糯米浆对仿生碳酸钙形貌的影响

以糯米浆为有机调控物质,二氧化碳提供碳源仿生制备出多种形貌的碳酸钙晶体.探索了矿化时间、钙离子浓度对碳酸钙晶体形貌和晶型的影响.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对制备的碳酸钙表观形貌及结构进行表征.扫描电镜结果表明:以糯米浆为有机调控物质,钙离子浓度和矿化时间对碳酸钙晶体的形貌有一定的影响;XRD及FT-IR图谱表明制备的碳酸钙晶型为方解石和球霰石.     

硫酸软骨素/L-谷氨酸对碳酸钙形貌及晶体生长影响的研究

根据生物矿化原理,通过CO2的缓慢扩散,在硫酸软骨素(CSB)/L-谷氨酸二元体系中,与富集在有机/无机界面钙离子的结合,合成了不同形貌的碳酸钙.系统地研究了室温下各种因素对碳酸钙晶体形貌和晶型的影响.产物用XRD、SEM和FT-IR进行表征,FT-IR和XRD分析表明:所得的晶体为方解石的晶型,SEM表明体系中CSB的浓度,pH值,CSB/L-谷氨酸的浓度比对碳酸钙形貌起着重要作用.通过改变实验条件得到了椭球型,哑铃型等形貌碳酸钙晶体,并对其可能的形成机理进行了分析.     

柠檬酸钠作用下碳酸钙的制备

选取柠檬酸钠(Na3C6H5O7)为碳酸钙生长的控制剂,通过气体扩散的方法仿生合成了不同形貌的碳酸钙,并考察矿化时间对碳酸钙晶型和形貌的调控作用.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)以及X射线衍射(XRD)对所得产物进行了表征.结果表明,随着矿化时间的改变所得碳酸钙粒子的形貌发生了显著的变化,出现哑铃状、高尔夫球状、球状等形貌.     

水热条件下不同形貌和晶相碳酸钙的形成和转化

利用碳酸氢钙水热分解制备了具有不同形貌和晶相的碳酸钙.在水热情况下,得到了多种形貌的方解石和霰石碳酸钙,研究了碳酸氢钙浓度、添加剂氯化镁浓度、反应时间和温度等对碳酸钙形貌和晶相的影响.以X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)对制备的碳酸钙进行了表征.研究发现,水热条件对碳酸钙形貌和晶相的形成以及演化过程有重要影响.水热条件下发现了稳定的碳酸钙晶相向亚稳定相转化的反常相变,对相关的形成及转化机理进行了相应的阐述.     

水溶性壳聚糖/鸡蛋清对仿生碳酸钙晶体形貌的控制

在水溶性壳聚糖/鸡蛋清的调控下,采用气相扩散法仿生制备出多种形貌的碳酸钙晶体.研究了Ca2+起始浓度、m壳聚糖∶ m鸡蛋清质量比对碳酸钙形貌和晶型的影响.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)及X射线衍射(XRD)等测试技术对获得的碳酸钙样品进行表征.XRD及FT-IR结果表明所得碳酸钙包括方解石和球霰石两种晶型,SEM观察表明Ca2+浓度及m壳聚糖∶m鸡蛋清质量比对碳酸钙形貌有重要的调控作用.     

聚合物与表面活性剂混合模板调控碳酸钙结晶

以聚乙烯醇(PVA)和聚苯乙烯磺酸钠(PSSS)分别与十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)组成混合模板,在CaCl2、Na2CO3体系中调控合成CaCO3晶体.考察了不同CTAB浓度及结晶温度对碳酸钙晶体的影响.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)及X射线衍射(XRD)等技术对晶体的形貌和结构进行了表征,并对不同形貌碳酸钙的形成机理进行了探讨.结果表明:在PVA和CTAB模板中,5℃为方解石椭球状聚集体,25℃时为菊花状、立方状的方解石和球霰石的混晶,90℃时得到针状文石晶簇.以PSSS和CTAB模板调控下的碳酸钙,5℃时为球状的方解石和球霰石的混晶,25℃为颗粒均匀的球形球霰石,90℃时得到了花朵状文石.不同形貌及晶型碳酸钙的生成源自聚合物与CTAB组成复合物结构的差异.     

硅酸钠和重烷基苯磺酸盐对碳酸钙物相和形貌的影响

研究了硅酸钠及重烷基苯磺酸盐(HABS)对碳酸钙晶型和形貌的影响,采用FESEM、XRD和FT-IR等手段,对获得的产物进行了表征.结果表明,硅酸钠可促进不同形貌和不规则聚集体状碳酸钙的形成;当硅酸钠浓度大于250 ppm时,可以抑制部分无定形碳酸钙向方解石的转化;当HABS与硅酸钠同时存在时,优先形成麦穗状方解石.     

碳酸钙晶须的制备及含硫化合物对碳酸钙晶须影响的研究

在碱性环境下(pH＞ 12)采用衬底溶液双滴加法制备了形貌均匀且长径比大于10的文石型碳酸钙晶须.探讨了衬底液浓度、温度等因素对碳酸钙晶须生长的影响;研究了硫化钠、硫酸钠、硫代硫酸钠对碳酸钙晶须生长过程的影响;通过扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射对样品的形貌和物相进行了表征.结果表明:衬底液Ca2+浓度为0.4 mol/L、温度为80 ℃时最有利于文石型碳酸钙晶须的生长;随着含硫化合物的增加,文石型碳酸钙晶须的长径比与质量分数均逐渐减小,且方解石型碳酸钙含量逐渐增加.     

L-天冬氨酸诱导叠层碳酸钙微晶的形成

利用气相扩散的方法得到一种特殊形貌的碳酸钙层状聚集体.探讨了L-天冬氨酸的浓度、反应时间对碳酸钙的形貌和晶型的影响.采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)及红外吸收光谱(FT-IR)对合成出的样品的形貌、结构进行了表征.结果表明:L-天冬氨酸的浓度及反应时间对碳酸钙的形貌和晶型有着重要的影响,并对L-天冬氨酸浓度影响碳酸钙的形貌和晶型的机理进行了解释.     

PEG/PEI/PASP修饰的磁性氧化铁纳米粒子的制备及磁共振成像的研究

以聚乙二醇(Polyethylene glycol,PEG)为溶剂及反应剂,聚乙烯亚胺(Polyethyleneimine,PEI)为添加剂,乙酰丙酮铁(Fe(acac)3)为铁源,采用高温热分解法制备了超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒子(Super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles,SPIONs).通过物理法将聚天冬氨酸(Poly aspartic acid,PASP)成功修饰在PEG、PEI修饰的超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒子(PEG/PEI-SPIONs)表面,得到PEG/PEI/PASP-SPIONs.透射电子显微镜表征结果显示,PEG/PEI/PASP-SPIONs具有良好的分散性,且平均粒径为(10.8±2.0)nm(平均值±标准差).小鼠脑部磁共振成像实验表明,PEG/PEI/PASP-SPIONs可以长时间在小鼠脑部呈现磁共振成像(MRI)效果,PEG/PEI/PASP-SPIONs在小鼠脑部的成像时间比PEG/PEI-SPIONs和PEG/PEI/Tween 80-SPIONs的成像时间更短,可用于磁共振成像的造影剂.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.