Oxidation of secondary alcohols byN-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMO) catalyzed by Ru(II) halosulfoxide complexes. A kinetic study

RuX₂(DMSO)₄ (X=Cl,cis; Br,trans) undergoes ligand substitution in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to give RuX₂(DMSO)₃DMF, which catalyzes the oxidation of secondary alcohols by NMO to ketones. Kinetics of the reaction catalyzed bytrans-RuBr₂(DMSO)₄ differed from that ofcis-RuCl₂(DMSO)₄. A mechanism is proposed involving the formation of Ru(IV)oxo species as the active intermediate and a rate expression is derived.     

Oxidation of secondary terpene alcohols by chlorine dioxide

Secondary terpene alcohols cis- and trans-verbenol, neo-iso-verbanol, borneol, iso-borneol, and menthol were oxidized by chlorine dioxide into the corresponding ketones. It was shown that the nature of the solvent and catalyst and the structure of the starting compound, including the stereochemistry of the hydroxyl, influenced the oxidation process. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 585–587, November–December, 2008.     

Oxidation of alkanes and secondary alcohols to ketones with tert‐butyl hydroperoxide catalyzed by a water‐soluble ruthenium complex under solvent‐free conditions

An easily synthesized water‐soluble ruthenium complex, [C₆H₅CH₂N(CH₃)₂H]₂[Ru(dipic)Cl₃] (dipic =2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylate), as a catalyst showed high efficiency in the oxidation of alkanes and secondary alcohols to their corresponding ketones under solvent‐free and low‐catalyst‐loading conditions. This catalytic system could tolerate a variety of substrates and gave the corresponding ketones in good to excellent yields. The products were easily separated and purified due to the water solubility of the ruthenium complex.     

Osmium (VI) catalyzed chemoselective oxidation of allylic and benzylic alcohols

A mild and highly chemoselective approach to oxidation of allylic, electron rich/deficient benzylic, and heterocyclic alcohols employing catalytic quantities of K₂[OsO₂(OH)₄] (3 mol %) and chloramine-T (50 mol %) is described. The protocol offers short reaction times (25 min–2 h), controlled oxidation, and tolerance to a variety of substrates. A systematic mechanistic study based on the LC-ESI-MS/MS reveals the presence of imidotriooxoosmium species which further reacts with alcohol to give the oxidized product.     

Oxidation of substituted phenethyl alcohols by sodium-N-chloro-p-toluene sulfonamide: A kinetic study

Summary The kinetics of the oxidation of sixp-substituted phenethyl alcohols (PEA, R=–H, –Cl, –Br, –CH₃, –OCH₃, and -NO₂) by sodium-N-chloro-p-toluene sulfonamide (chloramine-T,CAT) in the presence of HCl was studied at 35°C. The rate shows a first order dependence on [CAT]₀ and [H⁺]₀ and a fractional order in [PEA]₀ and [Cl^–]₀. Ionic strength variations, addition of reaction product toluene sulfonamide, and variation of the dielectric constant of the medium have no effect on the rate. The solvent isotope effect amounts to about 0.90. Proton inventory studies have been made in H₂O-D₂O mixtures. The rates correlate satisfactorily withHammett's relationship. The reaction constant was –3.3 for electron releasing substituents and –0.25 for electron withdrawing groups at 35°C. The activation parameters H ^#, S ^#, G ^#, and logA were derived. H ^# and S ^# are linearly related, and an isokinetic relationship is observed with =166.7K, indicating entropy as a controlling factor.

---

Die Oxidation substituierter Phenethylalkohole mit Natrium-N-chlor-p-toluolsulfonamid: Kinetische Untersuchungen

Zusammenfassung Die Kinetik der Oxidation von sechsp-substituierten Phenethylalkoholen (PEA), R=–H, –Cl, –Br, –OCH₃ und NO₂) mit Natrium-N-chlor-p-toluolsulfonamid (Chloramin-T,CAT) in Gegenwart von HCl bei 35°C wurde untersucht. Die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit ist in bezug auf [CAT]₀ und [H⁺]₀ ester und hinsichtlich [PEA]₀ und [Cl]₀ gebrochener Ordnung. Variation der Ionenstärke, Zusatz von Reaktionsprodukt oder Toluolsulfonamid und Variation der Dielektrizitätskonstante des Mediums haben keinen Einfluß auf die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit Der Lösungsmittel-Isotopeneffekt beläuft sich auf etwa 0.90. Die Protonenbilanz wurde in H₂O-D₂O Mischungen untersucht. Die Geschwindigkeiten korrelieren zufriedenstellend nach derHammettschen Beziehung. Die Reaktionskonstante wurde mit =–3.3 für elektronenabgebende und =–0.25 für elektronenanziehende Substituenten bei 35°C bestimmt. Die Aktivierungsparameter H ^#, G ^#, G ^# und logA wurden abgeleitet; H ^# und S ^# korrelieren linear, und eine isokinetische Beziehung mit =166.7K weist auf die Entropie als kontrollierenden Faktor hin.

     

Highly efficient oxidation of alcohols using Oxone(R) as oxidant catalyzed by ruthenium complex under mild reaction conditions

Aromatic and alkyl alcohols were oxidized to the corresponding aldehydes or ketones at room temperature with high conversion and selectivity using Oxone (2KHSO5·KHSO4·K2SO4) as oxidant catalyzed by ruthenium complex Quin-Ru-Quin (where Quin = 8-hydroxyquinoline). The reaction time is very short and the preparation of complex is simple. 2008 Zi Qiang Lei. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.     

Selective aerobic oxidation of allylic and benzylic alcohols catalyzed by N-hydroxyindole and copper(I) chloride

In the presence of copper(I) chloride, tert-butyl 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-indole-3-carboxylate acted as a catalyst for the chemoselective aerobic oxidation of allylic and benzylic alcohols. A variety of primary and secondary allylic and benzylic alcohols were oxidized into the corresponding α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds in good yields without affecting non-allylic alcohols.     

Synthesis of alkoxystannanes by reactions of O-(organylstannyl) carbamates with alcohols

Reactions of O-(organylstannyl) carbamates with alcohols afford alkoxystannanes and proceed most completely on heating in an excess of alcohol. The reactions provide a new approach to the synthesis of difficultly accessible alkoxystannanes.     

Oxidation of some catecholamines by sodium N-chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide in acid medium: A kinetic and mechanistic approach

The kinetics of the oxidation of five catecholamines viz., dopamine (A), L-dopa (B), methyldopa (C), epinephrine (D) and norepinephrine (E) by sodium N-chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide or chloramine-T (CAT) in presence of HClO₄ was studied at 30±0.1 °C. The five reactions followed identical kinetics with a first-order dependence on [CAT] _o , fractional-order in [substrate] _o , and inverse fractional-order in [H⁺]. Under comparable experimental conditions, the rate of oxidation of catecholamines increases in the order D>E>A>B>C. The variation of ionic strength of the medium and the addition of p-toluenesulfonamide or halide ions had no significant effect on the reaction rate. The rate increased with decreasing dielectric constant of the medium. The solvent isotope effect was studied using D₂O. A Michaelis-Menten type mechanism has been suggested to explain the results. Equilibrium and decomposition constants for CAT-catecholamine complexes have been evaluated. CH₃C₆H₄SO₂NHCl of the oxidant has been postulated as the reactive oxidizing species and oxidation products were identified. An isokinetic relationship is observed with β=361 K, indicating that enthalpy factors control the reaction rate. The mechanism proposed and the derived rate law are consistent with the observed kinetics.     

N-Alkylation of amines with alcohols catalyzed by a Cp*Ir complex

A new effective catalytic system consisting of [Cp*IrCl₂]₂/K₂CO₃ (Cp*=pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) for the N-alkylation of primary amines with alcohols has been developed. As an example, the reaction of aniline with benzyl alcohol in the presence of [Cp*IrCl₂]₂ (5.0 mol%Ir) and K₂CO₃ (5.0 mol%) in toluene at 110°C for 17 h gave benzylaniline in an isolated yield of 88%.     

Solvent-free oxidation of alcohols by t-butyl hydroperoxide catalyzed by water-soluble copper complex

The catalytic system composed of CuCl₂ and 2,2′-biquinoline-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid dipotassium salt (BQC), was found to be highly efficient for the selective oxidation of secondary benzylic, allylic and propargylic alcohols to the corresponding ketones, with aqueous t-butyl hydroperoxide under phase-transfer catalysis conditions. The catalytic system is stable and can be recycled and reused several times without loss of activity.     

Oxidation of aromatic alcohols in irradiated aqueous suspensions of commercial and home-prepared rutile TiO(2): a selectivity study

The photocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol (BA) and 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (MBA) has been performed in pure water by using commercial TiO(2) samples (Sigma-Aldrich, Merck, Degussa P25) and rutile TiO(2) prepared from TiCl(4) at low temperature. Particular attention has been devoted to the identification of the produced aromatic compounds along with the formed CO(2). Oxidation products such as the corresponding aromatic aldehyde and acid, as well as mono- and dihydroxylated aldehydes have been detected. The home-prepared rutile sample showed a marked selectivity towards the formation of the aromatic aldehyde (38 and 60 % for BA and MBA, respectively), resulting in a three- to sevenfold improvement relative to commercial samples, with the only byproduct being CO(2). This catalyst was found to be the most selective in the formation of aldehyde in water. By using the commercial or the calcined home-prepared samples, many hydroxylated aromatic compounds were detected besides the aldehyde and the acid. This finding points to a higher selectivity performance of the home-prepared rutile relative to the commercial TiO(2) samples. Some of the home-prepared samples were also dialysed to check the influence of the presence of Cl(-) species on catalyst reactivity and selectivity. We have attempted to explain the different reaction rate and selectivity observed for MBA and BA.     

Degradation processes in the cellulose/<Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-methylmorpholine-<Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-oxide system studied by HPLC and ESR. Radical formation/recombination kinetics under UV photolysis at 77 K

Degradation processes of N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide monohydrate (NMMO), cellulose and cellulose/NMMO solutions were studied by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Kinetics of radical accumulation processes under UV (λ = 248 nm) excimer laser flash photolysis was investigated by ESR at 77 K. Beside radical products of cellulose generated and stabilized at low temperature, radicals in NMMO and cellulose/NMMO solutions were studied for the first time in those systems and attributed to nitroxide type radicals ∼CH₂–NO^•–CH₂∼ and/or ∼CH₂–NO^•–CH₃∼ at the first and methyl ^•CH₃ and formyl ^•CHO radicals at the second step of the photo-induced reaction. Kinetic study of radicals revealed that formation and recombination rates of radical reaction depend on cellulose concentration in cellulose/NMMO solutions and additional ingredients, e.g., Fe(II) and propyl gallate. HPLC measurements showed that the concentrations of ring degradation products, e.g., aminoethanol and acetaldehyde, are determined by the composition of the cellulose/NMMO solution. Results based on HPLC are mainly maintained by ESR that supports the assumption concerning a radical initiated ring-opening of NMMO.     

Kinetics and mechanism of the ruthernium(III) catalyzed oxidation of propane-1,3-diol by alkaline hexacyanoferrate(III)

The kinetics of oxidation of propane-1,3-diol by alkaline hexacyanoferrate (III) catalyzed by ruthenium trichloride has been studied spectrophotometrically. A reaction mechanism involving the formation of an intermediate complex between the substrate and the catalyst is proposed. In the rate-determining step this complex is attacked by hexacyanoferate(III) forming a free radical which is further oxidized.     

Mathematical Modeling of Ru(VI)-catalyzed Oxidation of Alcohols by Hexacyanoferrate(III)

The title kinetics reaction has been modeled with a system of ordinary differential equations, for the concentrations of the compounds. In these equations, the velocity constants are unknown. In this work, the four constants had been evaluated by minimizing a mean squares expression comparing the experimental measures of the concentration of hexacyanoferrate(III) with the solution of the system of ordinary differential equations. This problem has not a unique solution and there is an infinite set of constants which minimize the expression. Several sets of possible constants have been analyzed. One of them has been obtained estimating two of the constants with the stationary state approach. For the model to be well posed the constants must fulfill a condition. Information about the order of magnitude of the constants has been reached.     

Separation of electronic and steric effects: Oxidation of ortho -substituted phenyl methyl sulphides by peroxoanions, chromium(VI) and picolinic acid catalysed chromium(VI)

The kinetics of oxidation ofortho-substituted phenyl methyl sulphides by peroxoanions, Cr(VI) and picolinic acid catalysed Cr(VI) have been investigated. Regression analyses of the rate data by using Taft and Charton equations to separate steric effect from electronic effects have been carried out. In peroxoanion oxidations, the localized electronic effect plays a major role. In the uncatalysed and picolinic acid catalysed Cr(VI) oxidations, both localized and delocalized effects are significant. Steric effect plays a minor role in all the oxidations     

在水中由钼(VI)或钨(VI)吡啶醇络合物进行的顺丙烯膦酸的异相催化不对称环氧化

合成了手性吡啶醇二氧合钼(VI)及二氧合钨(VI)配合物, 采用这两种配合物作为催化剂, 实现了在水中对顺丙烯膦酸(CPPA)的催化不对称环氧化. 这两种催化剂不溶于水, 因此, 这是一个发生在固液两相界面上的异相催化不对称环氧化反应. 其中手性吡啶醇二氧合钼在0 ℃下的对映选择性ee值达到71%; 加入相转移催化剂四正丁基溴化铵, 催化剂的活性和对映选择性有显著提高, 其中手性吡啶醇二氧合钨在50 ℃下ee值由54%提高到78%. 手性吡啶醇二氧合钼和二氧合钨催化剂可以回收再使用.     

Oxidation of captopril by hydrogen peroxide and peroxomonosulfate ion catalyzed by a ruthenium(III) complex: kinetic and mechanistic studies

The complex [Ru^III(edta)(H₂O)]^? (edta^4? = ethylenediaminetetraacetate) catalyzes the oxidation of captopril (CapSH) using primary oxidants, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and peroxomonosulfate (\( {\text{HSO}}_{5}^{ - } \)). The kinetics of the oxidation reaction were studied as a function of both oxidant (H₂O₂, \( {\text{HSO}}_{5}^{ - } \)) and substrate (CapSH) concentrations using stopped-flow and rapid scan stopped-flow techniques. Spectral and kinetic data are suggestive of a pathway involving rapid formation of the intermediate complex [Ru^III(edta)(CapS)]^2? followed by direct attack of the oxidant (H₂O₂ or \( {\text{HSO}}_{5}^{ - } \)) at the S atom of the coordinated CapS^?. ESI–MS and HPLC analysis of the reaction products showed that captopril disulfide (CapSSCap) is the major oxidation product. A probable mechanism in agreement with the spectral and kinetic data is presented.