Thermographic detection of adhesive-bond and interlaminar flaws in composites

This paper reports the development of a liquid-crystal passive thermographic technique for the detection of adhesive-bond-line and interlaminar flaws in composite materials. The technique was successfully used for the detection of flaws in three composite systems: E-glass/epoxy, graphite/epoxy and HMC. Thermographic results are compared to ultrasonic C-scan results to assess the relative effectiveness of the new technique. A photomicrographic study was also used to verify the detected flaws and to characterize the type and extent of the actual damage.     

空间激光干涉引力波探测

为印证广义相对论和开拓引力波天文学窗口,引力波探测是当前国际研究热点. 本文围绕空间激光干涉引力波探测,对其科学意义、发展状况、关键技术等进行了回顾. 与地面激光干涉引力波探测相比,空间探测的工作频段更低,从10^-4»10 Hz,在工作距离为百万公里量级上,预计能探测到双致密星系统、超大质量比双黑洞绕转系统、中等质量比双黑洞绕转系统,以及星系合并引起的超大质量黑洞并合等波源. 为此,测距精度须达到皮米的量级,并且保证测距技术有效工作的无拖曳航天技术亦有很高的要求. 本文以欧洲的空间激光引力波探测计划为例,主要对上述两项技术进行分析和阐述,并展望了空间引力波探测在我国的发展趋势和前景.     

On decentralized stabilization of linear large scale systems with symmetric circulant structure

The decentralized stabilization of continuous and discrete linear large scale systems with symmetric circulant structure was studied. A few sufficient conditions on decentralized stabilization of such systems were proposed. For the continuous systems, by introducing a concept called the magnitude of interconnected structure, a very important property that the decentralized stabilization of such systems is fully determined by the structure of each isolated subsystem that is obtained when the magnitude of interconnected structure of the overall system is given. So the decentralized stabilization of such systems can be got by only appropriately designing or modifying the structure of each isolated subsystem, no matter how complicated the interconnected structure of the overall system is. A algorithm for obtaining decentralized state feedback to stabilize the overall system is given. The discrete systems were also discussed. The results show that there is a great dfference on decentralized stabilization between continuous case and discrete case.     

可展桁架结构展开过程分析

提出了一种分析构架式结构展开过程的有效算法。基于含多余广义坐标的动力学普遍方程 ,利用约束雅可比矩阵的零空间基引入一组准速率 ,得到独立的展开过程分析的动力学微分方程。为提高展开模拟的数值精度 ,文中提出了一种控制展开过程几何违约、速度违约和能量违约的数值稳定算法。该算法求解效率高 ,能和任意数值积分方法结合使用 ,能分析大型的构架式可展结构的展开过程     

空间三轴机抖激光陀螺交流稳频系统设计

针对空间三轴机抖激光陀螺设计了交流稳频控制系统,分析了系统原理,进行了Simulink仿真建模和试验研究。在系统原理中分析了控制过程,推导了系统函数,通过Simulink交流稳频系统仿真建模摸索了空间三轴机抖激光陀螺交流稳频系统中PID参数对系统响应的影响,并得到了优化参数(K_P=0.048,K_I=0.0021,K_D=0.0037),为硬件调试提供了参考。将交流稳频控制系统应用于国产某型空间三轴机抖激光陀螺进行试验,试验结果显示通过PID参数调节后的交流稳频陀螺PZT码值变化平稳,陀螺静态脉冲输出稳定,与原直流稳频控制方法相比将空间三轴机抖激光陀螺的精度提高了20%。     

A full-field procedure for evaluating the elastic properties of advanced ceramics

In the present paper, a procedure is described whereby the elastic properties of a ceramic material are evaluated during a biaxial flexure test. The disk specimen is supported on three points and loaded by a uniform pressure on the opposite face. The whole displacement field undergone by the upper face, measured by a digital speckle interferometer, is approximated by a set of polynomials whose weights depend on the elastic properties. This dependence, previously determined by finite element analysis, is exploited to derive the values of the elastic properties from the displacement field experimentally detected. The procedure proposed was applied to a silicon carbide specimen.     

Development of an Optical System for Simultaneous Ultrasonic Wave Propagation Imaging at Multi-points

This paper introduces the development of an optical system for simultaneous ultrasonic propagation imaging at multi-points. For the system, fiber acoustic wave grating sensors (FAWGSs) and a Q-switched pulsed laser (QPL) mirror scanner are utilized for simultaneous multipoint sensing and remote scanning ultrasonic generation, respectively. The structural strain-free FAWGS based on a fiber Bragg grating allows simultaneous multipoint acoustic emission (AE) sensing. A structure in which the FAWGSs are deployed can sense external ultrasonic stimulus. Consequently, the structure with the integrated FAWGSs cannot only detect damage event under the passive AE technique, but can also evaluate the damage under the active scheme of ultrasonic transmission and reception. The feasibility of the simultaneous multipoint ultrasonic sensing system based on the FAWGSs as built-in sensors is studied with ultrasound transmitted by a piezoelectric transducer and a QPL. Then the QPL ultrasonic generator is modified into a QPL mirror scanner for laser beam scanning and finally an optical UPI system is integrated. The ultrasonic wave propagation movie (UWPM) obtained by the optical UPI system visualizes impact damage on a carbon-fiber reinforced composite.     

测量温度场分布的激光散斑照相计量术

本文讨论了激光散斑照相术在测量密度(或温度)扬中的应用。提出了激光散斑——纹影干涉仪的光学系统,可在同一瞬时得到一张散斑图和一张差分干涉图。对沿竖直加热平板自然对流的温度边界层进行了定量地测量。从散斑图和从干涉图中获得的实验结果符合极好。为了说明本方法的应用范围,对一个非稳定的波动甚大的本申灯火焰进行了测量。实验结果表示,激光散斑照相术更适于研究湍流场,因为干涉术在这种情况下已失去其定量计量的作用。     

激光超声无损检测

本文介绍自行研制的非接触式激光超声激励和检测系统，采用共焦式法布里—珀珞干涉仪实现对纳米量级微幅单次超声窄脉冲的检测，并应用该系统进行激光超声探伤及测定材料弹性常数的研究，实验结果表明激光超声技术是有效而且实用的     

Reliability Index and Failure Probability

Abstract

Numerical algorithms for the solution of nonlinear algebraic equation systems are discussed. Special application to the mechanism and multibody system kinematic analysis, as well as to the problems of constraint stabilization during dynamics simulation is regarded. Special attention is paid to the approaches of a separate solution of the differential equations and constraint stabilization. Numerical procedures that are effective additions to the well-known algorithms based on the Newton-Raphson method are presented. The problems of loss of precision and achievement of large unreal increments of the varying parameters are discussed. The traditional Newton-Raphson method is modified by applying a step reduction procedure that is developed numerically for the symbolic form of kinematic and dynamic equations. An optimization method for stabilization of constraints using the mass matrix of dynamic equations is suggested. According to the objective function defined the stabilization procedure provides minimal deviations of the parameters and their velocities with respect to the solution of the differential equations. No generalized coordinate partitioning is required either for solution of the dynamic equations or for stabilization of the constraints. Several examples of kinematic analysis of single and four contour plane mechanisms and constraint stabilization are solved, and the results are compared. The advantages of the algorithms developed are tested with a high-degree of initial deviation from the real solution. It is also shown that the step correction algorithm could provide admissible solution even when, in many cases, the classical approaches are not reliable. An example of the direct and inverse kinematic problem solutions of the four-degrees-of-freedom spatial platform is presented.     

时滞状态正反馈在振动控制中的新特征

控制理论中广泛采用负反馈,而正反馈的应用不多, 一个重要原因是正反馈将系统的变化放大而使系统的稳定性变差. 如果反馈环节具有时滞, 那么正反馈未必使系统稳定性变差. 本文以线性振动系统为例, 采用稳定性切换方法和利用确定时滞系统稳定性的最大实部特征根, 详细研究了时滞状态正反馈在镇定系统不稳定运动和改善系统稳定性方面的作用. 我们发现,时滞位移正反馈明显优于时滞位移负反馈, 表现为: (1). 正反馈控制可以用较小的时滞去镇定不稳定运动和改善系统稳定性; (2). 正反馈控制可容许的时滞范围很大, 而负反馈控制的可容许时滞范围很小; (3). 正反馈对应的闭环系统的最大实部特征根的实部的极小值可显著小于负反馈对应的闭环系统的最大实部特征根的实部的极小值, 因而在相同的初始条件下, 正反馈作用下的闭环系统比之负反馈作用下的闭环系统可以更快地稳定到平衡点. 我们还发现, 对时滞速度反馈与时滞加速度反馈来说, 负反馈优于正反馈; 而对相同的反馈增益, 时滞位移正反馈优于时滞速度正反馈和时滞加速度正反馈. 关键字镇定,振动控制,时滞正反馈, 稳定性切换, 特征根      

ew Features of Positive Time-Delayed Feedbacks in Vibration Control

控制理论中广泛采用负反馈,而正反馈的应用不多, 一个重要原因是正反馈将系统的变化放大而使系统的稳定性变差. 如果反馈环节具有时滞, 那么正反馈未必使系统稳定性变差. 本文以线性振动系统为例, 采用稳定性切换方法和利用确定时滞系统稳定性的最大实部特征根, 详细研究了时滞状态正反馈在镇定系统不稳定运动和改善系统稳定性方面的作用. 我们发现,时滞位移正反馈明显优于时滞位移负反馈, 表现为: (1). 正反馈控制可以用较小的时滞去镇定不稳定运动和改善系统稳定性; (2). 正反馈控制可容许的时滞范围很大, 而负反馈控制的可容许时滞范围很小; (3). 正反馈对应的闭环系统的最大实部特征根的实部的极小值可显著小于负反馈对应的闭环系统的最大实部特征根的实部的极小值, 因而在相同的初始条件下, 正反馈作用下的闭环系统比之负反馈作用下的闭环系统可以更快地稳定到平衡点. 我们还发现, 对时滞速度反馈与时滞加速度反馈来说, 负反馈优于正反馈; 而对相同的反馈增益, 时滞位移正反馈优于时滞速度正反馈和时滞加速度正反馈. 关键字镇定,振动控制,时滞正反馈, 稳定性切换, 特征根     

Stabilization of center systems via immersion and invariance

This paper considers the stabilization problem of nonlinear systems with center manifold (center systems). A new method based on (system) immersion and (manifold) invariance (I&I) is introduced to stabilize the center systems. One of the key steps is to define a target dynamics whose order should be strictly smaller than that of the system to be controlled. For the center systems, we prove that the order of the target dynamics can be equal to that of the corresponding reduced dynamics on their center manifolds. Constructing solution is given for the target dynamics of the quadratic center system with a transcritical or a Hopf control bifurcation. Illustrating examples with simulations are respectively presented to validate the proposed stabilization scheme. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 60674024).     

A simple holographic interferometer for static and dynamic photomechanics

A particular variation of holographic imaging system is described which, when used as a multiple-exposure holographic interferometer, possesses advantages for applications in static and dynamic photomechanics. Large fields of view can be obtained. Rigid-body motions produced by loading are automatically eliminated. The holograms can be recorded on medium-resolution films which have high sensitivity. Specimens manufactured with readily available materials can be used for the determination of isochromatics and isopachics. An attempt is made to describe this contribution in the background of previous developments in interferometry. Operation of the system is interpreted by showing the equivalence of the holographic interferometer to a combination of two systems presently in use in experimental stress analysis: a Fizeau interferometer and an optical spatial filter. The interpretation of isochromatics and isopachis as moiré phenomena is emphasized. Isochromatics and isopachics are presented as illustrations of the applications of the method to the solution of static-stress problems, and they are used in the solution of some not yet solved dynamic-stress problems. Whole-field static isochromatics obtained as absolute-retardation interference are shown. Also shown are whole-field dynamic isopachics.     

金属板结构疲劳损伤二倍频兰姆波检测方法研究

针对重大基础设施安全运行需要,本文进行了金属板结构疲劳损伤非线性兰姆波检测方法研究。基于兰姆波二次谐波产生条件,确定了产生二次谐波积累增长效应的两种兰姆波模态及对应的激励频率。通过有限元仿真,研究了材料性能改变对兰姆波非线性效应的影响,证明了二倍频兰姆波非线性系数对材料性能退化表征的有效性。在此基础上,开展了金属板结构疲劳损伤非线性兰姆波检测实验研究。将极性反转方法应用于疲劳试件检测实验中,有效提高了检测信号中二倍频兰姆波的幅值和信噪比。实验结果表明,两种兰姆波模态对的二次谐波非线性系数均随疲劳损伤增加呈线性增长趋势,但基频S(0,2)模态和二倍频S(0,4)模态对对疲劳损伤检测的灵敏度更高,更适合金属板结构疲劳损伤检测。     

多体系统Euler-Lagrange方程组的一类新数值分析方法

针对受完整约束的多体系统,首先指出其动力学Euler-Lagrange方程组是高指标(index>2)的微分代数方程组;不同于传统的直接增广法和直接消去法,文中提出了一类将微分代数方程直接视为非线性代数方程组求解的新的数值分析方法;最后,以典型的单摆模型为例给出了新算法与其他方法的比较,结果表明新算法优于BDF方法及违约修正方法。     

A loop-by-loop defect rectification procedure for optimal synthesis of Stephenson III path generators

This paper presents a formulation of constraints for the synthesis of Stephenson III mechanism and a loop-by-loop defect-rectification procedure. The procedure divides the Stephenson III mechanism into two loops, namely, Loop I, i.e., four-bar, and Loop II, i.e., five-bar mechanisms. Then, the defects are identified using the established methodology to formulate the defect-specific constraints in the simplified form. Based on the constraints, an optimization problem is formulated to synthesize a Stephenson III mechanism for path generation. A well-established meta-heuristic algorithm is used to solve the constrained optimization problem. For demonstrating the effectiveness of the formulated constraints, two numerical examples are considered, in which Stephenson III path generator mechanisms are synthesized. It is found that the mechanisms synthesized using the proposed procedure are defect-free when constraints are imposed, which is verified using the stick-diagram.

     

压剪炮的激光测速系统的研究

压剪炮试验是获取材料超高应变率下本构关系的最常用手段,其中普遍采用的测试方法是利用激光干涉技术同时测量靶板背面一点的纵向和横向速度。但传统的横向位移干涉仪抵抗靶板撞击过程中的运动而引起的光路偏移能力很有限,因而压剪试验成功率很低。本文讨论了撞击过程中靶板运动对横向位移干涉仪试验信号的影响,为提高横向位移干涉仪特别是非理想撞靶情况下的测量能力,对几种不同干涉光路进行详细分析。通过改进传统横向位移干涉光路,研制了一种新干涉光路,并通过试验证明:相对于传统光路,新光路更简单并更可靠。     

角色散FP干涉测速技术应用与分析

发展了固定腔结构的角色散FP干涉测速系统,干涉仪结构紧凑,采用固定腔标准具,实现了干涉 条纹永久免调,并且条纹常数的标定非常简单。该系统可用于靶面反射光强动态变化很大的场合,在电炮驱 动Mylar膜飞片实验中,光强变化达100倍时仍然获得了很好的结果。分析了标准具厚度误差、标准具端面 不平行、干涉条纹动态展宽和扫描图像畸变等因素对系统测量精度的影响以及系统的速度和时间分辨能力。     

Noncontact Acoustical Techniques for Nondestructive Characterization of Materials and Structures

The Johns Hopkins University Center for Nondestructive Evaluation (CNDE) is an interdisciplinary cooperative center between the university, government, and industrial organizations dedicated to the development of more accurate and innovative methods for the nondestructive evaluation of materials and to the education of talented students. This paper will describe several innovative noncontact nondestructive materials characterization methods developed in the CNDE. Lasers, optical interferometers, electro-magnetic transducers, and air(gas)-coupled systems are used for noncontact generation and detection of ultrasonic waves to inspect art paintings, metals, wood, and composites. Optical detection of acoustic emission signals permits detection of surface displacements caused by acoustic emission events without any modification of the detected waveforms or frequency spectra.