以水热法合成的水合氧化锆为载体的Pt／WO3-ZrO2上的正己烷异构化

通过水热法合成了一系列水合氧化锆,以之为载体采用浸渍法制备了Pt/WO3-ZrO2催化剂,考察了氢氧化锆的水热温度对Pt/WO3-ZrO2异构化活性的影响.通过X射线衍射、NH3程序升温脱附及H2程序升温还原表征了样品的晶相结构、酸性及还原性能.结果表明,水合氧化锆及以此为载体的催化剂的晶相结构均随着氢氧化锆水热温度的变化而变化,水热温度升高,四方相氧化锆比例下降.具有一定晶相结构的水合氧化锆为载体的催化剂具有较无定形氢氧化锆为载体的催化剂更多的强酸中心和更高的异构化催化活性.高的异构化活性可能与催化剂上更多的强酸中心有关。     

Catalytic Performance of Re/Ga2O3/WO3/ZrO2 Catalyst for n-Hexane Isomerization

A series of Re/Ga₂O₃/WO₃/ZrO₂ catalysts were prepared by the impregnation method. The crystalline structure, redox, and acid site distribution of the catalysts were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, temperature-programmed reduction of H₂, and temperature-programmed desorption of NH₃. Their catalytic performance for n-hexane isomerization was studied. The results showed that the addition of Re greatly affected the redox properties and the acid site distribution of the catalysts. Owing to the presence of Re, n-hexane isomerization was catalyzed by metal and acid sites, and thus the conversion of n-hexane and the selectivity for 2,2-dimethylbutane were significantly increased. Under the conditions of 195 °C, 1.0 MPa, LHSV = 1.0 h⁻¹, and n(H₂)/n(C₆) = 2.0, the conversion of n-hexane over 1.0%Re/1.0%Ga₂O₃/WO₃/ZrO₂ is 84.8%, and the selectivities for 2,2-dimethylbutane, i-hexane, and cracking products (C_5-) are 20%, 97.7%, and 2.1%, respectively. The catalyst is stable during 150 h operation.     

Effect of Structure of Pd/WO3-ZrO2 Catalyst on Its Activity for Direct Oxidation of Ethylene to Acetic Acid

A series of 1%Pd/WO₃-ZrO₂ catalysts with different W/Zr ratios and calcination temperatures of WO₃-ZrO₂ were prepared by an impregnation method. Their crystal structure, surface state, and acidity were determined using X-ray diffraction, N₂ adsorption, NH₃ temperature-programmed desorption, pyridine infrared spectroscopy, and temperature-programmed reduction. Special attention was paid to the surface states of tungsten and palladium under different preparation conditions. The results revealed that WO_x surface species underwent a transformation from polytungstate species to coexistent polytungstate/crystalline WO₃ and further to crystalline WO₃ particles with increase of W/Zr ratio and calcination temperature. The W/Zr = 0.2 sample calcined at 1 073 K showed the maximum amount of polytungstates, which were responsible for the excellent activity. Moreover, the state of palladium was only dependent on the calcination temperature. Well-dispersed Pd species were responsible for high selectivity to acetic acid, and large metallic Pd particles were favorable for ethylene combustion.     

载体的晶化对Ni/WO3-ZrO2催化剂结构及催化正庚烷异构化活性的影响

采用XRD、BET、IR、SEM、NH3-TPD方法对以无定形Zr(OH)4和已晶化的ZrO2为载体制备的Ni-WO3/ZrO2催化剂进行了表征,考察了载体晶化对催化剂结构、酸性及催化性能的影响。结果表明,载体晶化减弱了W与Zr间的相互作用,抑制了四方相ZrO2的生成,减少了催化剂上强酸中心的数目,从而降低了Pt-WO3/ZrO2催化剂上正庚烷异构化反应活性.     

Liquid‐phase α‐Pinene Isomerization over Fe‐doped Sulfated Zirconia Prepared by a Hydrothermal Treatment‐assisted Process

A series of Fe‐doped (0.5%–3%) sulfated zirconia have been prepared by a hydrothermal treatment‐assisted process. Textural and structural characterizations of the as‐synthesized materials were performed by means of N₂ adsorption, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravi‐ metric analysis. Temperature‐programmed desorption of ammonia was used to determine the acidity of the samples. The effects of Fe‐doping on the structure, acidity and catalytic activity of sulfated zirconia for liquid‐phase α‐pinene isomerization were investigated. The incorporation of small amounts of Fe into sulfated zirconia results in the increase of sulfate content and the number of acid sites, which is responsible for the enhanced activity of Fe‐doped catalysts in comparison with the undoped one. Meanwhile, hydrothermal treatment helps to improve the activity of the catalyst.     

MgFe0.1Al1.9O4 的合成及其催化乙苯与 CO2 的氧化脱氢反应

 以柠檬酸为络合剂, 采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了具有尖晶石结构的 MgFe_0.1Al_1.9O₄ 催化剂, 并将其用于催化乙苯与 CO₂ 氧化脱氢反应. 运用 X 射线衍射、X 射线能量色散光谱分析、红外光谱、热重-差热、N₂ 吸附-脱附和 H₂ 程序升温还原等技术对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, 在 650 ºC 以上焙烧即可制得结构确定、组成均一的 Mg-Fe-Al-O 复合氧化物催化剂, 其中 Fe 物种主要以同晶取代的形式存在于尖晶石骨架中. 随着焙烧温度的升高, 尖晶石结晶度提高, Fe 物种还原能力下降, 催化剂晶粒度增大, 比表面积降低. 700 ºC 焙烧制备的 MgFe_0.1Al_1.9O₄ 具有较好的催化乙苯与 CO₂ 氧化脱氢反应活性和稳定性.     

Al含量对Pt-SO2-4 /ZrO2-Al2O3固体超强酸催化

通过向SO^2-₄ /ZrO₂催化剂中同时引入适量的Pt和Al₂O₃, 制备出了具有较高催化性能和稳定性的Pt-SO^2-₄ /ZrO₂-Al₂O₃型固体超强酸催化剂. 以正戊烷异构化反应为探针, 考察了Al含量对催化剂性能的影响; 并采用X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积测定(BET)、红外(IR)光谱、程序升温还原(TPR)、热重-差热分析(TG-DTA)和氨-程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)手段对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, Al能够提高ZrO₂的晶化温度, 抑制硫的分解, 增加催化剂的比表面积, 增强硫氧键的结合, 提高催化剂的还原性能, 增加催化剂的酸强度和酸总量. 当Al₂O₃含量(质量分数, w)为5.0%时, Pt-SO^2-₄ /ZrO₂-Al₂O₃固体超强酸催化剂的催化活性最好, 在100 h内异戊烷收率可稳定在52.0%以上, 选择性在98.2%以上.     

应用原位漫反射红外-质谱技术研究CuO/Al2O3催化剂表面酸性及其反应性能

应用原位漫反射红外-质谱联用、程序升温和暂态响应技术研究了CuO/Al₂O₃催化剂表面酸性及其反应性能. 实验结果表明, CuO/Al₂O₃催化剂表面呈Lewis酸性, 硫化不仅可增强CuO/Al₂O₃催化剂的Lewis酸性, 而且可产生新的Brønsted酸性位; 吸附于Lewis酸性位的NH₃具有选择性催化还原(SCR)活性. 而在硫化样Cu8(400S)中Lewis和Brønsted酸性位同时存在的情况下, 吸附于Lewis和Brønsted酸性位的氨均具有SCR活性, 且后者较前者弱; CuO/Al₂O₃催化剂上的SCR反应遵循Eley-Rideal机理, 即SCR反应发生于吸附态NH₃与气相NO之间.     

以类水滑石为前驱体的Cu/Zn/Al/(Zr)/(Y)催化剂制备及其催化CO_2加氢合成甲醇的性能

采用共沉淀法合成了Cu:Zn:Al:Zr:Y原子比分别为2:1:1:0:0、2:1:0.8:0.2:0、2:1:0.8:0:0.2和2:1:0.8:0.1:0.1的Cu/Zn/Al/(Zr)/(Y)类水滑石化合物.将前驱体材料在空气中500°C焙烧后得到复合金属氧化物,并将其用于CO2加氢合成甲醇反应.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、热重(TG)分析、N2吸附、氧化亚氮(N2O)反应吸附、氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和H2/CO2程序升温脱附(H2/CO2-TPD)技术对所制备的样品进行表征.结果表明,Zr和Y的引入使得催化剂BET比表面积大幅增加,金属铜的比表面积和分散度均按以下顺序依次增加:Cu/Zn/AlCu/Zn/Al/ZrCu/Zn/Al/YCu/Zn/Al/Zr/Y,然而,强碱位数目占总碱位数目的比例的变化顺序为:Cu/Zn/AlCu/Zn/Al/YCu/Zn/Al/Zr/YCu/Zn/Al/Zr.活性评价结果揭示CO2转化率取决于金属铜的比表面积,甲醇选择性则随强碱位比例的增加而线性增加.因而,Zr和Y的引入有利于甲醇的合成,Cu/Zn/Al/Zr/Y催化剂上的甲醇收率最高.     

Effect of anions on the structure and catalytic properties of a La-doped Cu-Mn catalyst in the water-gas shift reaction

Effects of the anion type on the structure, thermal stability, and catalytic performance of La-doped Cu-Mn catalysts prepared by co-precipitation were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, temperature-programmed reduction, temperature-programmed reduction of oxidized surfaces, and temperature-programmed desorption. The Cu-Mn catalyst was tested for the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction. The main crystalline phase of samples prepared with sulfate, acetate, chloride, and nitrate as the starting materials was a Cu_1.5Mn_1.5O₄ spinel structure, following the WGS reaction, the main crystalline phases were transformed into Cu and MnO. The sample prepared with acetate as the starting material showed the most obvious MnCO₃ characteristic diffraction peaks, with better synergistic effects of Cu and MnO, increased adsorption of CO₂ and improved dispersion of Cu on the catalyst surface; also, the best thermal stability and the highest low temperature catalytic activity were observed. The sample prepared with nitrate as the starting material maintained high thermal stability and catalytic performance in the range of 400°C to 450°C, but CO conversion decreased below 350°C. Catalytic performance of the sample prepared with sulfate and chloride as the starting materials was poor, ranging from 200°C to 450°C.     

Catalytic Properties of the Thermal Decomposition Products of Zr(SO4)2 · 4H2O

The catalytic activity of the thermal decomposition products of Zr(SO₄)₂ · 4H₂O in the reactions of 1-butene isomerization to 2-butenes, isobutanol dehydration, and n-butane skeletal isomerization was studied. Their behaviors in typical acid reactions and in skeletal isomerization were found to be considerably different. In the first two reactions, which occur with the participation of proton sites, the activity of zirconium sulfates was an extremal function of hydrate calcination temperature. Zirconium sulfate calcined at 400–550°C was the most active catalyst. The reasons for such behavior are discussed. In the skeletal isomerization of n-butane, crystalline zirconium sulfate was practically inactive, and it became active only after degradation. The results suggest that the activation of n-butane molecules did not occur at proton sites.     

焙烧温度对TiO2-ZrO2复合氧化物性质及其对十八醇脱水制十八烯反应性能的影响

通过在ZrO_2中掺杂TiO_2,并在350-500℃下焙烧,制备了系列TiO_2-ZrO_2复合氧化物催化剂,将其应用于十八醇脱水制十八烯反应。随焙烧温度的升高,催化剂表面的Lewis酸性位量逐渐增加,450℃焙烧的催化剂Lewis酸性位量最多,焙烧温度继续升高则Lewis酸性位量降低;催化剂中未发现Br?nsted酸性位。焙烧温度≤400℃的TiO_2-ZrO_2复合氧化物形成Ti-O-Zr键,呈无定形态;焙烧温度400℃的TiO_2-ZrO_2复合氧化物呈单斜相和四方相ZrO_2晶型。晶相结构和酸性位量综合影响催化剂的十八醇脱水性能,具有单斜相和四方相ZrO_2晶型的催化剂上酸性位活性很低,具有无定形相的催化剂上酸性位活性显著增加,400℃焙烧的催化剂1-十八烯收率最高。     

The Effect of Sulfate Ion on the Isomerization of n-Butane to iso-Butane

The effect of sulfate ion (SO42-) loading on the properties of Pt/SO42- -ZrO2 and on the catalytic isomerization of n-butane to iso-butane was studied. The catalyst was prepared by impregnation of Zr(OH)4 with H2SO4 and platinum solution followed by calcination at 600℃. Ammonia TPD and FT-IR were used to confirm the distribution of acid sites and the structure of the sulfate species. Nitrogen physisorption and X-ray diffraction were used to confirm the physical structures of Pt/SO42--ZrO2. XRD pattern showed that the presence of sulfate ion stabilized the metastable tetragonal phase of zirconia and hindered the transition of amorphous phase to monoclinic phase of zirconia. Ammonia TPD profiles indicated the distributions of weak and medium acid sites observed on 0.1 N and 1.0 N sulfate in the loaded catalysts. The addition of 2.0 N and 4.0 N sulfate ion generated strong acid site and decreased the weak and medium acid sites. However, the XRD results and the specific surface area of the catalysts indicated that the excessive amount of sulfate ion collapsed the structure of the catalyst. The catalysts showed high activity and stability for isomerization of n-butane to iso-butane at 200℃under hydrogen atmosphere. The conversion of n-butane to iso-butane per specific surface area of the catalyst increased with the increasing amount of sulfate ion owing to the existence of the bidentate sulfate and/or polynucleic sulfate species ((ZrO)2SO2), which acts as an active site for the isomerization.     

硅烷化对NH3选择性催化还原NOx催化剂CuCe/BEA水热稳定性的促进作用

采用硅烷化改性NH₃选择性催化还原NO_x催化剂CuCe/BEA,以提高催化剂的水热稳定性。X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和²⁷Al核磁共振谱图等研究证实,硅烷化改性明显抑制BEA分子筛骨架中Si-O-Al键的水解,保持其结构完整,从而有效提高水热处理后CuCe/BEA的催化活性。氨气-程序升温脱附和原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱研究结果表明,硅烷化改性的催化剂由于保持更完整的骨架结构能够形成更多的酸性位点。此外,氢气-程序升温还原和X射线光电子能谱测试表明,硅烷化改性有利于提高活性铜物种的分散性。因此,相比于CuCe/BEA催化剂,硅烷化改性的CuCeSi/BEA催化剂具有更多的酸性位点和高度分散的Cu物种,共同促进了催化剂的水热稳定性。     

MgO‐ZrO2 Mixed Oxides as Effective and Reusable Base Catalysts for Glucose Isomerization into Fructose in Aqueous Media

MgO‐ZrO₂ mixed oxides prepared with different Mg/Zr atomic ratios (denoted as xMZ: where x is the atomic ratio of Mg/Zr) are investigated for the glucose isomerization to fructose in water at 95 °C. The highest fructose yield of 33 % is obtained over 0.76MZ with ≈74 % selectivity after 3 h. To gain insight into the structure–activity relationships, the prepared catalysts are characterized by N₂ physisorption, XRD, FTIR and CO₂‐TPD. The results indicate that the addition of MgO drastically changed the textual property of ZrO₂ and increased the number of basic sites. The kinetic studies revealed that the Lewis basic sites (cus‐O^2?) generated from the highly dispersed MgO are the active sites responsible for the enhanced isomerization activity. Notably, MZ is reusable for four runs without a significant decrease in catalyst activity. Accordingly, this study provides an easily prepared, cheap, and recyclable catalyst that may hold great potential for fructose production.     

Mesoporous Silica Supported Sulfated Zirconia Prepared by a Sol–Gel Process

Mesoporous silica-supported sulfated zirconia aerogels with different Zr/Si and S/Zr molar ratios were prepared using a one-step preparation. The characterization of these solids was conducted using N₂ physisorption at 77 K, X-ray diffraction, mass spectrometry, and sulfur chemical analysis. The isomerization of n-Hexane was used as a catalytic test. Highly improved textural properties were obtained for these solids, and two types of mesopores were observed. Depending on the zirconium content, the size and amount of mesopores are highly affected. The importance of sulfates effectively bonded to Zr(IV) is elucidated, both for achieving high catalytic activity and for a good sulfur thermal stability. The catalytic activity (for a sample prepared with a particular S/Zr ratio) expressed per gram of Zr(IV) is comparable to that of pure sulfated zirconia.     

焙烧温度对 Pd/Al2O3 催化剂上甲烷燃烧反应性能的影响

 考察了载体与催化剂焙烧温度对 Pd/Al2O3 催化剂上低浓度甲烷催化燃烧反应性能的影响. 采用 X 射线衍射、透射电镜、N2 物理吸附、NH3 程序升温脱附和 O2 程序升温氧化等手段对载体和催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, 焙烧温度对催化剂活性及稳定性的影响显著. 随着载体焙烧温度的升高, Al2O3 的比表面积、物相结构、酸中心的数量及强度明显改变, 相应的 Pd/Al2O3 催化剂中载体与 Pd 的相互作用减弱, Pd 分散度降低. 当载体焙烧温度为 1 100 °C, Pd/Al2O3 焙烧温度为 200 °C 时, 所得催化剂在 260 h 的连续反应中, 甲烷转化率始终维持在 99%以上.     

Mn-Mo-W-O_x脱硝催化剂活性组分的配伍优化

采用等体积浸渍法制备系列Mn-Mo-W-O_x/堇青石和Mn-Mo-W-O_x/TiO_2催化剂,用于选择性催化还原NO.通过Mn、Mo、W 3种元素不同配比对催化剂配伍进行优化,确立Mn-Mo-W-O_x最佳配比.采用XRD、N_2-BET、PyIR、SEM以及XPS等表征分析催化剂的固相结构、比表面积、酸量、表面形貌和表面元素.结果表明:当Mn/Mo/W元素摩尔比为10∶0.5∶1,载体为TiO_2时,催化剂的催化性能最优.适量Mo掺入Mn-W-O_x催化剂可以增大其比表面积,提高催化剂表面L酸酸量以及Mn~(4+)离子浓度,从而有效提高了催化剂高温活性.载体替换为TiO_2时催化剂的比表面积和酸量明显提高,从而增强了催化剂的脱硝性能.     

制备方法对Ni2P/SiO2催化剂结构及萘加氢性能的影响

采用程序升温还原法和次磷酸盐歧化法制备了Ni_2P/SiO_2催化剂,结合现代仪器分析表征技术,研究了制备方法对Ni_2P/SiO_2催化剂结构和萘加氢性能的影响。结果表明,两种方法均可制备出仅含Ni_2P活性相的Ni_2P/SiO_2催化剂,在反应温度340℃、氢气压力4 MPa、空速为20.8 h~(-1)下,程序升温还原法制备的Ni_2P/SiO_2催化剂表现出更高的萘加氢活性,这主要是因为程序还原法制备的Ni_2P/SiO_2催化剂中有更多Ni_2P物种生成,提供了较多的活性位点(CO吸附量21.6μmol/g);且催化剂表面弱酸位点多,有利于芳烃吸附。当选用程序升温还原法制备Ni_2P/SiO_2催化剂时,在保证生成纯相Ni_2P的前提下,较低的Ni/P比更有利于合成高加氢活性的Ni_2P/SiO_2催化剂。     

Dehydroxylation and the Crystalline Phases in Sol-Gel Zirconia

The formation and evolution with temperature of the crystalline phases in sol-gel ZrO₂ was analyzed by using X-ray powder diffraction, refinement of the crystalline structures, ESR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The precursor phase of crystalline zirconia was amorphous Zr(OH)₄ with the same local order as the tetragonal crystalline phase. This amorphous phase dehydroxylated with temperature, generating nanocrystalline tetragonal zirconia, and producing point defects that stabilized the tetragonal structure, generated a paramagetic ESR signal with g values like the free electron, and had a light absorption band at 310 nm. When the sample was annealed at higher temperatures, it continued dehydroxilating, and the point defects disappeared, causing the transformation of the nanocrystalline tetragonal phase into nanocrystalline monoclinic zirconia. The two crystalline nanophases coexisted since the beginning of crystallization.