Chemical Studies on Tobacco Smoke. LXI. Volatile Pyridines: Quantitative Analysis in Mainstream and Sidestream Smoke of Cigarettes and Cigars

Abstract

A quantitative analytical method has been developed for volatile pyridines in tobacco smoke using pyridine- ¹⁴C as an internal standard. Mainstream and sidestream smoke are trapped in 0.05 N sulfuric acid anti partitioned with chloroform. The acidic portion is then concentrated, adjusted to pH 3 and extracted with chloroform. Methanol and a trace of 2N sulfuric acid are added to this chloroform portion and the mixture is carefully concentrated.

A trace of sodium hydroxide is added and the final concentrate is analyzed by gas chromatography. Twenty-one volatile pyridines have been identified. The mainstream stroke of a popular. 85-mm U.S. cigarette without filter tip contained the following major pyridines: 33.4 μg pyridine, 12.3 μg α-picoline, 24.2 μg. β+γ-picoline, 7.6 μg 3-ethylpgridine, 5.9 μg: 4-ethylpyridine, and 23.3 μg 3,4-lutidine + 3-vinylpyridine. The sidestream smoke of this cigarette contained up to 28 times higher concentrations of pyridines.

Volatile pyridines were also determined in the mainstream smoke of other non-filter cigarettes, filter cigarettes, little cigars and, a non-tobacco cigarette. Of special interest were the much greater quantities of volatile pyridines in the mainstream and sidestream of cigars in comparison to those of cigarettes. The ratio of pyridines in sidestream to those in mainstream was 5 to 50 in large cigars. Selective filtration was observed with both cellulose acetate and charcoal filter tips. The analytical method resulted in reproducible values for pyridine, with an average recovery rate of more than 90%. In addition to pyridines, two pyrazines were also isolated from the smoke. Processed tobacco contained minute amounts of some volatile pyridines.     

Determination of Acrylamide and Acrolein in Smoke from Tobacco and E-Cigarettes

Acrylamide and acrolein are two short-chained hazardous compounds with neurotoxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic effects. The aim of this paper is to describe a fast and simple procedure for simultaneous determination of both acrylamide and acrolein under standard conditions, suggest a suitable calibration protocol for custom analysis, and demonstrate its applicability to the analysis of gaseous products from, e.g., cigarettes, cigars, or electronic cigarettes. A gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method was developed to quantify acrylamide and acrolein in smoke vapor from electronic cigarettes, tobacco cigarettes, and cigars. Nonionic and highly polar molecules with a low boiling point and molecular mass need a suitable derivatization method to achieve appropriate retention and selectivity on commonly used relatively nonpolar stationary phases and to enhance the molecular mass for easy MS detection. The derivatization of acrylamide and acrolein was carried out by a bromination method with elemental bromine. The dibromo derivatives were extracted into an organic solvent and following a dehydrobromination procedure the samples were injected into the GC–MS system. Important experimental parameters were varied, after which the bromination time was defined as 30 min, and the injector temperature and the starting temperature of gradient were set at 280 and 50 °C respectively. Acrolein was found in all tested samples, while acrylamide was detected only in smoke from normal tobacco. Possible mechanisms for the formation of these unsaturated compounds in the samples are discussed. After its validation the newly developed method was successfully and reliably applied to the analysis of both compounds. This short method provides an easy way to determine acrylamide and acrolein in gaseous samples.     

Chemical Studies on Tobacco Smoke LXVII. Quantitative Determination of Alkaloids in Tobacco by Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

An HPLC method was developed for the quantitative determination of individual alkaloids of the basic fraction of tobacco extracts. Two reverse phase RP-18 columns were used, eluting with a gradient of aqueous triethylamine phosphate buffer (pH 7.56) and acetonitrile.

The method was optimized and compared favorably with existing quantitative techniques in regard to time factors, sensitivity and accuracy.     

Determination of Acrylamide and Acrolein in Smoke from Tobacco and E-Cigarettes

Acrylamide and acrolein are two short-chained hazardous compounds with neurotoxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic effects. The aim of this paper is to describe a fast and simple procedure for simultaneous determination of both acrylamide and acrolein under standard conditions, suggest a suitable calibration protocol for custom analysis, and demonstrate its applicability to the analysis of gaseous products from, e.g., cigarettes, cigars, or electronic cigarettes. A gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method was developed to quantify acrylamide and acrolein in smoke vapor from electronic cigarettes, tobacco cigarettes, and cigars. Nonionic and highly polar molecules with a low boiling point and molecular mass need a suitable derivatization method to achieve appropriate retention and selectivity on commonly used relatively nonpolar stationary phases and to enhance the molecular mass for easy MS detection. The derivatization of acrylamide and acrolein was carried out by a bromination method with elemental bromine. The dibromo derivatives were extracted into an organic solvent and following a dehydrobromination procedure the samples were injected into the GC–MS system. Important experimental parameters were varied, after which the bromination time was defined as 30 min, and the injector temperature and the starting temperature of gradient were set at 280 and 50 °C respectively. Acrolein was found in all tested samples, while acrylamide was detected only in smoke from normal tobacco. Possible mechanisms for the formation of these unsaturated compounds in the samples are discussed. After its validation the newly developed method was successfully and reliably applied to the analysis of both compounds. This short method provides an easy way to determine acrylamide and acrolein in gaseous samples.

     

Determination of Nicotine-Related Alkaloids in Tobacco and Cigarette Smoke by GC-FID

A simple and accurate method, gas chromatography (GC) with flame-ionization detection (FID) has been used for determination of the four main nicotine-related alkaloids in tobacco. Tobacco samples were treated with a small quantity of aqueous ammonia solution, to loosen the tobacco tissue and to convert all alkaloids to free bases, then extracted with 1:3 CH₃OH-CH₂Cl₂. A method for further simultaneous and comprehensive determination of six nicotine-related alkaloids in cigarette smoke was also developed. Because of the complexity of the cigarette smoke matrix and the small amounts of alkaloids, except nicotine, in cigarette smoke, the smoke extract was concentrated after removal of the acidic and neutral fractions. To reduce the adsorption and thermal degradation of alkaloids in the liner, especially for nornicotine, a suitable injector temperature was selected and pulsed injection mode was studied. Different cigarette smokes and tobaccos were analyzed for levels of nicotine-related alkaloids.Revised: 3 January and 21 March 2005     

Chemical Studies on Tobacco Smoke. XLVII. On the Quantitative Analysis of Catechols and Their Reduction

Abstract

A quantitative analytical method has been developed for catechols in tobacco smoke using catechol-¹⁴C as internal standard. Main and sidestream smoke particulates are collected in cold traps, the acidic portion of the particulate matter is neutralized and the catechols are enriched by complexing with boric acid. The concentrate of the dihydroxybenzenes is analyzed by GLC/MS.     

气相色谱-质谱联用法测定卷烟主流烟气中烟草特有亚硝胺

研究了用气相色谱-质谱联用法,用选择离子监测技术测定卷烟主流烟气中烟草特有亚硝胺N'-亚硝基去甲基烟碱(NNN)和4-(N-亚硝基甲氨基)-1-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁酮(NNK).在标准吸烟条件下,将烟气粒相物收集在剑桥滤片上,用柠檬酸-磷酸盐缓冲液和环己烷对粒相物共提取,提取液相继用碱性氧化铝层析柱和固相萃取法进一步纯化.选用选择离子监测技术对亚硝胺定性和定量.在进样量2μL时,方法检出限为9.83μg·L-1(NNN)和16.92 μg·L-1(NNK),线性范围0.1～5.0 mg·L-1,相关系数分别为0.998,0.996,回收率分别为91.0%,94.8%.     

卷烟主流烟气中NNK测量不确定度评定

对气相色谱-热能分析联用法测定卷烟主流烟气总粒相物中NNK含量的测量不确定度进行评定,分析了NNK含量检测的影响因素,计算了不确定度分量及合成不确定度,当NNK含量测定结果为27．4ng／支时,扩展不确定度为2．0ng／支。     

卷烟添加剂对烟气标记化合物影响的代谢组学研究

烟草的特殊性在于通过燃烧,让人体感官接触烟气,感受烟草带来的愉悦感.烟气是由多种化合物构成的气溶胶,它是烟叶化学成分在燃吸过程中发生热裂解、氧化、热分解等一系列化学、物理变化而形成的产物.     

烟草制品及烟气中重金属检测方法的研究进展

从烟草制品及其烟气的前处理方法和检测方法两方面对烟草中重金属含量测定的研究进展进行了综述。重点介绍了湿法消解、微波消解、萃取和悬浮进样技术等样品前处理方法,以及原子光谱法、质谱法和液相色谱法等测定方法。列举了不同方法的灵敏度、准确性和适用范围,对各方法的优缺点进行了比较,并对烟草中重金属检测方法的发展进行了展望。     

新型粘胶短纤维滤嘴的研制

为改善滤嘴对卷烟焦油的过滤效果,提高吸食品质,降低卷烟成本,本文选用粘胶短纤维作为卷烟过滤材料,开发了粘胶短纤维卷烟滤棒的成型工艺路线,制备了符合国家标准的新型卷烟滤棒。对不同规格纤维和成型工艺条件对滤棒性能的影响进行了较系统的研究。     

Functionalized Macroreticular Resins as Effective and Selective Traps for Gaseous Tobacco Smoke Components

Macroreticular polystyrene resins with polyamine functions and copper (n) ions in chelated form were synthesized and their abilities to selectively remove hydrogen cyanide and volatile aldehydes from tobacco smoke were determined. Up to 80 and 40% reduction was observed. The functionalized fixed-pore macroreticular resins were more efficient than their solvent-swellable “popcorn” counterparts in the removal of these gas-phase components of smoke.     

Study of Effects of Cigarette Smoke Condensates on Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Human Lung Epithelial Cells by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry

Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-FTMS) is an emerging method for kinetic measurements and inhibitor screening of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). This method is accurate, reproducible, and was successfully applied to the analysis of various biosamples. Recent studies showed the important biological functions of acetylcholinesterase in many kinds of tumors caused by smoking; however, the effect of cigarette smoke condensates (CSCs) on AChE was unclear. Herein, the effects of CSCs on AChE activity in human lung epithelial cells were studied by MALDI-FTMS. The results showed that AChE activity in human lung epithelial cells could be inhibited by CSCs, and inhibition degree on AChE activity depended on the amount of CSCs. Owing to the close relationship of AChE to lung cancer caused by smoking, such findings provide information regarding the relation between the aggressiveness of lung tumor and cigarette smoking.     

同时测定室内吸烟环境空气中尼古丁和3-乙烯基吡啶的方法

以XAD-4树脂为吸附剂，含三乙胺0．0l％的乙酸乙酯为溶剂，GC／MS为检测手段，以及内标校正曲线定量，建立一套可以同时测定吸烟环境室内空气中尼古丁和3-乙烯基吡啶标志物含量的分析方法。尼古丁的检出限和平均脱附率分别为0．075μg/样品和91．80％；3-乙烯基吡啶分别为0．089μg/样品和95．90％。通过实际样品的测定，讨论了该方法的应用效果。     

天然本草添加卷烟烟气暴露大鼠肺组织代谢组学研究

应用代谢组学方法,比较研究了普通卷烟和含有天然本草添加剂卷烟对大鼠肺组织代谢的影响。运用液相色谱-质谱联用技术分别分析了对照组、普通卷烟及某品牌天然本草添加卷烟烟气暴露7,14,30 d时的大鼠肺组织样品,对所得数据用偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)进行模式识别并筛选生物标志物。结果显示,吸食普通卷烟和某品牌卷烟,均会损伤大鼠肺组织,造成磷脂代谢、脂肪酸代谢紊乱,其中有2只普通卷烟暴露组大鼠的肺组织样品显著异常,受到明显的氧化损伤。综合来看,特别是长时间烟气暴露状态下,吸食某品牌卷烟造成的肺组织损伤低于普通卷烟,表明烟草中添加天然本草在一定程度上可减轻烟气对机体的损伤。     

毛细管气相色谱法测定烟草及烟气中有机氯农药残留量

烟草样品或从卷烟烟气中收集到的固态悬浮颗粒样品以正己烷在索氏提取器中提取,提取液用弗罗里硅土固相萃取净化,所得溶液经蒸缩至5mL后,供气相色谱法测定。采用DB-5弹性石英毛细管柱分离样品,电子捕获检测器检测,共测定了17种有机氯农药(OCP′s),其检出限(3S/N)在0.02～0.10μg.g-1范围内。平均加标回收率为86%～92%,相对标准偏差(n=7)为3.0%～4.1%。     

烟草油的分析鉴定

烟草烟末、碎烟梗用溶剂萃取后可制得烟草浸膏,烟草浸膏用溶剂溶解后,其萃取液经减压蒸馏浓缩可得到烟草油[1].由于原料来源不同,烟草油嗅香和评吸效果有所不同,仅从感官和物理指标上无法判断质量不同的具体原因.比较气-质联用分析的总离子流图可以很直观的快速了解其中的主要差别,利用谱库检索[2]则可系统的解析感官评判和评吸效果较好烟草油的主要成分.     

磁固相萃取技术应用于主流烟气中烟草特有N-亚硝胺的测定

合成了甲基丙烯酸改性的Fe3O4磁性纳米颗粒(Fe3O4@Si O2@MAA),建立了磁固相萃取技术与高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用检测主流烟气中烟草特有N-亚硝胺(TSNAs)的方法。该方法通过加入磁性纳米颗粒对萃取液中TSNAs进行富集,洗脱液在HPLC-MS/MS多反应监测模式下进行检测,可满足低焦油和新型烟草制品等低含量TSNAs的检测要求。结果表明:Fe3O4@Si O2@MAA纳米颗粒粒径均一,分散性好,具有超顺磁性,其表面的羧基可吸附溶液中的TSNAs,实现分离富集;该前处理方法操作快速简便,适用于大批量样品分析;4种烟草特有N-亚硝胺的定量下限为0.10~0.48μg/L,加标回收率为88.3%~112.8%,该方法满足复杂烟气背景下痕量TSNAs的检测要求。     

热重法快速测定烟草及烟草制品中水分含量

采用热重法快速测定烟草及烟草制品中水分的含量。采用以50℃·min-1速率升至110℃,定温8min的升温程序。方法应用于烟末样品和烟丝样品的测定,测定结果与烘箱法测定值相符。热重法所需样品量仅为10~20mg,远少于烘箱法的样品需求量,试验时间约为10min。     

Analysis of Rhenium in the Copper Smoke ash by Spectrophotometry

Perrhenate ions reacts with methyl violet in a buffer media of Na₂HPO₄-citric acid ranging from PH 2.0-3.0 containing ammonium Sulfate and tartratic acid forming a blue green ion-association complex and soluble in benzene.