Synthesis Gas Production from Natural Gas on Supported Pt Catalysts

Auto-thermal reforming of methane, combining partial oxidation and reforming of methane with CO2 or steam, was carried out with Pt/Al2O3, Pt/ZrO2 and Pt/CeO2 catalysts, in a temperature range of 300-900℃. The auto-thermal reforming occurs in two simultaneous stages, namely, total combustion of methane and reforming of the unconverted methane with steam and CO2, with the O2 conversion of 100% starting from 450 ℃. For combination with CO2 reforming, the Pt/CeO2 catalyst showed the lowest initial activity at 800 ℃, and the highest stability over 40 h on-stream. This catalyst also presented the best performance for the reaction with steam at 800 ℃. The higher resistance to coke formation of the catalyst supported on ceria is due to the metal-support interactions and the higher mobility of oxygen in the oxide lattice.     

氧化钛纳米管阵列制备及形成机理

采用电化学阳极氧化法在HF水溶液体系使纯钛表面形成一层结构规整有序的高密度TiO2纳米管阵列,考察了几种主要的实验参数（阳极氧化电压、温度、时间、电解液浓度）对TiO2纳米管阵列形貌和尺寸的影响.结果表明,阳极氧化电压是影响氧化钛形貌和纳米管尺寸的最主要因素,而温度和电解液浓度只影响TiO2纳米管阵列形成的时间.对TiO2纳米管阵列进行X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）的分析,初步表征了TiO2纳米管阵列的电学性质.并讨论了TiO2纳米管的形成机理.     

甲烷在Ni/TiO2催化剂表面的活化

考察了Ni/TiO2催化剂甲烷部分氧化和二氧化碳重整制合成气的反应活性,实验表明,以TiO2为载体的镍系催化剂对于甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应具有较好的活性,尤其对H2的选择性较高,对二氧化碳重整制合成气反应具有较好的低温反应活性.采用脉冲-质谱在线分析等技术,在无气相氧条件下向Ni/TiO2催化剂脉冲CH4,发现甲烷在催化剂表面的活化（转化）及其氧化产物的选择性与金属催化剂表面氧的浓度密切相关.CH4与Ni/TiO2催化剂作用过程中存在明显的氢溢流和氧溢流现象,可能是这种溢流效应使得Ni/TiO2催化剂具有良好的反应活性和抗积碳性能.     

TiO2纳米管阳极氧化制备机理及热处理对其影响

采用阳极氧化方法,在NH4F+H2O的乙二醇溶液体系下制备了TiO2纳米管列阵薄膜,建立了TiO2纳米管列阵薄膜的"电场诱导"生长模型。TiO2纳米管的管形结构形成与TiO2的半导体性质相关。纳米管表面吸附的纳米粒子与管壁间空间有关系。经过退火处理的纳米管管口由12~14个直径为25~35 nm的纳米颗粒团聚体组成,600℃时,纳米管结构已被破坏。经过300~600℃之间不同温度处理后的TiO2纳米管呈现锐钛矿晶态,比表面积随温度升高呈下降趋势。     

利用TiO2/SO42-光触媒催化还原CO2之参数影响与反应路径探讨

将改良式溶胶-凝胶法制备的酸性触媒TiO2/SO24-涂布于不锈钢网上,并利用自行设计之批次式光催化反应器,在三组近紫外灯管(波长为365nm,光强度为2.0mW/cm2)照射下,进行CO2光催化还原反应操作参数(还原剂种类、CO2初始浓度和反应温度)之影响研究.结果显示,使用氢气为还原剂可获得最高的光催化还原速率,光还原反应之主要气态产物为CO和甲烷,其次为微量的乙烯与乙烷.同时,光催化还原速率亦随着CO2初始浓度及反应温度的提高而增加.FT-IR光谱分析发现,TiO2/SO42-光触媒表面有甲酸、甲醇、碳酸盐、甲酸盐及甲酸甲酯等产物之存在.TiO2/SO42-光触媒催化还原CO2有两种可能反应路径,其中一种反应路径生成CO,CH4,C2H4及C2H6等气态产物;而另一种反应路径则生成CO23a-ds,CH3OHads,HCOOa-ds,HCOOHads,HCOHads与HCOOCH3ads等吸附在光触媒表面的产物.     

甲烷在Ni/TiO_2催化剂表面的活化

考察了Ｎｉ／ＴｉＯ２催化剂甲烷部分氧化和二氧化碳重整制合成气的反应活性,实验表明,以ＴｉＯ２为载体的镍系催化剂对于甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应具有较好的活性,尤其对Ｈ２的选择性较高,对二氧化碳重整制合成气反应具有较好的低温反应活性．采用脉冲－质谱在线分析等技术,在无气相氧条件下向Ｎｉ／ＴｉＯ２催化剂脉冲ＣＨ４,发现甲烷在催化剂表面的活化（转化）及其氧化产物的选择性与金属催化剂表面氧的浓度密切相关．ＣＨ４与Ｎｉ／ＴｉＯ２催化剂作用过程中存在明显的氢溢流和氧溢流现象,可能是这种溢流效应使得Ｎ／ＴｉＯ２催化剂具有良好的反应活性和抗积碳性能．     

玉米芯热解及过程分析

研究了农业废弃物玉米芯热解过程中气、液、固三相产率与裂解温度的关系；气相组成、液相组成与温度的关系，以及热解过程的机理。实验表明，在350℃～400℃，气相成分主要是CO2、CO所占比率为95%;随着温度的升高，H2、C2H4、CH4等气体的比率逐渐增高，CO、CO2的体积分数在逐渐降低。在450℃～500℃，CO、H2所占的比率达50%。GCMS，IR分析表明，裂解过程产生的液体主要是由含氧的化合物酚、呋喃及其衍生物组成；低温有利于酚类质量分数的增加，高温有利于4-乙基-2-甲氧基-苯酚、2-甲基-苯酚的增加；采用TGA分析，建立了热解过程的动力学方程，得到了热解过程的反应机理，即热解过程有两个分解阶段，在不同温度段具有不同的反应规律。在211℃～290℃具有三级反应的特征，其活化能为121.4kJ·mol－1；在290℃～418℃表现为0.5级反应的特征，其活化能为105.7kJ·mol－1。     

Application of TiO2-nanotubes/PbO2 as an anode for the electrochemical elimination of Acid Red 1 dye

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - In this study, galvanostatic electrolysis, through the use of the platinum supported on Ti (Ti/Pt) and Ti/TiO2-nanotubes/PbO2 anodes, was conducted in an...     

Kinetics of Photogenerated Electrons Involved in Photocatalytic Reaction of Methanol on Pt/TiO2

Time-resolved IR spectroscopy was used to detect the photocatalytic reaction of methanol for H2 production on Pt/TiO2 catalysts. There exists an optimal amount of Pt loading in the Pt/TiO2 catalysts for the reaction of the photogenerated long-lived electrons. For a given amount of Pt loading, the reaction rate of the long-lived electrons on Pt/TiO2 catalysts varies greatly with the di?erent reduction temperature of the catalysts. The possible reason is that the Pt particles occupy the surface active sites for methanol adsorption on Pt/TiO2 catalysts reduced at high temperature. This phenomenon is not observed obviously on Pt/TiO2 catalysts reduced at low temperature. The decay rate of the long-lived electrons evaluated by time-resolved IR method qualitatively correlates well with the activity of H2 production under steady-state irradiation conditions.     

Photochemical preparation of poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)-stabilized platinum colloids and their deposition on titanium dioxide

Preparation processes for Pt-deposited TiO(2) (Pt/TiO(2)) by the synthesis of Pt nanoparticles and their deposition were pursued by transmission electron microscopy, extended X-ray absorption fine structure, UV-vis spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies. Colloidal dispersions of Pt particles stabilized by poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) were photochemically synthesized in aqueous ethanol solution. The average diameter of Pt particles was estimated to be 2.0 +/- 0.5 nm, which was almost unchanged by changing the reducing agent from ethanol to methanol and 2-propanol. The PVP-stabilized Pt particles were distributed over a TiO(2) surface only by mixing the Pt colloidal dispersions and TiO(2). CO was chemically coordinated on the Pt particles on a TiO(2) surface after heat treatment was carried out in an O(2) flow at 673 K to completely remove the residual PVP on Pt/TiO(2). Hydrogen reduction at 473 K did not increase the amount of CO adsorbed on Pt sites. The Pt/TiO(2) catalyst after the oxidation treatment showed higher activity for CO photooxidation than that obtained for pure TiO(2) catalyst. The CO photooxidation rate was not unchanged by the H(2) reduction.     

Size and structure matter: enhanced CO2 photoreduction efficiency by size-resolved ultrafine Pt nanoparticles on TiO2 single crystals

A facile development of highly efficient Pt-TiO(2) nanostructured films via versatile gas-phase deposition methods is described. The films have a unique one-dimensional (1D) structure of TiO(2) single crystals coated with ultrafine Pt nanoparticles (NPs, 0.5-2 nm) and exhibit extremely high CO(2) photoreduction efficiency with selective formation of methane (the maximum CH(4) yield of 1361 μmol/g-cat/h). The fast electron-transfer rate in TiO(2) single crystals and the efficient electron-hole separation by the Pt NPs were the main reasons attributable for the enhancement, where the size of the Pt NPs and the unique 1D structure of TiO(2) single crystals played an important role.     

DRIFTS investigation and DFT calculation of the adsorption of CO on Pt/TiO2, Pt/CeO2 and FeOx/Pt/CeO2

Molecular structures and vibrational spectra of the CO species adsorbed on the Pt/TiO2, Pt/CeO2 and FeOx/Pt/CeO2 have been investigated by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculation and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The geometrical structures and vibrational frequencies were obtained at the MPW1PW91/SDD level. Theoretical calculation shows that the calculated IR spectra were in good agreement with the experimental results. The calculated results clarify the assignment of the adsorbed CO species on the surface of Pt/TiO2, Pt/CeO2 and FeOx/Pt/CeO2.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备金属铂高分散的二氧化钛薄膜

Uniform and crack free TiO 2 thin films with highly dispersed platinum were prepared from i PrOH TTIP DEA H 2O system containing H 2PtCl 6·6H 2O as metal source by sol gel method. The microstructure and morphology of the films were characterized by TEM and XRD respectively. It was found that the Pt particles dispersed in the films and had a homogeneous distribution in the shape of sphere with an average size of about 5 nm. This study also showed that the doping with few percent of Pt resulted in the formation of pure rutile phase at a temperature as low as 550 ℃, whereas the same pure phase was formed at the temperature higher than 650 ℃ in TiO 2 or Au/TiO 2 thin films.     

N掺杂纳米TiO2可见光催化氧化丙烯的动力学行为

通过在不同温度的氨气气氛中处理纳米管钛酸(NTA)制得具有可见光响应的氮掺杂纳米二氧化钛. X射线衍射(XRD)谱表征结果显示, 当温度高于400 ℃时, 样品由正交晶系向锐钛矿相转变, 700 ℃处理得到的样品除了锐钛矿相TiO2外还有TiN 新相存在; 紫外-可见扩散漫反射(DRS)结果表明, 氮掺杂纳米TiO2在整个可见光区都有明显的吸收. 不同波长可见光及不同气体流速的光催化氧化丙烯动力学研究表明, 活性最好的N掺杂纳米TiO2催化剂(600 ℃ NH3处理)对可见光的利用范围可扩展至500 nm, 低浓度丙烯光催化氧化反应为一级反应.     

Effect of calcination temperature on structure and performance of Ni/TiO2-SiO2 catalyst for CO2 reforming of methane

The influence of calcination temperature on the structure and catalytic behavior of Ni/TiO2-SiO2 catalyst, for CO2 reforming of methane to synthesis gas under atmospheric pressure, was investigated. The results showed that the Ni/TiO2-SiO2 catalyst calcined at 700 ℃ had high and stable activity while the catalysts calcined at 550 and 850 ℃ had low and unstable activity. Depending on the calcination temperature, one, two, or three of the following Ni-containing species, NiO, Ni2.44Ti0.72Si0.07O4, and NiTiO3 were identified by combining the temperature programmed reduction （TPR） and X-ray diffraction （XRD） results. Their reducibility decreased in the sequence： NiO〉Ni2.44Ti0.72Si0.07O4〉NiTiO3. It suggests that high and stable activities observed over the Ni/TiO2-SiO2 catalyst calcined at 700 ~C were induced by the formation of Ni2.44Ti0.72Si0.07O4 and smaller NiO species crystallite size.     

Pt/TiO2光催化甲烷重整水气制氢

在室温下以太阳能替代传统的高温高压热反应条件,在固定床装置中实现连续动态光催化甲烷重整水气(PSRM)制氢反应:CH4+2H2O(g)→4H2+CO2. 产物的主成分是H2和CO2,同时检测到微量或痕量的C2H6、C2H4和CO. 重点考察了以光沉积法负载Pt的TiO2(p-Pt/TiO2)为光催化剂,该反应体系在不同CH4/H2O进料摩尔比、进料的总流速、光照波长、催化剂用量以及贵金属的负载方式等的实验条件对氢气产率的影响. 最优化的反应条件为:CH4/H2O进料摩尔比为4; 进料总流速为0.5 mL.min-1; 光沉积负载要优于浸渍法; 相同的负载方式Pd和NiOx为比较优异的助催化剂; 最佳催化剂用量为20 mg.cm-2. 最后循环实验结果表明,p-Pt/TiO2及反应体系都具有比较高的稳定性.     

La掺杂TiO2负载Pt催化剂制备及其室温氧化低浓度甲醛

甲醛是室内装修污染的重要组分,已严重危害到人们身体健康,在室温条件下消除甲醛引起了人们的广泛兴趣.目前室温清除甲醛主要有物理吸附法、光催化法、等离子体技术及催化氧化技术.物理吸附法主要采用活性炭等作为吸附剂,其初期吸附效果较好,但当吸附饱和之后会重新释放甲醛造成二次污染;光催化法和等离子体技术需要特殊装置,不适合室内室温环境脱除甲醛;而催化氧化技术则可直接将甲醛转化为无毒无害的水和CO2,因而备受关注.Pt/TiO2被认为是目前消除甲醛最有效的催化剂.为进一步降低贵金属Pt的用量及增强其稳定性(Pt被氧化后其活性会降低),本文首次采用稀土La掺杂锐钛矿型TiO2,负载少量Pt后用于室内低浓度(0.5 ppm)甲醛的催化氧化.活性测试结果表明,纯TiO2催化剂上甲醛转化率在5%以下,有可能是物理吸附或可见光催化所致.负载0.5%Pt后,Pt/TiO2和Pt/La-TiO2甲醛转化率均高于80%,尤其是La掺杂活性高达96%以上,且在连续反应8 h甚至延长至40 h后其活性均未见下降趋势.电镜结果表明,La掺杂Pt/La-TiO2催化剂中Pt粒径从未掺杂的2.2 nm降至1.7 nm;CO程序升温脱附测试表明,Pt/La-TiO2/Pt的分散度达66%,而未掺杂样品仅为51%;X射线光电子能谱测试表明,Pt/La-TiO2的表面氧物种高于Pt/TiO2催化剂,说明La掺杂增强了Pt和载体间的相互作用.为探讨Pt/La-TiO2商业化应用前景,将粉体Pt/La-TiO2涂覆在堇青石蜂窝陶瓷上制备成整体催化剂.该整体催化剂在容积为2 m3的密室测试中5 min内即可将浓度为0.5 ppm的甲醛将至0.02 ppm以下.该催化剂在存放3个月后活性略有下降,但在10 min内仍可将甲醛浓度降至0.08 ppm,达到室内甲醛排放标准.综上,本文成功制备了La掺杂Pt/La-TiO2用于室内低浓度甲醛催化氧化,该催化剂表现出优异的催化性能.通过多种表征手段表明,La修饰后贵金属Pt纳米粒子尺寸减小、分散度提高及Pt与载体间相互作用增强是其活性优异的主要原因.以Pt/La-TiO2粉体制备的整体催化剂同样表现出了高的催化性能,具有工业应用前景.     

Continuous hot electron generation in Pt/TiO2, Pd/TiO2, and Pt/GaN catalytic nanodiodes from oxidation of carbon monoxide

Thin films (<10 nm) of platinum or palladium were deposited on TiO2 or GaN to form Schottky diodes. We detected and monitored the continuous electron flow across the metal-oxide interfaces of Pt/TiO2, Pd/TiO2, and Pt/GaN during the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide. The electron excitation and flow in the metals were due to conversion of energy released by the oxidation of carbon monoxide into the kinetic energy of free electrons in platinum and palladium. The best conversion of three electrons per four CO2 molecules was observed from 5 nm Pt/TiO2.     

Effects of reduction temperature and metal-support interactions on the catalytic activity of Pt/gamma-Al2O3 and Pt/TiO2 for the oxidation of CO in the presence and absence of H2

TiO2- and gamma-Al2O3-supported Pt catalysts were characterized by HRTEM, XPS, EXAFS, and in situ FTIR spectroscopy after activation at various conditions, and their catalytic properties were examined for the oxidation of CO in the absence and presence of H2 (PROX). When gamma-Al2O3 was used as the support, the catalytic, electronic, and structural properties of the Pt particles formed were not affected substantially by the pretreatment conditions. In contrast, the surface properties and catalytic activity of Pt/TiO2 were strongly influenced by the pretreatment conditions. In this case, an increase in the reduction temperature led to higher electron density on Pt, altering its chemisorptive properties, weakening the Pt-CO bonds, and increasing its activity for the oxidation of CO. The in situ FTIR data suggest that both the terminal and bridging CO species adsorbed on fully reduced Pt are active for this reaction. The high activity of Pt/TiO2 for the oxidation of CO can also be attributed to the ability of TiO2 to provide or stabilize highly reactive oxygen species at the metal-support interface. However, such species appear to be more reactive toward H2 than CO. Consequently, Pt/TiO2 shows substantially lower selectivities toward CO oxidation under PROX conditions than Pt/gamma-Al2O3.     

温度控制TiO2纳米管及管/线复合阵列的制备

以含有NH4F的乙二醇溶液为电解液,在宽温度范围内(10~70℃)对纯Ti表面进行阳极氧化,制得形貌可控的TiO2纳米结构。利用场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)和透射电镜(TEM)对纳米TiO2的形貌进行表征。结果表明,随着电解液温度的变化,纳米TiO2的形貌得到控制,可形成TiO2纳米管阵列及纳米管阵列/纳米线复合结构,温度40~50℃为转折温区。