流动注射-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定茶叶中硒

取经烘干且粉碎的茶叶样品0.5g,用硝酸-高氯酸(4+1)混合酸10mL置于电热板上加热消解至溶液呈透明,继续蒸发至剩余约2mL溶液,加入6mol.L-1盐酸溶液5mL,加热使硒(Ⅵ)还原至硒(Ⅳ),重复3次,每次加水2mL,蒸发以驱除溶液中酸,最后用盐酸(4+96)溶液定容为25mL。将此溶液以盐酸(4+96)溶液作载流引入流动注射分析系统,同时引入10g.L-1硼氢化钾溶液(溶于5g.L-1氢氧化钾溶液中)作还原剂。硒的质量浓度在80μg.L-1以内与其荧光强度值呈线性关系。方法的检出限(3s/k)为0.034μg.L-1。应用此方法分析了3种茶叶样品,并以此为基体,加入硒标准溶液做回收试验,测得回收率在97.8%～103.0%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)均小于1.5%。     

氢化物发生-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定血样中硒含量

样品经高氯酸-硝酸(1+4)混合溶液消化,以盐酸作为预还原剂,用氢化物发生-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定全血中硒。在6mol.L-1盐酸溶液中加入溶于20g.L-1氢氧化钠溶液的5g.L-1硼氢化钠溶液使与溶液中硒离子反应生成氢化物。方法的检出限(3s/k)为1.8μg.L-1。应用此法测定2份血液样品中硒含量,方法的回收率在94.9%～107%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=10)小于3%。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定北虫草中总硒和无机硒

北虫草试样经硝酸-高氯酸(5+1)混合酸消解,用原子荧光光谱法测定总硒的含量;北虫草试样用盐酸浸提,用原子荧光光谱法测定无机硒的含量。使用溶于5g.L-1氢氧化钾溶液中的20g.L-1硼氢化钾溶液使与溶液中硒离子反应生成氢化物。分析中采用载气及屏蔽气的流量依次为500mL.min-1及1 000mL.min-1。荧光强度与硒的质量浓度在100μg·L-1以内呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3s/k)为0.2μg·L-1。应用此法测定北虫草中硒的含量,总砷测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)在3.4%～3.9%之间,无机硒的平均回收率为103%。     

共沉淀富集-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定山药中砷和硒含量

山药样品经硝酸和过氧化氢微波消解后,所得消解液在pH 11～12的介质中,加入0.1mol.L-1氯化镧溶液达到共沉淀分离,所得沉淀经离心分离后用盐酸(1+1)溶液溶解,并用于氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法分析。砷和硒的质量浓度均在40.0μg.L-1以内与荧光强度呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3σ)依次为砷0.014μg.L-1和硒0.022μg.L-1。应用此法对山药样品进行分析,测得砷和硒的回收率分别为102%,96.8%。     

氢化物发生-双通道原子荧光光谱法同时测定茶叶和木耳中硒及汞量

经洗净烘干并磨碎的试样在硝酸中浸泡过夜后在硝酸-高氯酸中消解,蒸发至冒白烟并继续蒸至近干,加入一定量的盐酸微沸1～2min,使硒(Ⅵ)还原为硒(Ⅳ),溶液用盐酸(5+95)定容至50mL。此溶液由载流盐酸(5+95)溶液送入氢化物发生器,与还原剂10g.L-1 KBH4溶液混合并反应生成硒的氢化物,样品中汞则生成原子态汞蒸气。两者由载气引入原子化器,在选定的仪器工作条件下,测定硒及汞的荧光强度。在实际样品中,硒、汞共存的浓度比未超过10,在同时测定中两者之间互不干扰。按所提出的条件测定,硒、汞的质量浓度在1.0～5.0μg.L-1范围内与相应的荧光强度值之间呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3s/k)依次为0.077,0.009 8μg.L-1。对仪器测定精密度做了试验,测得其相对标准偏差(n=7)依次为1.98%,1.31%。     

微波消解-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定中药材中痕量砷

采用微波消解法用硝酸-过氧化氢(3+1)溶液消解样品,以硫脲及抗坏血酸混合溶液作为预还原剂,利用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定中药材当归、丹参、甘草、三七和黄芪中痕量砷的含量。在盐酸(3+97)溶液中加入溶于20g.L-1氢氧化钾溶液中的10g.L-1硼氢化钾溶液使与溶液中砷离子反应生成氢化物。分析中采用载气流量为800mL.min-1。砷的质量浓度在12μg.L-1以内与其对应的荧光强度呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3s/k)为0.020μg.L-1。应用此法对国家标准物质人发(GBW 09101)进行分析,测定值与认定值一致。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定铝合金中痕量锑

铝合金样品用盐酸及硝酸的混合酸溶解,于分取的部分试样溶液中加入碘化钾-硫脲混合溶液后用盐酸(5+95)定容为50 mL,供氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定其中痕量锑。用40 g.L-1碘化钾溶液作为锑(Ⅴ)的预还原剂,40 g.L-1硫脲溶液作为其他可形成氢化物的元素的掩蔽剂,选用20 g.L-1硼氢化钾溶液作为产生锑化氢的还原剂,氢化物发生反应在盐酸(5+95)介质中进行,锑的质量浓度在0.05~50.0μg.L-1范围内与相应的荧光强度呈线性关系。方法的检出限(3s/k)为0.016μg.L-1。应用此方法分析了两件铝合金标准样品,测得锑量的结果与认定值相符,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=8)分别为2.14%和3.16%。     

微波样品消解-氢化物发生-双通道原子荧光光谱法同时测定家禽内脏中硒和锗

应用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定家禽内脏中的硒和锗含量。采用微波消解法用硝酸和过氧化氢对样品进行消解,以硫脲作为预还原剂,以溶于5g·L-1氢氧化钾溶液中的20g·L-1硼氢化钾溶液作为还原剂。硒、锗的质量浓度均在500μg·L-1范围内与其荧光强度呈线性关系,检出限(3s/k)分别为0.001 08μg·L-1和0.017 1μg·L-1。硒、锗的加标回收率分别在98.9%~102%,97.4%~102%之间。     

顺序注射-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定从食品接触材料迁移的痕量铅

提出了顺序注射-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定食品接触材料中铅迁移量的方法。将食品接触材料样品用40g.L-1乙酸溶液浸泡,所得浸泡液稀释十倍以消除基体干扰。将此溶液以1.2%(体积分数)盐酸溶液作载流引入顺序注射分析系统,同时引入7g.L-1硼氢化钠溶液(溶于7g.L-1氢氧化钠溶液中)作还原剂。铅的质量浓度在20.0μg.L-1以内与其荧光强度呈线性关系。方法的检出限(3s)为0.031μg.L-1。以空白食品接触材料为基体,加入铅标准溶液做回收试验,测得回收率在96.6%～101%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=8)在2.2%～4.4%之间。     

化学蒸气发生-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定地质样品中痕量金

地质样品经盐酸-硝酸(3+1)混合酸溶解,活性炭分离富集后,于90℃用12g.L-1硼氢化钠溶液(溶于0.5g.L-1氢氧化钠溶液中)作还原剂,用化学蒸气发生-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定其中痕量的金。金的质量浓度在1 500μg.L-1以内与其发射强度呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3s)为0.59μg.L-1。方法用于测定2个标准物质(GBW 07289和GBW 07291)中金含量,测定值与认定值相符。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。