骨小管半径的增大而非线性增大,而流体切应力则随着骨小管半径的增大而线性增大.此外,在相同的载荷下,含哈弗液体的骨单元的模型中,骨小管中液体的流量和切应力均大于中空骨单元模型.     

一种力-电协同驱动的细胞微流控培养腔理论模型

细胞培养液在微流控生物反应器中受到外界物理场（如压力梯度或者电场）作用流动而产生流体剪应力,并进一步刺激种子细胞调控其内部基因的表达,从而促进细胞的分化和生长,这个过程在自然生命组织内的微管中亦是如此。考虑到细胞培养微腔隙中液体流动行为很难实验量化测定,理论建模分析是目前可行的研究手段。因此建立了矩形截面的细胞微流控培养腔理论模型,将外部的物理驱动场（压力梯度与电场）与培养腔内液体的流速、切应力和流率联系起来,分别得到了压力梯度驱动（Pressure gradient driven,PGD）、电场驱动（Electric field driven,EFD）及力-电协同驱动（Pressure-electricity synergic driven,P-ESD）三种驱动方式下的液体流动理论模型。结果表明该理论模型与现有的实验结果基本一致,具体地：力-电协同作用下的解答为压力梯度驱动和电场驱动结果的叠加。细胞培养腔内的流体流速、剪应力及流率幅值均正比于外部物理场强幅值,但随着压力梯度驱动载荷频率的增大而减小,随着电场驱动频率的变化不明显。在压力梯度驱动作用下,细胞贴壁处的切应力随着腔高的增大而线性增大,流率则随着腔高的增大而非线性增大,而电场驱动下的结果不受腔高的影响。生理范围内的温度场变化对压力和电场驱动的结果影响不大。另外,在引起细胞响应的流体切应力水平,电场驱动能提供较大的切应力幅值而压力梯度驱动则能提供较大的流率幅值。该理论模型的建立为细胞微流控生物反应器实验系统的设计及参数优化提供理论参考,同时也为力-电刺激细胞生长、分化机理的研究的提供基础。     

具有切应力梯度的平行平板流动腔的构造

在近年来关于流体切应力与细胞力学行为之间关系的研究中,流体切应力梯度被认为是诱发动脉粥样硬化和内膜增生的重要因素之一.本文探讨如何利用常用的离体细胞力学实验工具--平行平板流动腔模拟具有梯度的定常流切应力环境.结果表明,根据Hele-Shaw流的原理和常用复势W(Z)=AZn(n>1)的特性,可构造出具有各种切应力梯度分布的流动腔.与其它模拟切应力梯度的方法比较,本文的方法更加简洁、可行.     

刚性圆管中血液周期振荡流的切应力分布

本文通过求解圆管内血液振荡流的基本方程,求得圆管内血液流的压力梯度与切应力之间的关系式.在此基础上,详细讨论了圆管中轴向流速和切变率谐波的变化规律,指出流速谐波和切变率谐波的幅值都将随着谐波次数的增大而逐渐减小.为了使所得结果便于应用,文章通过管轴向中心线流速与压力梯度之间的关系式,进一步给出一种利用管轴向中心线流速计算管内切应力分布的简便方法.该方法用于检测活体血管内血液振荡流的切应力分布,具有操作简单、精度较高的优点.最后,以人体颈动脉为例,讨论血液周期振荡流的切应力的分布特性.发现在任意时刻,除了邻近管壁处切应力急剧增大到一定数值之外,沿管截面切应力分布相当均匀且接近于零,呈现出与定常流不同的切应力分布特征.     

Pulsatile blood flow in large arteries: comparative study of Burton’s and McDonald’s models

To get a clear picture of the pulsatile nature of blood flow and its role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, a comparative study of blood flow in large arteries is carried out using the two widely used models, McDonald＇s and Burton＇s models, for the pressure gradient. For both models, the blood velocity in the lumen is obtained analytically. Elaborate investigations on the wall shear stress （WSS） and oscillatory shear index （OSI） are carried out. The results are in good agreement with the available data in the literature. The superiority of McDonald＇s model in capturing the pulsatile nature of blood flow, especially the OSI, is highlighted. The present investigation supports the hypothesis that not only WSS but also OSI are the essential features determining the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Finally, by reviewing the limitations of the present investigation, the possibility of improvement is explored.     

Forced convective film condensation inside vertical tubes

A theoretical study of forced convective film condensation inside vertical tubes is presented. We propose a unified procedure for predicting the pressure gradient and condensation heat transfer coefficient of a vapor flowing turbulently in the core and associated with laminar or turbulent film on the tube wall. The analysis for the vapor flows is performed under the condition that the velocity profiles are locally self-similar. The laminar and turbulent film models equate the gravity, pressure and viscous forces, and consider the effect of interfacial shear. The transition from laminar to turbulent film depends not only on the liquid Reynolds number but also on the interfacial shear stress. In this work we also proposed a new eddy viscosity model which is divided into three regions: the inner region in liquid condensate near the wall; the interface region including both liquid and vapor; and the outer region for the vapor core. Comparisons of the theory with some published experimental data showed good agreement.     

局部扩张动脉管血液振荡流的切应力分布

本文求解局部缓慢扩张动脉管中血液振荡流的基本方程,得到血管内血液的流速与压力梯度的关系.通过导出压力梯度沿局部扩张管轴向的变化特性,建立利用扩张段上游血管均匀段中心流速波形确定局部扩张管中血液流的速度和切应力分布的方法.文章以人体颈动脉余弦扩张为例进行分析,详细讨论了局部扩张对血管壁切应力及其梯度分布的影响.数值结果表明,与在刚性均匀管中管壁切应力沿轴向保持不变不同,在局部扩张段,管壁切应力将随着血管半径的增大而减小,因而管壁切应力梯度一般不为零,甚至在某些位置达到相当大的数值.另外,随着血管扩张程度的增加,管壁切应力还将进一步减小,而且管壁切应力梯度也将进一步增大.血管扩张导致管壁切应力的这些变化将直接影响血管壁的结构和功能,使其产生适应性的变化.     

局部狭窄血管中血液振荡流的速度和切应力

本文建立一种分析局部缓慢狭窄血管中血液振荡流的数学模型,给出了血液的轴向流速、径向流速和切应力的包含压力梯度项的解析表达式,并讨论了血管内由局部狭窄引起的压力梯度沿轴向变化的规律.文章以局部余弦狭窄为例进行数值计算,详细讨论上游均匀管段压力梯度的定常部分和不同次谐波对狭窄管段内流速和切应力的影响.数值结果表明,与均匀管情况相比,在狭窄段内,血液振荡流轴向流速无论平均值还是脉动幅值均明显增大,且径向流速不再为零.但径向流速仍远小于轴向流速.同时,切应力也不再仅由轴向流速梯度提供,径向流速梯度也将产生切应力,但是在计算管壁切向上的切应力时,径向流速梯度的贡献仍相当小.与均匀管管壁切应力沿流动方向保持恒定不同.狭窄管管壁切应力(平均值和脉动值)将随着狭窄高度的增大而增大,在狭窄最大高度处达到最大,因而沿流动方向产生了较大的切应力梯度.     

非牛顿流体在渐变管中压力和剪切应力的二次摄动解

本文利用双摄动方法求解缓慢变化管道中Johnson-Segalman(J-S)流体流动的渐近解．将管道的扩张（或收缩）角度和粘弹性参数分别作为双摄动的参数,由流函数和涡量函数的形式,推导出压力和壁面剪切应力的渐近解．在此基础上,分析了管道角度,粘弹性参数和雷诺数等参数对压力以及剪切力影响．主要结论如下：(1) 管道扩张角度增加时,流向同一位置处径向压力以及壁面剪切应力随扩张角度减小;(2) 在同一扩张管道中,径向压力随着流向位移减小,收缩管与之相反;(3) 扩张角度与雷诺数对流场起主导作用,粘弹性系数起次要作用．     

Fluid flow and fluid shear stress in canaliculi induced by external mechanical loading and blood pressure oscillation

The paper studies the problem of fluid flow and fluid shear stress in canaliculi when the osteon is subject to external mechanical loading and blood pressure oscillation. The single osteon is modeled as a saturated poroelastic cylinder. Solid skeleton is regarded as a poroelastic transversely isotropic material. To get near-realistic results, both the interstitial fluid and the solid matrix are regarded as compressible. Blood pressure oscillation in the Haverian canal is considered. Using the poroelasticity theory, an analytical solution of the pore fluid pressure is obtained. Assuming the fluid in canaliculi is incompressible, analytical solutions of fluid flow velocity and fluid shear stress with the Navier-Stokes equations of incompressible fluid are obtained. The effect of various parameters on the fluid flow velocity and fluid shear stress is studied.     

Combining magnetic resonance measurements with numerical simulations – Extracting blood flow physiology information relevant to the investigation of intracranial aneurysms in the circle of Willis

Cerebral aneurysms in the region of the circle of Willis have an incidence of 3–6% in western populations and involve the risk of rupture with subsequent subarachnoidal bleeding. The patient specific blood flow patterns are of substantial importance for understanding the pathogenesis of the lesions and may eventually contribute to deciding on the most efficient treatment procedure for a specific patient.A non-invasive method for performing in vivo measurements on blood velocity is 4D phase-contrast magnetic resonance angiography (PC-MRA), on the basis of which a flow field with all its parameters can be simulated. We are using this approach to investigate the hemodynamic parameters in the circle of Willis and, by analyzing the values at common locations of aneurysms, trying to find potential parameters to predict the development of aneurysms. Methodologically, we are acquiring the artery geometry with 3D-time-of-flight magnetic resonance (TOF) measurements and the blood velocity in the feeding arteries with 4D PC-MRA measurements in a healthy volunteer. These measurements are combined with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to describe detailed hemodynamic patterns within the circle of Willis.     

切应力对牛骨蠕变变形的影响研究

骨尤其是湿骨,在恒定载荷作用下会发生蠕变变形。为了确定切应力是否影响骨的蠕变变形,采用对骨薄板试样分别施加集中载荷和均布载荷的方式,测量试样挠度实时的变化曲线。结果显示,在载荷恒定时,骨试样的挠度随时间不断增加,体现了典型的蠕变特性。集中荷载下骨的蠕变变形远大于均布荷载下骨的蠕变变形,湿骨的蠕变位移比干骨高近7倍。分析认为,对试样粘弹性性质的影响不仅有正应力的作用,也有切应力的作用;切应力产生的蠕变变形约为正应力所产生蠕变变形的0.85倍。     

基于DIHPB技术的高应变率剪切测试方法

在测试材料动态力学性能时,直接撞击式霍布金森压杆（direct impact Hopkinson pressure bar,DIHPB）实验系统相对于分离式霍布金森压杆（split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB）,往往能获得更高的应变率。本文中采用一种新型双剪切试样,在DIHPB系统下对603钢进行了动态剪切测试。获得了603钢在应变率1 500～33 000 s⁻¹的剪应力-剪应变曲线,并与SHPB系统下的测试结果进行了对比。结果表明,由两种测试方法获得的流动应力具有较好的一致性,但曲线的上升沿存在明显区别。采用数值模拟对DIHPB方法的准确性进行了验证,并对该实验方法的适用条件进行了分析。采用DIHPB方法,可以观察到603钢的流动应力存在明显的应变率效应,但在较高的加载速度下材料的失效应力随着加载速度的增加而呈降低趋势。

     

压缩-剪切复合应力下PMMA材料的静态力学特性研究

通过压缩具有一定倾斜角(0°,10°,15°,20°和25°)试件和双剪切模型试件,实现了单轴压缩、压缩-剪切复合应力以及纯剪切三种应力状态,得到PMMA(聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯)在相应应力状态下的应力-应变曲线,同时对不同应力状态下试件的破坏模式进行了分析。结果表明:在不同受力环境中材料的强度和破坏的机理不同;同单轴压缩状态下相比,材料在压缩-剪切复合应力状态下屈服极限、强度极限以及破坏应变均不同程度的增大,呈现明显的\"剪切增强\"现象。单轴压缩与压缩-剪切应力状态下试件的破坏模式均为在试件短对角面上出现明显的剪切屈服带,由应力分析得出试件剪应力在短对角面上达到最大,引起在此平面上分子链间滑动从而产生应变软化形成剪切屈服带;双剪切试件的破坏模式为与剪切面呈45°的斜面。     

体积分数对基于沸石和硅油的悬浮液的电流变性能的影响

用 HAAKE RV2 0型流变仪 ,在不同外加电场强度和不同颗粒体积分数下测试了基于沸石和硅油的电流变液的剪切应力变化 .结果表明 :随着外加电场强度升高 ,电流变液的零电场粘度急剧增加 ,电流变液的剪切屈服应力增加 ;随着电流变液中沸石颗粒体积分数升高 ,电流变液的剪切屈服强度急剧上升 .这种变化可以用颗粒间作用力与颗粒间距的关系、单位面积的颗粒链数目变化以及多体作用对电流变液性能的影响来解释     

An approximate analytical solution of the laminar boundary layer equations

Using the pressure gradient as the new variable instead of.the ordinarylongitudinal coordinate x,Liu transformed the ordinary laminar boundary equationsinto a new form.On this base Liu obtained the frictional stress factor by using thegraphical method.In this paper the same variable replacement as in[1]is used and an approximateanalytical solution of the laminar boundary layer equations by the series method isobtained.The author also obtains a formula of frictional stress factor.For the case ofthe main function without the term of constant,the author makes a furthersimplification.The error of the frictional stress factor obtained by the author is stillless than 10％,compared with that of[1].     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SWIRLING FLOWS IN OXIDATION REACTORS FOR TiO2 MANUFACTURE

The oxidation reactor plays a key role in producing rutile titanium dioxide （TiO2） from vapor-phase titanium tetrachloride （TiCl4） by employing a swirling flow operation for enhanced gas mixing. This work aims to understand the effect of reactor configuration on the 3-D swirling flow field using computational fluid dynamics （CFD） simulation. Considering the anisotropic turbulence involved, the Reynolds stress model is applied to describe the complex swirling flow together with the cross-flow mixing of gases. The results show significant effect of the flow angle between the wall jet of air stream （representing TiCl4 in practice） and the axial direction on the initial flow field of cross-flow mixing, where 60° gives smooth profiles of axial velocity development while 90° may provide the fastest mixing between the jet and the axial bulk flow. The pipe shape for the reaction and developing zone, i.e., straight, expanding and shrinking, shows slight influence on the hydrodynamics.     

滑滚表面间的流体膜壁面滑移和流体动力学

经典雷诺润滑理论建立在无壁面滑移的假设基础之上。近年来许多试验报告了发生在流体膜流动的壁面滑移证据。本文研究了两固体表面间的流体膜流动特性和流体动力学,发现壁面滑移显著影响膜的流体动力学问题,流体动压力不仅受黏度和几何间隙的影响,而且还由壁面滑移和表面运动强力控制,通过控制表面的吸附性质,甚至可以得到零摩擦表面。另一方面,如果两个表面具有相同的滑移特性,存在一个临界滑动速度使得流体动压效应完全消失;但是在纯滚动条件下,即使界面极限剪应力很小,仍然有相当可观的流体动压效应。     

Normal stress difference in liquid lubricants sheared under high pressure

Although normal stress differences in liquids have conventionally been associated with polymers, aspects of rheological behavior in lubricated concentrated contacts suggest that normal stress difference may be significant in even low molecular weight liquids sheared under high pressure and high shear stress. A torsional flow rheogoniometer was constructed for use at high (300 MPa) pressure. Four typical liquid lubricants were investigated, including one polymer/mineral oil solution. Shear stress and N ₂-N ₂ are reported as functions of shear rate. The effect of pressure variation is reported for two liquids. Results are compared with predictive techniques and a molecular dynamics simulation. Simple low molecular weight lubricant base oils can generate measurable and significant normal stress differences when sheared at high shear stress.