基于非本征光纤法布里-珀罗干涉仪的局放声发射传感器设计EI北大核心CSCD

采用耦合石英膜和光纤接头构成非本征法布里-珀罗干涉仪(EFPI)传感器,检测液-固复合绝缘电介质中的局部放电声发射信号。为解决目前EFPI传感器灵敏度低的问题,依据弹性力学原理和有限元分析方法确定EFPI膜片结构设计方法,并制作传感器样品。建立以分布式反馈(DFB)激光器为光源的EFPI正交强度解调系统。以绝缘油针-板电极局部放电为信号源,利用压电陶瓷(PZT)传感器与EFPI样品进行对比测试。结果表明,EFPI传感器局放检测灵敏度取决于传感器频响带宽和静压灵敏度,完善了EFPI膜片设计方法,获得局放检测灵敏度与PZT相近的EFPI传感器。     

基于非本征光纤法布里-珀罗干涉仪的局放声发射传感器设计

采用耦合石英膜和光纤接头构成非本征法布里-珀罗干涉仪(EFPI)传感器,检测液-固复合绝缘电介质中的局部放电声发射信号。为解决目前EFPI传感器灵敏度低的问题,依据弹性力学原理和有限元分析方法确定EFPI膜片结构设计方法,并制作传感器样品。建立以分布式反馈(DFB)激光器为光源的EFPI正交强度解调系统。以绝缘油针-板电极局部放电为信号源,利用压电陶瓷(PZT)传感器与EFPI样品进行对比测试。结果表明,EFPI传感器局放检测灵敏度取决于传感器频响带宽和静压灵敏度,完善了EFPI膜片设计方法,获得局放检测灵敏度与PZT相近的EFPI传感器。     

结合FBG-FP的变压器局部放电光纤全方向传感研究

为实现变压器局部放电的灵敏检测,避免漏检局部放电信号,基于光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)与法布里珀罗腔(Fabry-Perot cavity)传感原理提出了一种结合FBG-FP的变压器油中局部放电光纤全方向传感方法。介绍了FBG与FP腔的局部放电传感原理,局部放电产生的超声波会引起FBG反射光谱与FP腔干涉光谱的偏移,通过光谱边缘解调法进行光强解调可实现局放信号的检测。研制了局部放电光纤全方向传感器,通过3D打印技术制作了尺寸为25 mm×25 mm×25mm的长方体探头,探头中空结构用于插入单模光纤形成FP腔,四个侧面用于形成膜片式FBG传感结构,可接收不同方向的超声信号。基于变压器油中局部放电的频谱特性与液相环境中膜片的振动模型设计了超声传感膜片,选用镀有高反介质膜的康宁玻璃作为FP腔传感膜片,膜片半径为1.7 mm,厚度为0.165 mm,理论谐振频率为82 kHz;选用单晶硅作为FBG传感膜片,膜片半径为2.5 mm,厚度为0.1 mm,理论谐振频率为25.6 kHz。搭建了光纤局部放电传感系统并进行了局部放电光纤全方向传感器性能测试。通过断铅实验测得变压器油中传感器FBG传感膜片实...     

基于可调谐激光器的局部放电光纤法珀传感器

针对局部放电测量中的光纤法珀传感器,研究了其工作点稳定和提高灵敏度的参数优化方法.通过改变可调谐激光器的波长稳定了传感器的工作点.用激光器波长调谐范围确定腔长,令玻璃薄板的反射率为1,根据单模光纤对高斯光束的耦合特性和多光束干涉原理,通过迭代算法得出光纤端面的最优反射率.基于波长调谐范围1530~1565nm的可调谐激光器,制作了自由光谱范围28nm,腔长43μm,玻璃薄板反射率大于0.97,光纤端面反射率0.52的法珀传感器.经实验测试,法珀腔光损耗为10%,条纹对比度为1.实验结果表明,基于可调谐激光器的传感器工作点稳定,可测试最小局放声压约为1Pa,达到实用要求.     

短腔长复合式光纤法布里-珀罗压力传感器椭圆拟合腔长解调算法

建立了一种短腔长复合式光纤法布里-珀罗压力传感器反射光谱的模型,提出了一种双参数椭圆拟合腔长解调算法,并对腔长为26～30μm的复合式法布里-珀罗腔的解调进行了仿真。结果表明,采用双参数椭圆拟合算法进行腔长解调的最大误差仅为0.05μm。搭建了光纤法布里-珀罗传感器解调系统,在加压条件下对复合式光纤法布里-珀罗压力传感器进行了解调实验,实现了20 kHz的解调速率,验证了所提算法在解调短腔长复合式光纤法布里-珀罗压力传感器方面的可行性与实时性。     

基于光传输矩阵方法对EFFP传感器的参数优化研究

为研究光纤法珀传感器中法珀腔结构参数对其条纹对比度的影响,基于光传输矩阵方法,建立了描述非本征型光纤法珀干涉结构中光束传播特性的理论模型。以基于化学腐蚀渐变多模折射率光纤方法制作而成的光纤法珀传感器为例,进行了数值模拟。由模拟结果可以得出,腔长为40μm、曲率半径在85～115μm范围内可以获得较高的条纹对比度。其结果表明,通过优化法珀腔的腔长和形状可以改善光纤法珀传感器反射光谱的条纹对比度。     

用于光声成像的高灵敏度光纤法珀腔传感器

针对用于光声成像的光纤法珀腔传感器,建立了考虑光电探测器的暗电流噪声和热噪声、探针光源的相对强度噪声和相位噪声的光纤法珀腔传感器的测声信噪比理论模型.理论分析讨论了法珀腔镀膜反射率、法珀腔长、压敏薄膜的厚度和有效半径等参数对光纤法珀腔传感器的测量灵敏度和信噪比的影响,为光纤法珀腔光声传感器的研制和性能优化提供了理论依据...     

多腔型光纤法布里-珀罗传感器三波长动态解调技术

针对在多腔型法布里-珀罗传感器中难以提取动态信号的问题,提出了一种用于多腔型法布里-珀罗传感器的三波长解调技术。该解调技术使用放大自发辐射光源和三个固定中心波长的宽带光纤滤波器,使干涉现象仅发生在多腔型光纤法布里-珀罗传感器的短腔中,以此提取较短腔的三个干涉信号。建立了校正算法和反正切算法来提取振动信号。实验结果表明,该解调技术成功提取了频率为1 kHz、峰峰值幅度为2.6μm的振动信号。解调速度为500 kHz,解调分辨率为0.25 nm。该解调技术具有系统紧凑、成本低、速度快、鲁棒性高等优点,在多腔型法布里-珀罗传感器方面有巨大的潜力。     

基于双光子聚合3D打印的光纤法珀微波导腔制备及传感特性研究

将光纤法布里-珀罗（法珀）微腔与微波导相结合,提出一种光纤法珀微波导腔高灵敏度折射率传感器。光纤法珀微腔可以将光场限制在微米量级的区域内,并对腔内的微波导结构起支撑保护作用;微波导在保证结构良好导光能力的同时,基于其强倏逝场特性,进一步提升整体结构的折射率灵敏度。此外,基于飞秒激光双光子聚合高精度3D打印技术,可实现波导直径仅为2μm的光纤法珀微波导腔,并保证良好的制备重复性。实验结果表明：随着光纤法珀微波导腔传感器腔内液体折射率的增加,传感器的干涉光谱发生蓝移,在1.3346～1.3764折射率范围内灵敏度可达525.81 nm/RIU,与仿真获得折射率灵敏度（555.14 nm/RIU）结果接近;该传感器还展现了优良的线性响应特性,线性拟合系数可达0.9948;相比于传统无微波导的光纤法珀微腔结构,干涉光谱峰值提升了8.2 dB,折射率灵敏度提升了近4倍。     

液体绝缘对光纤法布里-珀罗局放超声传感器特性参数影响

非本征光纤法布里-珀罗(F-P)传感器已被用于液-固复合绝缘局部放电检测,但存在液体黏滞阻尼和附加质量影响传感器固有频率和灵敏度的问题。采用有限元方法计算传感膜片在油和空气介质中受迫振动幅频响应,并分析不同温度下传感器幅频特性和灵敏度。提出F-P传感器的液体隔离结构,消除介质对其参数的影响。制备FP传感器并构建实验系统,测试不同温度下两种结构传感器的幅频特性。实验结果表明:液体绝缘油中,F-P传感器因黏滞阻尼和附加质量导致固有频率下降约0.58,幅频曲线带宽变大,响应幅值降低;液体介质温度升高,传感器固有频率增加,幅频曲线带宽变小,响应幅值增加,灵敏度变大;液体隔离结构的F-P传感器不受介质黏滞阻尼和附加质量影响。     

Modeling of an air-backed diaphragm in dynamic pressure sensors: Effects of the air cavity

As the key structure of most dynamic pressure sensors, a diaphragm backed by an air cavity plays a critical role in the determination of sensor performance metrics. In this paper, we investigate the influence of air cavity length on the sensitivity and bandwidth. A continuum mechanics model neglecting the air viscous effect is first developed to capture the structural–acoustic coupling between a clamped circular diaphragm and a cylindrical backing air cavity. To facilitate sensor design, close-form approximations are obtained to calculate the static sensitivity and the fundamental natural frequency of the air-backed diaphragm. Parametric studies based on this analytical model show that the air cavity can change both the effective mass and the effective stiffness of the diaphragm. One new finding is that the natural frequency of the air-backed diaphragm behaves differently in three different cavity length ranges. In particular, due to the mass effect of the air cavity being dominant, it is shown for the first time that the natural frequency decreases when the cavity length decreases below a critical value in the short cavity range. Furthermore, a finite element method (FEM) model is developed to validate the continuum mechanics model and to study the damping effect of the air cavity. These results provide important design guidelines for dynamic pressure sensors with air-backed diaphragms.     

微槽式光学谐振腔超声传感效应验证*

摘 要：光学微腔的高灵敏度主要源于其结构在时间和空间上对光场的局域增强作用和频率选择作用。其结构在垂直于波导方向上形成了高反射的边界,形成了一种回声腔,使得光在波导内来回反射,从而增强了波导内部的光场强度。当外界存在微小的压力波动时,它将引起波导内部的介电常数和压力场的变化,从而改变了谐振腔内的模式场分布和传输特性,据此可以实现对微小的压力波动进行高灵敏度检测。本文设计了一种高品质因子（Q）的光波导微槽式环形谐振腔超声传感器,完成器件制备并搭建了测试系统,依据倏逝波效应实现了超声探测。测试结果表明,该传感器的品质因子为1.38×107,在800 kHz ~1 MHz范围内响应平坦,在900 kHz的信噪比可以达到27 dB,灵敏度达到 -168 dB。本文设计的传感器可以为水声探测等领域的研究提供关键技术支持。     

Emerging applications of nano-optical sensors combined with near-infrared spectroscopy for detecting tea extract fermentation aroma under ultrasound-assisted sonication

The current innovative work combines nano-optical sensors with near-infrared spectroscopy for rapid detection and quantification of polyphenols and investigates the potential of the nano-optical sensor based on chemo-selective colorants to detect the dynamic changes in aroma components during the fermentation of tea extract. The procedure examined the influence of different ultrasound-assisted sonication factors on the changes in the consumption rate of polyphenols during the fermentation of tea extract versus non-sonication as a control group. The results showed that the polyphenol consumption rate improved under the ultrasound conditions of 28 kHz ultrasound frequency, 24 min treatment time, and 40 W/L ultrasonic power density. The metal–organic framework based nano-optical sensors reported here have more adsorption sites for enhanced adsorption of the volatile organic compounds. The polystyrene-acrylic microstructure offered specific surface area for the reactants. Besides, the employed porous silica nanospheres with higher porosity administered improved gas enrichment effect. The nano-optical sensor exhibits good performance with a “chromatogram” for the identification of aroma components in the fermentation process of tea extract. The proposed method respectively enhanced the consumption rate of polyphenol by 35.57%, 11.34% and 16.09% under the optimized conditions. Based on the established polyphenol quantitative prediction models, this work demonstrated the feasibility of using a nano-optical sensor to perform in-situ imaging of the fermentation degree of tea extracts subjected to ultrasonic treatment.     

A fiber micro-vibration sensor based on single-mode fiber ring laser

A new micro-vibration sensor based on single-mode fiber ring laser is put forward. The Mach-Zehnder interferometric （MZI） detection technique is presented for interrogating laser frequency shift due to the measurand （piezoelectric transducer （PZT） is used to simulate the micro-vibration） induced laser cavity strain from both single- and multi-mode lasers. In the experiment, compared with multi-mode laser sensors, the single-mode laser sensor is proved to be a sensor with high resolution. When the PZT is driven by the analog signal （0.03 rad near 2 kHz）, the signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） of output signal from the single-mode laser sensor is close to 55 dB and the sensitivity of the sensor is about 5 ×10^-5 rad/Hz1/2.     

A Novel Acoustic Emission Fiber Optic Sensor Based on a Single Mode Optical Fiber Coupler

This paper reports, for the first time, on the use of a fused-taper single mode optical fiber coupler as a sensing element for the detection of acoustic emission (AE) and ultrasound. When an acoustic wave impinges on the mode-coupling region of a coupler, the coupling coefficient is modulated via the photo-elastic effect. Therefore, the transfer function of the coupler is modulated by an acoustic wave. The sensitivity of the sensor at 140 kHz was approximately 5.2 mV/Pa and the noise floor was 1 Pa. The bandwidth of the sensor was up to several hundred kHz. This AE sensor exhibits significant advantage compared with interferometer-based AE sensors.     

Detecting broken-wire flaws at multiple locations in the same wire of prestressing strands using guided waves

Broken wires often occur at multiple locations in the same wire of a strand due to the recovery length, which is defined as the length of the wire taking up its full share of the axial load from the break point. The detection of broken-wire flaws at multiple locations along the same wire is investigated using guided waves below 400 kHz. Herein, a sample with three broken-wire flaws in the same wire is analyzed using magnetostrictive guided waves. Our data show that three flaws are found using the low-frequency guided waves (50 kHz) but only one flaw is found using the high-frequency guided waves (320 kHz). By analyzing the reflection and transmission coefficients at the three different flaws, we observe that the energy exchange decreases as the frequency increases along the same propagating distance. Hence, the recovery length for elastic waves, the length of the wire taking up its full share of elastic-wave energy from the break point, is observed. The recovery length for elastic waves in prestressing strands increases with the frequency. To detect prestressing strands using magnetostrictive guided waves, several one-broken-wire flaws at different locations can be distinguished from in different wires or the same wire by employing both low-frequency waves and high-frequency waves. Nevertheless, we cannot identify in which wire the flaws are located because the magnetostrictive sensor analyzes the whole strand.     

A Novel Acoustic Emission Fiber Optic Sensor Based on a Single Mode Optical Fiber Coupler

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一种用于变压器局部放电在线监测的光纤声发射传感器实验研究

提出了一种光纤声发射传感器并构建传感系统实现变压器局部放电在线监测,利用传感光栅体积小,重量轻,灵敏度高和抗电磁干扰的特点,将传感器置于变压器内部实现局部放电声发射信号的测量。研究了传感光栅实现声发射应力波测量的机理,声发射信号引起传感光栅反射光谱发生漂移,导致特定频点处反射光强发生变化,通过反射光强的变化实现声发射信号的测量。构建声发射传感系统实验模型并提出了一种系统性能优化策略,使系统工作在传感光栅反射光谱上升或下降沿的半峰值频点处,从而保障传感系统具有良好的线性输出特性;研究传感系统工作点稳定技术,设计信号反馈回路自动跟踪反射光谱的漂移,保证系统稳定工作在传感光栅半峰值频点处,消除温度变化对传感系统测量精度的影响。将封装好的传感器用于变压器局部放电现场检测,结果表明,光纤光栅声发射传感器与压电传感器相比具有灵敏度高、动态范围宽等优点,可以实现变压器局部放电在线监测。     

High-sensitivity, fiber-optic, flexural disk hydrophone with reduced acceleration response

A hydrophone consisting of a hollow cylinder whose flexible, circular end plates are bonded to pairs of pat, spiral wound coils of optical fiber is described. When the end plate/disk is deformed due to a pressure difference, the outer and inner fiber coils experience opposite strains resulting in a “push—pull” optical path length difference which is detected in an all-fiber Michelson interferometer. The close proximity of the interferometric fiber coils, separated by the thin thermally conducting end plate, rejects thermal gradient-induced signals. The addition of a second identical end plate and fiber coil pair at the opposite end of the cylinder will double the acoustic sensitivity while canceling acceleration induced signals. The calculated and measured optical strain of a single simply supported plate, single-coil sensor (8.0 cm diameter, 3.0 mm thickness) using static pressure, acoustic pressure, and acceleration are in good agreement and yield a sensitivity of 0.21 rad/Pa (ΔΦ/ΦΔP = -301 dB re I μPa-1) below its resonance frequency of 3 kHz. The calculated and measured strain for a dual clamped disk (4.5 cm diameter, 1.0 mm thickness) acceleration-canceling sensor with four 8-m coils are in good agreement also and yield a sensitivity of 1.0 rad/Pa (ΔΦ/ΦpΔP = -291 dB re 1 μPa^-1) below the disk resonance frequency of 4.5 kHz. These are the highest fiber-optic, omnidirectional hydrophone sensitivities reported to date.     

High-sensitivity,fiber-optic,flexural disk hydrophone with reduced acceleration response

Abstract

A hydrophone consisting of a hollow cylinder whose flexible, circular end plates are bonded to pairs of pat, spiral wound coils of optical fiber is described. When the end plate/disk is deformed due to a pressure difference, the outer and inner fiber coils experience opposite strains resulting in a “push—pull” optical path length difference which is detected in an all-fiber Michelson interferometer. The close proximity of the interferometric fiber coils, separated by the thin thermally conducting end plate, rejects thermal gradient-induced signals. The addition of a second identical end plate and fiber coil pair at the opposite end of the cylinder will double the acoustic sensitivity while canceling acceleration induced signals. The calculated and measured optical strain of a single simply supported plate, single-coil sensor (8.0 cm diameter, 3.0 mm thickness) using static pressure, acoustic pressure, and acceleration are in good agreement and yield a sensitivity of 0.21 rad/Pa (ΔΦ/ΦΔP = -301 dB re I μPa-1) below its resonance frequency of 3 kHz. The calculated and measured strain for a dual clamped disk (4.5 cm diameter, 1.0 mm thickness) acceleration-canceling sensor with four 8-m coils are in good agreement also and yield a sensitivity of 1.0 rad/Pa (ΔΦ/ΦpΔP = -291 dB re 1 μPa^?1) below the disk resonance frequency of 4.5 kHz. These are the highest fiber-optic, omnidirectional hydrophone sensitivities reported to date.