碳交易规制下的制造商减排外包模式选择:定制vs订购?

研究碳交易规制下制造商减排服务外包时供应链各成员的最优决策和绩效问题,对比分析了定制和订购两种减排模式下的供应链博弈均衡和供应链成员绩效。研究发现,在碳交易规制下,定制和订购两种减排合作模式下供应链成员均存在最优决策。在定制模式下,单位产品的初始排放量和制造商的减排成本系数提高一定会降低最优产量、单位产品减排量和减排服务价格,减排服务商的减排成本系数提高会降低最优产量和单位产品减排量,但不一定会降低减排服务价格;在订购模式下单位产品初始排放量、制造商和减排服务商的成本系数对企业决策的影响不一定如此。当需求函数满足均匀分布时,无论制造商和减排服务商的减排效率如何,订购模式对减排服务商更有利,定制模式对制造商更有利,但供应链系统总利润的高低与制造商的减排成本系数有关。     

随机弹性需求下供应链销售价格与提前期联合决策及协调机制

研究了市场需求随机且对销售价格及提前期敏感的条件下,供应链如何制定最优的销售价格、提前期以及库存因子使得利润最大化。首先,分析了集中决策与分散决策供应链的最优决策,发现集中决策与分散决策模式下的提前期与库存因子是相同的,但分散决策下的销售价格更高、期望利润更低,且分散决策与集中决策供应链的利润之比随着需求对价格的敏感程度的增大而增大。然后建立了收入共享与成本分担的协调机制,并分析了其最优决策。研究发现,协调决策机制可以有效地压缩提前期,并能同时使供应链达到帕累托改进,但不能达到完美协调,而且还发现协调决策下制定的最优销售价格比分散决策要低。最后通过数值计算对三种供应链决策模式下的绩效进行了比较分析,结果表明供应链利润随着需求方差增大而减小,提前期压缩程度随着材料成本承担比例增大而增大。上述结论可以为企业制定销售价格与提前期决策以及企业间的协调提供有益的指导。     

Optimal inventory policies for profit maximizing EOQ models under various cost functions

In this paper, we establish and analyze three EOQ based inventory models under profit maximization via geometric programming (GP) techniques. Through GP, we find optimal order quantity and price for each of these models considering production (lot sizing) as well as marketing (pricing) decisions. We also investigate the effects on the changes in the optimal solutions when different parameters are changed. In addition, a comparative analysis between the profit maximization models is conducted. By investigating the error in the optimal price, order quantity, and profit of these models, several interesting economic implications and insights can be observed.     

Analysis of an industrial component commonality problem

We discuss a case study of an industrial production-marketing coordination problem involving component commonality. For the product line considered, the strategic goal of the company is to move from the current low volume market to a high volume market. The marketing department believes that this can be achieved by substantially lowering the end products’ prices. However, this requires a product redesign to lower production costs in order to maintain profit margins. The redesign decision involves grouping end products into families. All products within one family use the same version of some components. This paper fits in the stream of recent literature on component commonality where the focus has shifted from inventory cost savings to production and development cost savings. Further, we consider both costs and revenues, leading to a profit maximization approach. The price elasticity of demand determines the relationship between the price level and number of units sold. Consequently, we integrate information from different functional areas such as production, marketing and accounting. We formulate the problem as a net-present-value investment decision. We propose a mixed integer nonlinear optimization model to find the optimal commonality decision. The recommendation based on our analysis has been implemented in the company. In addition, the application allows us to experimentally validate some claims made in the literature and obtain managerial insights into the trade-offs.     

碳交易机制下考虑竞争和信息非对称的供应链协调研究

本文在碳交易机制下,考虑制造商之间存在竞争且减排成本系数为低碳制造商私有信息的情况,分别构建信息完全对称和信息非对称情形下的供应链模型,对低碳制造商减排率和产品销售价格进行决策。通过引入由批发价和成本共担组成的联合契约,促使低碳制造商传递真实的减排成本信息,并通过算例对碳交易价格和减排成本系数等进行灵敏度分析。研究发现:引入联合契约能够使得信息非对称下的供应链利润基本达到集中决策水平;碳交易价格的增加会激励制造商积极减排、降低碳排放总量、提高供应链利润;低碳制造商减排成本系数的降低有助于减少碳排放量、增加产品市场需求、实现供应链利润增长。     

The effect of supply uncertainty in price-setting newsvendor models

We consider a price-setting newsvendor model in which a firm needs to make joint inventory and pricing decisions before the selling season. The supply process is uncertain such that the received quantity is the product of the order quantity and a random yield rate. Two cost structures are investigated, the in-house production case in which the firm pays for the input quantity and the procurement case in which the firm pays for the quantity received only. Our objective is to investigate the effect of yield randomness on optimal decisions and expected profit. By using the theory of stochastic comparisons, we find that under both cost structures, a less variable yield rate leads to a lower optimal price and a higher expected profit. Moreover, we show that in the in-house production case, a stochastically larger yield rate also results in a lower optimal price and a higher profit, but this is not true in the procurement case. Examples show that the effect of supply uncertainty on optimal order quantity is not universal.     

规模效应下产品具有可替代性的竞争企业的外包决策

针对产品具有一定替代性的两个竞争企业(分别为企业1和企业2)和存在规模效应的上游供应商的外包决策问题, 构建了企业1 外包前后各方的利润模型,求解了下游企业的外包和自产的最优策略以及供应商的最佳批发价格,分析了企业1 的外包策略对企业2 和供应商的外包决策的影响,比较了产品替代性对外包前后各决策变量的影响。研究发现:当企业的单位生产成本高于外包成本时,企业也可能选择自产;而当企业的单位生产成本低于外包成本时,企业也可能选择产品外包。并对模型进行进一步的拓展,比较了下游企业作顺序和同时外包决策两种情景的异同。     

信息不对称下多因素波动的应急数量弹性契约

考虑突发事件导致市场需求大幅波动、市场价格随机波动,构建生产成本信息不对称时应急供应链的数量弹性契约模型,寻找最优定价及订货策略;与完全信息情形对比,分析突发事件的信息共享及其对供应链最优决策的影响程度。研究发现,在生产成本信息不对称情形下,突发事件发生时,虽然零售商设计的数量弹性契约可以有效体现真实生产成本,但对供应链协调不起作用。同时,如果市场需求规模缩减,制造商表现出隐藏信息行为,可以促使供应链整体效益增加。最后通过算例验证了这些结论。     

碳交易规制下信息不对称供应链的减排和低碳推广博弈研究

论文在碳交易规制下,研究单一制造商和双零售商组成的供应链减排与低碳推广决策以及零售商对制造商的成本信息分享问题,分析了零售商对制造商分享成本信息的条件,及不同情形下的制造商减排和零售商低碳推广策略。研究发现:零售商的最优低碳推广水平只与自身相关参数有关,零售商只有在自身低碳推广效率足够高时才会与制造商分享信息;制造商最优减排量随消费者低碳意识、碳交易价格、零售商低碳推广效率及其不确定性增大而提高,随零售商之间竞争程度提高而降低;无论零售商是否对制造商分享成本信息,供应链成员的最优利润随零售商之间竞争程度提高而增加,随消费者低碳意识、碳交易价格提高而提高;零售商低碳推广效率的不确定性越大则制造商的最优利润越低,零售商的最优利润越高;仅一家零售商分享成本信息时,制造商无法通过转移支付使另一家零售商与其分享信息。     

可再生能源配额制下异质权力发电商的绿色生产决策研究

基于可再生能源配额的政策背景,本文构造了发电商三种不同市场权力结构下的绿色生产决策模型。讨论了敏感参数对异质权力发电商最优决策结果的影响,基于参数范围分析了不同权力结构下的最优决策效果。通过消费者效用、发电成本、环境保护的社会福利函数,识别出了参数最优取值范围内的最优决策效果的市场结构。结果显示:当绿证交易价格、最低配额比例超过最低临界值时,绿色发电商能够实现最优决策效果,但对传统发电商的最大利润产生了显著的“挤出”效应。若绿证交易价格和电力需求价格弹性系数在最佳区间内,则传统和绿色发电商既能够达到最优决策效果,又可以最大限度促进社会福利效用的单调增加,即存在绿色发电商主导的最优市场决策结构,但不存在最优纳什决策结构。     

Optimal production strategy under demand fluctuations: Technology versus capacity

This paper provides a comparative analysis of five possible production strategies for two kinds of flexibility investment, namely flexible technology and flexible capacity, under demand fluctuations. Each strategy is underpinned by a set of operations decisions on technology level, capacity amount, production quantity, and pricing. By evaluating each strategy, we show how market uncertainty, production cost structure, operations timing, and investment costing environment affect a firm’s strategic decisions. The results show that there is no sequential effect of the two flexibility investments. We also illustrate the different ways in which flexible technology and flexible capacity affect a firm’s profit under demand fluctuations. The results reveal that compared to no flexibility investment, flexible technology investment earns the same or a higher profit for a firm, whereas flexible capacity investment can be beneficial or harmful to a firm’s profit. Moreover, we prove that higher flexibility does not guarantee more profit. Depending on the situation, the optimal strategy can be any one of the five possible strategies. We also provide the optimality conditions for each strategy.     

Fuzzy pricing,marketing and service planning in a fuzzy inventory model: A geometric programming approach

In the real world markets, demand is influenced by different parameters. Recently, many researchers have been interested in integrated production and marketing planning strategies in inventory models where demand depends on different parameters such as price and/or marketing expenditure. The quality of services that are offered to customers of a product is one of the most important parameters that affects demand in the real markets and has not been considered in development of inventory models. On the other hand, the cost parameters in real inventory systems and other parameters such as price, marketing and service elasticity to demand are imprecise and uncertain in nature. So, the notion of fuzziness can be applied to cope with this uncertainty. In this paper, a new fuzzy profit maximization inventory model with shortages is proposed. The demand is considered as a power function of price, marketing expenditure and service expenditure. Furthermore, unit cost is determined as a power function of order quantity. Since the proposed model is in a fuzzy environment, a fuzzy decision should be made to meet the decision criteria, and the results should be fuzzy. Therefore, the proposed model is formulated and solved using geometric programming and fuzzy optimization techniques to derive an approximation of the results’ membership functions. The model is illustrated with a numerical example and finally a case study is provided for evaluation and validation of the results of model.     

总量控制和交易环境下考虑随机需求的企业决策分析

总量控制和交易(Cap-and-Trade, C&T)给排放企业运营决策带来了新的挑战。本文提出一个非线性优化模型分析C&T环境下的企业最优产量,并在绿色改进和碳权交易之间有效权衡。模型不仅考虑了随机需求和碳价波动,还考虑了绿色改进的边际递减效果和实施绿色生产的风险。理论分析证明了最优解的存在性,并给出了排放企业的最优决策及C&T环境下企业新的生产条件。解析分析表明:与非C&T环境相比,新的最优产量更低,实际排放下降;碳配额虽然影响企业利润和碳权交易量,但不影响最优产量和最优改进投资;碳价和绿色改进系数越大,越有利于促进企业实施绿色改进减少排放;企业利润随绿色改进系数和碳配额的增加而上升,随单位产品碳排放的增加而下降。数值分析验证了理论模型及其分析结果;蒙特卡洛模拟揭示利润波动受需求风险、绿色改进风险和碳价波动的影响,但需求风险对利润波动的影响更为显著。     

Optimal promotion planning—depth and frequency—for a two-stage supply chain under Markov switching demand

In considering the retailer–supplier supply chain, this paper analyzes how a retailer reasonably decides both the depth and frequency of the price discount promotion including or excluding a supplier’s inventory decision. Assuming that the promotion frequency used by the retailer is probabilistic, we model a promotion-inventory decision under an AR(1) demand with a Markov switching promotion regime. After obtaining the optimal promotion plan, our analysis also considers the behavior of the optimal promotion decision; the retailer’s price format selection, either an Every-Day-Low-Price policy (EDLP) or a Promotion policy (HiLo); and the impact of information sharing of promotion status on the system’s performance. Our results suggest that a retailer tends to overpromote if inventory cost is excluded in its promotion decision, that increasing the market share is a preferable action for both the retailer and the supplier, that total margin and price-elasticity play an important role in selecting the price format, and that the profitability for a supplier of sharing promotion information depends on the transition probabilities of the Markov switching regime.     

Inventory models for defective items incorporating marketing decisions with variable production cost

This paper investigates the finite replenishment inventory models of a single product with imperfect production process. In this process, a certain fraction or a random number of produced items are defective. These non-conforming items are rejected or reworked or if they reached to the customer, refunded. Here, a generalised unit cost function is formulated incorporating the several factors like raw material, labour, replenishment rate and others factors of the manufacturing system. The rate of replenishment is considered to be a variable. The selling price of an unit is determined by a mark-up over the production cost. Optimum production of the product is suggested to have maximum profit using a gradient based mathematical programming technique for optimization. Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate the results and the significant features of the production system. As a particular case, the result of the perfect system (without defective items) are obtained. Also, the effect of changes in the selling rate, defectiveness, production cost and other parameters on the optimal average profit are graphically presented. Some interesting decisions regarding production policy are established.     

供需不确定条件下考虑双边努力的供应链组合契约设计

本文研究供需同时不确定条件下考虑双边努力的供应链契约设计问题,在一个供应商和一个零售商组成的二级供应链系统中,供应商的努力影响产量的不确定性,零售商的努力影响市场需求的不确定性。首先,利用Stackerberg主从博弈模型计算了分散决策时零售商、供应商的最优期望利润,并将计算结果与集中决策时供应链整体的最优期望利润进行对比。由于双重边际效应的存在,分散决策时供应链的最优期望利润小于集中决策时供应链的最优期望利润。基于此,本文设计了回购和成本分担组合契约来协调该供应链,计算了回购价格和成本分担系数的表达式,得到了回购和成本分担契约下供应商和零售商的最优期望利润。结果表明,在特定条件下,该组合契约不仅可以协调供应链,还可以实现供应链利润的任意分配。最后,通过数值计算,分析了供需双方的决策变量和期望利润随契约参数的变化情况。     

双渠道模式下制造商线上定制策略研究

本文针对制造商在传统零售渠道和线上网络渠道同时销售标准产品的情况下,是否应该开放线上定制策略的相关问题进行分析。首先通过圆形市场模型完成市场划分;其次,在制造商不开放线上定制策略和开放线上定制策略两种情况下分别构建制造商和零售商利润最大化模型,得到了两种情况下的市场均衡结果。通过分析和比较两种情况下制造商和零售商的最优决策结果发现,当标准产品的边际生产成本较大且开放线上定制策略的成本较小时,制造商应该开放线上定制策略;制造商开放线上定制策略后,会使标准产品的批发价格和零售价格增加,并削弱零售商的利润;定制产品的生产成本越高,制造商开放定制产品的动机越小;消费者对标准产品的适应成本越高,制造商开放定制产品的动机越大。     

考虑在线评论的产品免费试用策略

商家提供产品免费试用,要求试用者对产品质量进行在线评论,消费者基于在线评论进行购买决策。免费试用者数量越多,在线评论数量越多,消费者对在线评论越信任。考虑在线评论和产品生产成本,研究商家的产品免费试用策略及其对利润的影响。研究发现,虽然商家承受免费试用的产品生产成本损失,但是免费试用产生的在线评论可以使商家更好地按照产品质量制定价格,因此当产品生产成本较低时,提供免费试用可以提高商家利润。产品生产成本提高,商家的最优免费试用数量减少。产品质量不确定性越大或失配距离单位成本越低,免费试用给商家带来的收益越高。     

持股策略下随机需求低碳供应链融资决策均衡

随机市场需求且受制造商减排水平影响,考虑碳限额与交易机制,研究制造商进行单纯银行借贷和供应商投资持股的组合融资时的最优决策和利润情况,分析消费者低碳偏好、碳交易价格和供应商的投资持股比例对供应链的最优决策变量和利润的影响。研究发现:无资金约束、单纯银行借贷和组合融资下,消费者低碳偏好、碳交易价格和持股比例与制造商的减排水平和利润以及供应链系统的利润正相关,而供应商的批发价格和制造商的生产量与消费者低碳偏好正相关,与碳交易价格负相关,而持股比例与供应商的批发价格负相关,与制造商的生产量和减排水平正相关;持股策略下制造商的减排水平和生产量最大,无资金约束时次之,单纯银行借贷时最小;而无资金约束时供应商的批发价格最高,单纯银行借贷时次之,持股策略时最低;在持股比例满足一定条件下,供应商和制造商的利润优于单纯银行借贷时的利润,并且可以优于无资金约束时的利润,提高了供应链的竞争力和效率。     

免费更换策略下耐用品垄断厂商的定价研究

耐用品厂商向消费者提供一定时间期限的免费更换服务已成为一种市场销售策略.免费更换服务期限和所需的更换成本又影响着耐用品的销售价格和销售量.针对耐用品厂商提供免费更换服务的情况,通过建立动态决策模型利用最优控制理论研究垄断厂商有关耐用品最优定价和免费更换服务期限等问题.研究得到:免费更换服务期越长,耐用品最优销售价格越高,而耐用品最优销售量越低;在以最优价格销售耐用品时,免费更换服务期和更换成本均与产品耐用度成正比例关系.