Analysis of chemical bonding in the α and β modifications of zinc diphosphide from X-ray diffraction data

With the aim of studying the characteristic features of chemical interactions between atoms in the α (red tetragonal) and β (black monoclinic) modifications of zinc diphosphide, the maps of deformation electron-density distribution at the P-P and P-Zn bonds were constructed from precision X-ray diffraction data. The P-P bonds were demonstrated to be of a pronounced covalent nature. The maxima in the Zn-P bonds are shifted to the electronegative phosphorus atom, which is indicative of a mixed ionic-covalent nature of the bond, with the ionicity being higher in the α than in the β modification. Based on the dependence of the contribution of the metallic component on the delocalized electron density, it was concluded that the contribution of the metallic component is more pronounced in the black than in the red modification. An increase in the bond ionicity and the absence of delocalized electrons result in an increase in the forbidden gap in the red modification compared to its increase in the black modification.     

Glass formation and structure of chalcogenide systems XXIV. The model of charged dangling bonds in liquid and vitreous inorganic systems

Remarkable progress in understanding the nature of non-crystalline solids results from the constitutional intrinsic disorder of glass forming oxides and chalcogenides which has been found to consist predominantly of positively and negatively charged defect centres. Such disorder is a feature of condensed substances formed of atoms possessing non-bonding lone pair electrons. It is shown that the concept of charged dangling bonds has a much larger range of validity than for the above mentioned oxides and chalcogenides. It is a part of well known chemical experience. The model can be applied to halogens and interhalogen compounds as well as to polar solvents and systems which show bond isomerism. Also, the negative value of the effective electron correlation energy is a precondition for disproportionation in chemical bond systems.     

Analysis of chemical bonding in Zn<Subscript>3</Subscript>P<Subscript>2</Subscript> crystals from X-ray diffraction data

The refined data on the crystal structure of Zn₃P₂ (I) provide evidence for a tetrahedral coordination of metal atoms, which is characteristic of covalent structures with sp³-hybridized orbitals. Deformation-electron-density maps for crystal I, which were constructed from high-precision X-ray diffraction data, confirm the predominantly covalent character of bonds in this compound. The deformation-density maps clearly show covalent bridges with their peaks shifted toward electronegative phosphorus atoms. The longer the bond, the larger the shift. The presence of delocalized electrons indicates that the bonding mechanism is partially metallic.     

Bindungsladung und Kristallstruktur

The functional dependence of the position of Phillips' bond charge on the ionicity of the chemical bond is investigated. The bond charge shift from the centre of the nearest-neighbour distance towards the anion is found to be proportional to the square root of the ionicity, at least for small ionicities. The bond charge position in relation to the anion core and the resulting repulsion between valence and core electrons favour the octahedral coordination in substances with an ionicity higher than a critical value.     

Chemical Bond in AIIBV2 Systems from Magnetic Susceptibility Data

Some peculiarites of chemical bond in A^IIB^V₂ systems from the data on the magnetic susceptibility of the A^IIB^V₂ compounds and their solid solutions are discussed. With this aim in view the magnetic susceptibility has been divided into the Langevin diamagnetic and van Vleck paramagnetic terms. The diamagnetic susceptibility of valence electrons, affecting the chemical bond in a crystal against the covalency parameter along the A – B, A – A, B –B bonds in A^IIB^V₂ compounds, has been analysed. The covalency parameter of the A^IIB^V₂ compounds has been evaluated. Closeness of the covalency parameter values for monoclinic β-ZnP₂ and tetragonal CdP₂, CdAs₂, is evidently, one of the reasons for the solid solution formation between the above mentioned compounds.     

Structural characteristics and second harmonic generation in l-threonine crystals

l-threonine, an organic material with interesting non-linear optical properties, has been grown in solution and characterized by X-ray diffraction, FT infrared spectral, Raman spectral, UV VIS spectral and thermal techniques. The structural and spectral characteristics show that strong hydrogen bonds appearing in l-threonine have an influence on the stabilization of the crystal structure. The main contributions to the second harmonic generation in threonine results from the hydrogen bond and also from the vibrational part due to very intense IR bands of the hydrogen bond vibrations. The OH and NH involved in strong hydrogen bonds are responsible for the higher thermal stability of l-threonine compared to other organic non-linear optical materials. l-threonine is thermally stable up to 270 °C.     

X-ray crystal structure of 2-styrylpyridine

We have crystallized the 2-styrylpyridine from the condensation reaction between the 2-methylpyridine with benzaldehyde in the formation of the model compound 2-styrylpyridine. The X-ray structure and NMR are currently reported. The main features of the structure is that is shows a localization of the double bonds rather than a delocalization of π electrons in an aromatic fashion.     

Ba掺杂Si 笼状化合物结构和电子性质的研究

利用第一性原理研究了Ba_8Si_(46)和Ba_8Ag_6Si_(40)笼状化合物的电子性质.对于Ba_8Si_(46),化合物中Ba原子5d轨道与Si原子3s,特别是3p轨道杂化,一方面导致了Ba_8Si_(46)在费米能级附近有很高的态密度,另一方面说明了笼内Ba原子和笼上Si原子之间存在耦合.对于Ba_8Ag_6Si_(40)分析结果表明,由于Ag的5s轨道向Si的3p轨道转移电子,导致Ag与Si原子间成键趋向离子键.带结构显示这两种化合物具有弱金属特征,但Ba_8Ag_6Si_(40)化合物与费米能级相交的带宽较大,预期这种化合物具有更好的导电性能.     

结晶生长的化学键合理论

针对一般晶体的生长过程,在测定相应溶液(熔体)组成结构的基础上,我们引入了晶体生长过渡相区的概念,并采用键价模型来衡量生长过程中发生变化的化学键的键强度。过饱和溶液(熔体)中的生长单元经过生长过渡相区时,依据彼此之间弱的化学键合作用来微调其内部强的化学键,并以单个生长单元或者生长单元的简单连接体的形式键合进入晶格。在整个结晶生长过程中,生长单元之间弱的键合作用对整个结晶过程(生长速度、晶相的形成)起着决定性作用;同时,中等强度的化学键在生长过渡相区中的变化情况对晶体的最终形貌具有重要影响。     

X-ray crystal structure of 2-styrylpyridine

We have crystallized the 2-styrylpyridine from the condensation reaction between the 2-methylpyridine with benzaldehyde in the formation of the model compound 2-styrylpyridine. The X-ray structure and NMR are currently reported. The main features of the structure is that is shows a localization of the double bonds rather than a delocalization of π electrons in an aromatic fashion.     

Structure, absolute configuration, and conformation of the antimalarial drug artesunate

The crystal and molecular structure of the antimalarial compound artesunate has been determined by direct methods. Crystals are orthorhombic, P2₁2₁2₁, a = 9.8371(12), b = 10.517(2), c = 18.7594(5) Å, Z = 4, D _c = 1.316 mg/mL. The molecule is comprised of a fused ring system containing a six-membered ring C which includes an oxygen bridge and a peroxy bridge. The 9-atom oxygen–carbon chain from O(5)—C(12)... to ... O(2)—C(6) displays a striking sequence of short, long, short, long ... bonds while these distances are all within the ranges of a normal single bond or partial double bond. It is proposed that this pattern is caused by the delocalization of the lone pair electrons on the oxygen atoms. The ring C has a distorted boat conformation and the C—O—O—C torsion angle is 46.3(2)°. Rings A and D have ideal chair conformations. Ring junctions A/B and A/D are cis junctions, B/D and C/D are trans. Packing of the molecules is stabilized by one strong hydrogen bond involving the hydroxyl group on the ester linkage and the oxygen atom of the lactone ring.     

Crystal and molecular structure of pentachloromonoisopropylaminocyclotriphosphazatriene

Crystals of N₃P₃C1₅ (NHC₃H₇) are monoclinic:a=15.059(7),b=14.815(5),c=6.501(6) Å, =95.03(6)°, space groupP2₁/n, and Z=4. The atomic positions were determined by direct methods and refined by least-squares refinement from diffractometer X-ray intensity data toR=0.063 for 1530 reflections. In the structure, pairs of molecules mutually related by a center of symmetry are linked by N-H N hydrogen bonds. The endocyclic P-N bonds range in length from 1.556 to 1.603 Å depending on the location of the bond relative to the isopropylamino group, and the exocyclic P-N bond is only a little longer (1.617 Å). The nongeminal P-Cl bond is significantly longer (2.036 Å) than the remaining P-Cl bonds (1.988–2.013 Å). The phosphazene ring shows only a very small departure from planarity. The isopropylamino group has a symmetrical conformation, with a Cl-P-N-C torsion angle of 90.5°.     

Study on local structure in amorphous SbS films by Raman scattering

A stoichiometric Sb₄₀S₆₀ film contains SbSb and SS bonds in addition to SbS bonds in an SbS₃ unit. The amount of the SbSb bond rapidly decreases with an increase in the S content beyond the stoichiometric value. On the other hand, as the S content decrease beyond the stoichiometric value, the SbS bond decreases and the SbSb bond increases. Annealing at temperatures near the glass transition decreases the fraction of the SbSb bond in the Sb₄₀S₆₀ film.     

利用化学键方法寻找新型光学晶体

利用化学键的观点定量地研究了一些具有各种晶体结构实用材料的介电性质。采用已建立的化学键方法，分析了这些晶体的介电性质与其组成化学键之间的关系。更进一步，基于晶体的化学键方法提出了一个组合方法用于定量确定具有相似晶体结构材料的介电性质。从目前的工作中可以推导出光学晶体非线性起源的结构信息，因此可以在一定程度上帮助人们开展非线性光学晶体工程的研究工作。     

Bond order-bond length correlations for SN bonds in organic molecules

On the assumption that, in certain molecules, nitrogen does not use its lone pair electrons for bonding to sulphur, an S to N bond length-bond order correlation has been established using currently available crystal structure data.     

Presence of pseudo‐peptide bond in the crystal structure of n‐(t‐butoxycarbonyl)‐ε‐n′‐benzyloxycarbony‐l‐lysyl‐l‐isoleucine (boc‐lys(obzl)‐ile)

The dipeptide Boc‐Lys(OBzl)‐Ile crystallizes in monoclinic space group P2₁ with cell parameters a = 5.003(1), b = 19.199(3), c = 15.270(2)Å, β =93.42(1)°, V = 1464.1(3)ų, Z = 2, D_cal = 1.117 Mg/m³ at T = 293 K. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by full‐matrix least‐squares procedure to a final R = 0.096 and wR = 0.101 using 1379 reflections. The peptide unit is in trans conformation and the molecule takes up an extended conformation. In the lysine side chain, delocalization of electrons and pseudo peptide bond formation is observed at the interaction site of benzyloxycarbonyl group. Both N‐H…O and main chain C‐H…O hydrogen bonds stabilize the molecules in the unit cell in a parallel β‐sheet fashion. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Magnetic Susceptibility and Peculiarities of Chemical Bond in the AgGa(S1‐xSex)2 Solid Solutions

The measurements of magnetic susceptibility of the AgGa(S_1‐xSe_x)₂solid solutions with the chalcopyrite structure have been performed and the lattice susceptibility separated into the Langevin diamagnetic and the Van Vleck paramagnetic terms. The obtained data were used to evaluate the character of chemical bond in these alloys. The correlations between the parameters of chemical bond and other physical properties are discussed. It is shown that the investigated solid solutions have preferably ionic character of chemical bond. The Ga‐S(Se) (B‐C) bonds are found to be stronger than the Ag‐S(Se) (A‐C) bonds.     

Kinetics of the photoinduced evolution of the nanostructured porous silicon photoluminescence

In this work we show that the illumination level used during porous silicon preparation is a key factor determining the subsequent photoinduced evolution of the photoluminescence spectra. The post-preparation evolution results from the combination of at least two effects. One of them is ruled by the size changes of the silicon nanostructure due to photo-oxidation, and dominates for samples prepared under low illumination levels. On the other hand, for samples prepared under high illumination levels the post-preparation evolution is dominated by a quenching effect, resulting from photoinduced dangling bonds generation in the hydrogen-rich surface of the nanostructure. The kinetics of dangling bond creation is similar to that found in the Staebler–Wronski effect for hydrogenated amorphous silicon.     

First-principles coexistence simulations of supercooled liquid silicon

We perform first-principles coexistence simulations of the low-density and the high-density phases of supercooled liquid silicon and find a negative slope for the coexisting line in the temperature-pressure plane. Electron density maps and electron-localization function plots of the two phases of silicon show marked differences. The calculated differences suggest more localized electrons in the low-density liquid compared to the high-density liquid, coming from an increased population of covalent bonds, which further explain the calculated negative slope in the two phase coexistence regime. This is consistent with the presence of a pseudo-gap in low-density liquid silicon, absent in the high-density liquid which shows a metallic behavior.     

Molecular assembly,luminescence and morphology of novel zinc/inorganic/organic nanohybrid material with covalent linkage

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was first modified by an inorganic component of 3-(triethoxysilyl)-propyl isocyanate (TEPIC) to form the inorganic/organic polymeric functional precursor. The modified reagent with a functional group (–NHCOO–) further behaves as a bridge which can coordinate to Zn²⁺ through oxygen atom and further formed Si–O backbones after hydrolysis and polycondensation processes. Subsequently, the corresponding organic/inorganic molecular-based hybrids were assembled to behave as the structural polymeric ligands with the two components equipped with covalent bonds. Finally, ternary zinc/inorganic/organic polymeric hybrid materials with chemical bond (covalent bonds of –CO–NH– and Si–O, coordination bond of Zn–O–C) have been assembled. The resulting hybrids exhibit blue luminescence and nanometer morphology.