Stability of stationary convective flow of a mixture in a vertical porous layer

In contrast to the corresponding viscous flow, the convective flow of a homogeneous liquid in a planar vertical layer whose boundaries are maintained at different temperatures is stable [1]. When a porous layer is saturated with a binary mixture, in the presence of potentially stable stratification one must expect an instability of thermal-concentration nature to be manifested. This instability mechanism is associated with the difference between the temperature and concentration relaxation times, which leads to a buoyancy force when an element of the fluid is displaced horizontally. In viscous binary mixtures, the thermal-concentration instability is the origin of the formation of layered flows, which have been studied in detail in recent years [2–4]. The convective instability of the equilibrium of a binary mixture in a porous medium was considered earlier by the present authors in [5]. In the present paper, the stability of stationary convective flow of a binary mixture in a planar vertical porous layer is studied. It is shown that in the presence of sufficient longitudinal stratification the flow becomes unstable against thermal-concentration perturbations; the stability boundary is determined as a function of the parameters of the problem.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 150–157, January–February, 1980.     

Secondary convective motions in a plane inclined layer

A linear theory of stability of a plane-parallel convective flow between infinite isothermal planes heated to different temperature was developed in [1–6]. At moderate Pr values the instability is monotonic and leads to the development of steady secondary motions. These motions for the case of a vertical layer have been investigated by the net [7, 8] and small-parameter [9] methods. In this paper steady secondary motions in an inclined layer are investigated. The small-parameter and net methods are used. The hard nature of excitation of secondary motions in a defined range of tilt angles is established. There are two types of secondary motions, whose regions of existence overlap — vortices at the boundary of countercurrent streams and convection rolls; the hard instability is due to the development of convection rolls. The analog of the Squire transformation obtained in [4] for infinitely small disturbances of a plane-parallel convective flow is extended to secondary motions of finite amplitude.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 3–9, May–June, 1977.I thank G. Z. Gershumi, E. M. Zhukhovitskii, and E. L. Tarunin for interest in the work and valuable discussion.     

Flow instability in the laminar boundary layer separation zone created by a small roughness element

The development of disturbances of the laminar flow in the separation zone behind a surface projection in the boundary layer on a flat plate has been experimentally investigated. The linear instability characteristics of the separated flow are determined and the interaction between the oscillations growing in the separation zone and the average flow is studied.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 16–22, January–February, 1990.     

Generation of Nonlinear Waves on a Viscoelastic Coating in a Turbulent Boundary Layer

Self–induced excitation of periodic nonlinear waves on a viscoelastic coating interacting with a turbulent boundary layer of an incompressible flow is studied. The response of the flow to multiwave excitation of the coating surface is determined in the approximation of small slopes. A system of equations is obtained for complex amplitudes of multiple harmonics of a slow (divergent) wave resulting from the development of hydroelastic instability on a coating with large losses. It is shown that three–wave resonant relations between the harmonics lead to the development of explosive instability, which is stabilized due to the deformation of the mean (Sover the wave period) shear flow in the boundary layer. Conditions of soft and hard excitation of divergent waves are determined. Based on the calculations performed, qualitative features of excitation of divergent waves in known experiments are explained.     

Instability of a moving plane-parallel layer

A study is made of infinitely small perturbations of a moving plane-parallel layer. It is shown that, in distinction from an isolated tangential discontinuity, a layer is unstable with any given values of the projection of the velocity of the layer on the wave vector of the perturbation. The instability of an isolated tangential discontinuity has been repeatedly investigated in detail (see, for example, [1–4]). The instability of a moving layer has remained almost unanalyzed. It is of importance to make such an analysis, the more so since the results for a layer differ qualitatively from the results for an isolated tangential discontinuity.Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 11–14, May–June, 1972.     

Short-wave instability in a perfect-gas shock layer

Asymptotic methods are used to investigate the regime of two interacting waveguides. As a result of an analysis of the dispersion relation short-wave instability of the acoustic type is detected. It is shown that this instability is convective. A qualitative comparison with direct numerical calculations is carried out using a simple model of the flow in the shock layer.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 10–14, January–February, 1989.     

“Inviscid Finger” Instability in Regular Models of a Porous Medium

Displacement of a fluid from a porous medium is considered. The flow is assumed to be fast enough, i.e., the Reynolds number based on the characteristic pore size is large. If he driving fluid is less dense (for example, a gas), the interface is unstable. This instability is similar to the well–known viscous finger instability but the governing parameter is density instead of viscosity. The instability is demonstrated experimentally using two–dimensional models. In square lattices of perpendicular channels, noticeable branching of fingers is not observed, which is attributed to the anisotropy of such an artificial porous medium. A more ordinary pattern with finger branching is obtained in a two–dimensional layer of spheres, which appears to be more isotropic. A simple model describing flow in a square lattice is proposed. The initial stage of growth is considered, and the instability increment is estimated. A qualitative analysis of the nonlinear stage is performed.     

Asymptotic structure of inviscid disturbances in a thin shock layer

The WKB method, used in [4] to analyze the short-wave instability of a supersonic mixing layer, is employed to investigate various types of inviscid three-dimensional short-wave disturbances in a thin shock layer of perfect gas with arbitrary velocity and temperature distributions across the layer. Simple analytic expressions for the dispersion relations are obtained for neutral disturbances. The results of an asymptotic analysis are compared with direct numerical calculations for a simple model of the shock layer.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 6, pp. 72–79, November–December, 1988.     

Laminar boundary layer stability and delayed transition on a nonisothermal surface

The effect of a nonuniform surface temperature distribution on the boundary layer stability characteristics is further investigated. It is shown that the presence of fairly extensive areas of the surface within which the temperature of the body exceeds the free-stream temperature leads to the destabilization of the flow and the appearance of a local closed region of laminar flow instability.Paper presented at the Sixth All-Union Conference on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (Tashkent, 1986). The results of references [8, 9], published after the conference, have been taken into account.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 52–57, March–April, 1989.     

Thermocapillary instability of a deformable liquid film

The instability of a plane liquid film with a uniform transverse temperature gradient under conditions of weightlessness is considered. The surface tension is assumed to depend linearly on the temperature. On the basis of an exact solution of the neutral perturbation problem for a layer with deformable boundaries, the instability domains, the dispersion curves, and the shape of the perturbations are determined. It is shown that on the interval of low Prandtl numbers both thermocapillary waves with predominantly longitudinal flow and capillary waves, supported by the thermocapillary effect, with intense transverse liquid flow can develop on the film.Perm'. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 30–36, September–October, 1996.     

Stability of convective flow in a vibration field with respect to three-dimensional perturbations

A plane-parallel convective flow in a vertical layer between boundaries maintained at different temperatures becomes unstable when the Grashof number reaches a critical value (see [1]). In [2, 3] the effect of high-frequency harmonic vibration in the vertical direction on the stability of this flow was investigated. The presence of vibration in a nonisothermal fluid leads to the appearance of a new instability mechanism which operates even under conditions of total weightlessness [4]. As shown in [2, 3], the interaction of the usual instability mechanisms in a static gravity field and the vibration mechanism has an important influence on the stability of convective flow. In this paper the flow stability is considered for an arbitrary direction of the vibration axis in the plane of the layer and the stability characteristics with respect to three-dimensional normal perturbations are determined.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 116–122, March–April, 1988.     

Convection in a two-layer system due to the combined action of the Rayleigh and thermocapillary instability mechanisms

In a two-layer system loss of stability may be monotonic or oscillatory in character. Increasing oscillatory perturbations have been detected in the case of both Rayleigh [1, 2] and thermocapillary convection [3–5]; however, for many systems the minimum of the neutral curve corresponds to monotonic perturbations. In [5] an example was given of a system for which oscillatory instability is most dangerous when the thermogravitational and thermocapillary instability mechanisms are simultaneously operative. In this paper the occurrence of convection in a two-layer system due to the combined action of the Rayleigh (volume) and thermocapillary (surface) instability mechanisms is systematically investigated. It is shown that when the Rayleigh mechanism operates primarily in the upper layer of fluid, in the presence of a thermocapillary effect oscillatory instability may be the more dangerous. If thermogravitational convection is excited in the lower layer of fluid, the instability will be monotonic.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 166–170, January–February, 1987.     

Connective instability of a two-layer system with thermally insulated boundaries

The investigation of the convective stability of mechanical equilibrium of two horizontal layers of immiscible fluids has revealed the characteristics of such systems [1–3]. In particular, it has been found that, as distinct from a homogeneous horizontal layer, under certain conditions two-layer systems experience convective instability when uniformly heated from above and, moreover, oscillatory instability when heated from below. In [1–3] the problem was solved for a system with isothermal outer boundaries. In this paper the stability of equilibrium of two-layer systems is investigated for thermally insulated outer boundaries. Special attention is given to the study of the long wave instability mode.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 22–28, March–April, 1986.The authors wish to thank O. V. Kustova for assisting with the computations.     

Stability of laminar flow of liquid in vertical layers with free convection

We give the results of experimental and theoretical investigations of the stability of a laminar flow of liquid in a vertical layer. The experimental investigations qualitatively confirm the theoretical solutions and indicate the existence of various kinds of instability.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 170–174, September–October, 1971.     

Stability of a plane-parallel convective flow of a liquid in a horizontal layer

We consider the stationary plane-parallel convective flow, studied in [1], which appears in a two-dimensional horizontal layer of a liquid in the presence of a longitudinal temperature gradient. In the present paper we examine the stability of this flow relative to small perturbations. To solve the spectral amplitude problem and to determine the stability boundaries we apply a version of the Galerkin method, which was used earlier for studying the stability of convective flows in vertical and inclined layers in the presence of a transverse temperature difference or of internal heat sources (see [2]). A horizontal plane-parallel flow is found to be unstable relative to two critical modes of perturbations. For small Prandtl numbers the instability has a hydrodynamic character and is associated with the development of vortices on the boundary of counterflows. For moderate and for large Prandtl numbers the instability has a Rayleigh character and is due to a thermal stratification arising in the stationary flow.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 1, pp. 95–100, January–February, 1974.     

Investigation of boundary layer stability in a gradient flow with a high degree of free-stream turbulence

The results of an experimental investigation of boundary layer stability in a gradient flow with a high degree of free-stream turbulence are presented. The question of the possible artificial generation, the further development and the effect on laminar-turbulent transition of instability waves (Tollmien-Schlichting waves) in the boundary layer on a wing profile is considered for a level of free-stream turbulence =1.75% of the free-stream velocity; the sensitivity of the flow to the disturbances and their control by means of boundary layer suction are investigated.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 52–58, March–April, 1990.     

Effect of surface temperature on the stability of the swept attachment line boundary layer

At fairly high Reynolds numbers instability may develop on the line of attachment of the potential flow to the leading edge of a swept wing and lead to a transition to boundary layer turbulence directly at the leading edge [1, 2]. Although the first results relating to the stability and transition of laminar flow at the leading edge of swept wings were obtained almost 30 years ago, the problem remains topical. The stability of the swept attachment line boundary layer was recently investigated numerically with allowance for compressibility effects [3, 4]. Below we examine the effect of surface temperature on the stability characteristics of the laminar viscous heat-conducting gas flow at the leading edge of a side slipping wing.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 6, pp. 78–82, November–December, 1990.     

Stability of a liquid layer with bubbling

The article discusses a new type of instability of a horizontal layer of a motionless liquid, due to the motion of bubbles of gas or of particles of a suspension through the layer. It is shown that, when a certain critical mass flow rate of the gas or the suspension is attained, due to the essential inhomogeneity of the velocity of the gas bubbles, the layer becomes unstable and convective flow develops in a Bénard cell. With the motion of bubbles in the field of gravity, the criterion of instability is found to be independent of the size of the bubbles and the kinematic viscosity of the liquid.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 4, July–August, 1974.     

A visual study of vortex-induced subcritical instability on a flat plate laminar boundary layer

This paper reports results of our experimental investigation on flow instability on a flat plate laminar boundary layer caused by a captive vortex migrating far outside the boundary layer. Results show that the sign of the circulation associated with the vortex is the main determinant for the severity of the boundary layer instability. A captive vortex with an opposite sign to that of the unperturbed shear layer vorticity causes a breakdown ahead of it, while the one with the same sign as the unperturbed shear layer vorticity gives rise to weaker excitation trailing it. Additional parameters that influence the flow instability are the strength and distance of the vortical disturbance from the boundary layer, as well as the translational speed of the vortex. These experimental results compliment the corresponding theoretical analysis of Sengupta et al. (J Fluid Mech 493:277–286, 2003).     

Disturbance evolution in the leading-edge region of a blunt flat plate in supersonic flow

The spatio-temporal dynamics of small disturbances in viscous supersonic flow over a blunt flat plate at freestream Mach number M_∞=2.5 is numerically simulated using a spectral approximation to the Navier–Stokes equations. The unsteady solutions are computed by imposing weak acoustic waves onto the steady base flow. In addition, the unsteady response of the flow to velocity perturbations introduced by local suction and blowing through a slot in the body surface is investigated. The results indicate distinct disturbance/shock-wave interactions in the subsonic region around the leading edge for both types of forcing. While the disturbance amplitudes on the wall retain a constant level for the acoustic perturbation, those generated by local suction and blowing experience a strong decay downstream of the slot. Furthermore, the results prove the importance of the shock in the distribution of perturbations, which have their origin in the leading-edge region. These disturbance waves may enter the boundary layer further downstream to excite instability modes.