基于光谱指数波段优化算法的小麦玉米冠层含氮量估测

作物关键生育时期冠层氮素含量的实时监测对于优化氮肥用量和减少环境风险具有重要的意义。为了寻求预测不同作物氮素含量的最佳光谱参数,实现作物氮素无损营养诊断。本研究通过2008年—2011年在德国慕尼黑弗莱辛和河北曲周的不同氮量的小麦玉米田间试验,采用高光谱仪获取小麦玉米冠层的反射光谱,利用光谱理论模型进行光谱指数波段的优化,从而抽取不同冠层结构条件下的小麦玉米氮素营养敏感波段。结果表明与传统的基于红光的光谱指数相比,优化光谱指数显著提高了小麦玉米冠层氮素含量的预测能力,克服了传统的基于红光光谱指数的饱和问题。优化光谱指数的波段结合随着作物品种及其冠层结构的变化而变化,其优化波段范围主要集中在红边(730～760 nm)和红边向近红外的过渡区域(760～880 nm)。优化结果显示玉米最佳光谱指数为R_λ766/R_λ738-1,小麦最佳光谱指数为R_λ796/R_λ760-1,玉米小麦相结合优化后的最佳光谱指数为Rλ₈₇₆/Rλ₇₃₀-1。结果进一步验证了优化光谱指数估测的不同作物含氮量的预测值与实测值相关性最高,且验证偏差最小,证实了优化后的光谱特征参数可对不同作物氮素丰缺状况进行快速、准确、无损估测。试验结果也为设计作物冠层氮素传感器和更好的利用现有基于卫星的传感器实施区域上的作物氮素营养监测提供了理论基础。     

Bayesian Estimation of NMR Spectral Parameters Under Low Signal-to-Noise Conditions

The Bayesian statistical method of spectral estimation is applied to NMR free induction decay signals at various values of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The frequency and amplitude estimates from the Bayesian calculations are more accurate than those from the commonly used fast Fourier transformation (FFT) of the same data sets. Both real and synthetic data sets are examined with the Bayesian results being superior in all cases. In addition to the superior performance at low SNR the Bayesian derived amplitudes and frequency estimates were not as affected by signal decay as in Fourier Transformed spectra. Finally, the amplitudes obtained are equal to the FFT integrated intensities resulting in an apparent frequency domain signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) greater than the FFT SNR by a factor proportional to the FFT frequency domain linewidth. For typical high resolution spectra this improvement was approximately a factor of 2.5. Even greater improvement is obtained when rapidly decaying signals are analyzed. Bayesian computation time for the 6 line p-chloroanaline and chloroform spectrum was approximately 12 minutes on a modern computer work station.     

光谱参数对基于光谱重构的高光谱数据模拟的影响

遥感数据模拟已广泛应用于遥感研究中, 遥感模拟对于新型传感器的设计,新算法的检测等都有积极的意义。然而传感器系统参数的变化会影响数据模拟的精度。实验采用卷积宽视场多光谱成像仪蓝、绿、红和近红外四个波段的光谱响应函数,基于光谱重构的方法对多光谱数据进行了高光谱的数据模拟。研究分析了多光谱数据中心波长和带宽的变化对高光谱重构精度的影响。结果表明,中心波长和带宽的变化对于光谱重构精度有一定的影响,但总体来说模拟结果有很好的精度。中心波长的变化所引起的RMSE小于0.025,带宽变化引起的RMSE小于0.012。因而基于中心波长和带宽变化的高光谱数据重构有助于用户更好的了解高光谱成像系统,找到系统性能的主要影响者,以便更好的模拟高光谱数据,扩展遥感数据的应用范围。     

基于反射光谱吸收特征勘探天然气的方法研究

反射光谱学提供了一种高效和低成本的鉴别物质成分和结构的方法;油气微渗漏理论则建立了油气藏与其上部地表的特定异常之间的因果关系。因此,可以通过检测地表异常的反射光谱来勘探油气。野外实地测量和高光谱遥感均能够实现反射光谱的检测。文章通过对青海某地区野外测量的反射光谱的分析,首先提出了典型气田区测点的光谱曲线的宏观吸收特征;然后,完成了反射光谱中的吸收特征的提取,包括吸收波段深度、位置、宽度和对称度,以此分析测区采集的样品光谱,建立了该地区的特征光谱库;提出了检测地表烃类物质的方法;最后基于线性解混模型,实现了半定量地提取测区主要蚀变矿物的丰度信息。     

基于谱线线型函数的气体浓度检测技术

快速、精确地测量微量气体浓度的技术在大气质量分析、环境污染检测等领域具有广泛的用途。在红外光谱检测技术中,气体吸收光谱的谱线线型函数是定量测量气体浓度的一个重要参量,而如何准确和快速地得到气体谱线线型函数值是气体浓度测量中的一个关键问题。首先从理论上分析了谱线线型函数,得出计算谱线线型函数的一般方法及探讨了气体浓度与谱线线型函数峰值之间的关系。然后,利用可调激光器及光谱仪检测系统测量了乙炔在1 515～1 545 nm波长范围内的吸收光谱,再通过Lambert-Beer定律计算得到在不同频率下的谱线线型函数峰值,最后利用程序拟合出该波段内气体的谱线线型函数峰值分布曲线,并与Voigt线型函数理论计算值进行了比较,发现理论计算的谱线线型函数峰值仍存在一定的偏差。相比理论计算结果,所提出的检测方法得到的乙炔浓度与真实的乙炔浓度值更加吻合,表明了通过实验确定的谱线线型函数的经验公式可以更好地用于气体浓度的检测。由于利用实验测量值获得了谱线线型函数峰值分布的拟合曲线,因此可以快速准确地计算出所对应的谱线线型函数峰值,从而大大地简化了线型函数的计算过程。实验所获得的数据可应用于光学遥测乙炔气体浓度,且提供的方法也可以应用到其他气体的谱线线型函数峰值的测量中。     

Hansen Solubility Parameters for the Solid Surface of Cellulose Acetate Propionate by Inverse Gas Chromatography

The specific retention volumes, V ⁰ _g , for adsorption of 21 solute probes on the solid surface of cellulose acetate propionate (CAP) were determined in the temperature range 343.15–403.15 K by inverse gas chromatography. In the temperature range studied the retention diagrams drawn between vs. 1/T were found to be linear for all the solutes. Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs) were calculated by relating with the cohesive energy of adsorption of the solutes on the surface of CAP following the Snyder and Karger adsorption model. The three components of HSP decreased linearly with increase of temperature. The HSP of CAP were compared with the corresponding values determined on cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) and discussed in the light of the chemical nature of the two solid surfaces. Enthalpies of adsorption were found to be more negative for CAP than for CAB.     

Estimation of Atmospheric Dust Deposition on Plant Leaves Based on Spectral Features

Urban atmospheric dust is a significant problem and becoming a considerable pollution source in many cities. This study was based on a comparison of spectral reflectance on the surfaces of dusty and clean leaves. A significant linear relationship (r = 0.811) correlation between the dust weight and near-infrared band region (700–1000 nm) was found through analysis of the spectral data. This relationship obtained from near-infrared band regions, based on the main effects and cluster and interval analysis, was more distinct and stable than that of blue, green, red, and middle-infrared band regions. Thus, the use of near-infrared band data is a reliable method to estimate the amount of dust deposition on plant leaves. A regression model (R² = 64.3%) was constructed based on dust deposition on plant leaves and a near-infrared ratio. The model proved to be accurate as regards an estimation of dust weight, based on a comparison of residuals (normal distribution) and accuracy tests (slope = 0.8437). This model could provide a methodological basis for spatial dust distribution analysis and has the potential for evaluating air pollution levels.     

Determination of Hansen Solubility Parameters for the Solid Surface of Cellulose Acetate Butyrate by Inverse Gas Chromatography

The specific retention volumes, , for adsorption of 21 solute probes on the solid surface of cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) were determined in the temperature range 343.15 to 403.15 K by inverse gas chromatography (IGC). The weight fraction activity coefficients, , and Flory–Huggins interaction parameters, , were evaluated using . Both and values decreased with increase of temperature in all the solutes. Further, the values increased with increase of chain length in n-alkanes, but in the case of alcohols the trend was reversed. values were less than 0.5 in polar solutes and greater than 0.5 in 1-alkanes and alcohols. The Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) were calculated by relating with the cohesive energy of adsorption of the solutes on the surface of CAB. The adsorption model proposed by Snyder and Karger was used to determine the HSP for the CAB. The dispersive, , polar, , and hydrogen bonding components of HSP decreased with increase of temperature and the relative error associated with these parameters increased with increase of temperature. The characterization of the solid surface of CAB in terms of the three solubility parameter components was analyzed and is discussed.     

基于优化光谱指数的牧草生物量估算

牧草生物量是天然和人工草场产出的一个重要指标,能直接反映牧草的长势,它的实时监测是制定合理的草地管理和放牧制度的前提。然而,传统的样方法费时、费力很难满足草地生物量监测的实时性要求。近年来,随着高光谱遥感的发展,为草地的快速、无损的监测提供了可能。通过对内蒙古天然和人工草地生物量及其冠层光谱数据分析,探讨了不同类型光谱指数在估算牧草生物量的鲁棒性。研究表明,由于冠层结构和生物量的影响,不同类型草地冠层的光谱反射存在巨大的差异,从而使现有光谱指数对天然草地和不同品种人工草地牧草生物量的预测能力存在显著的差异(R2=0.00～0.65)。在荒漠草原低生物量的条件下,受土壤背景影响不同光谱指数预测能力较小,而在青贮玉米高生物量条件下,基于红光的光谱指数容易发生饱和失去敏感性。把不同草地类型的数据结合后进行简单比率和归一化窄波段光谱指数的波段优化,与出版的光谱指数相比优化后的归一化光谱指数(normalized difference spectral index, NDSI）显著提高了牧草生物量的预测能力,预测生物量模型的决定系数最高(R2=0.72)。敏感性分析进一步证明了基于波段优化算法的优化光谱指数NDSI,(ration spectral index, RSI）有最低的噪声,从而能更好的预测牧草生物量。波段优化算法可以有效提高遥感估算草地牧草生物量的精度,光谱指数及其优化波段的选择会直接影响模型的预测能力。     

基于改进噪声估计的谱减法应用于说话人识别

针对语音信号中存在加性噪声使MFCC的鲁棒性和识别系统的性能下降的问题,基本谱减法的引入在增强MFCC抗噪性上取得的效果有限,为了使MFCC具有更好的抗噪性,提出了一种改进算法,在谱减法的基础上引入谱熵的思想,利用谱熵值的分布逐帧进行噪声估计,可更精确地谱减去噪;实验结果表明,当语音中含有加性噪声时,与基本谱减法相比,改进谱减法的说话人识别系统抗噪性与鲁棒性更好。     

基于多类型光谱特征参数匹配的矿物信息遥感识别方法

传统的与光谱反射率匹配的矿物填图方法受图像质量、大气及环境背景等因素影响较为明显,矿物识别效果较差。针对上述问题提出一种基于多类型光谱特征参数匹配的矿物信息识别方法,综合利用多种光谱特征参数在大气及环境背景变化中的相对稳定性特点,实现矿物信息的高精度识别。选取美国内华达州Cuprite矿区AVIRIS机载可见-红外光谱成像仪高光谱数据,以USGS美国地质调查局波谱库中的矿物波数为参照光谱,分别计算AVIRIS影像和USGS波谱库中典型矿物的光谱特征参数,在对多种光谱特征参数综合分析的基础上,构建Cuprite矿区矿物识别模型,进行矿物填图实验。最后使用Clark等在该地区的矿物填图结果数据,对实验结果进行了验证,结果表明：该方法矿物识别结果与Clark等的填图结果吻合度高,整体矿物识别精度达到78.96%。     

基于质量估计的恒星大气参数的自动测量

近些年海量恒星光谱数据的获取使得恒星三个基本参数（表面有效温度Teff,表面重力log g,金属丰度[Fe/H]）的自动测量方法研究成为一个重要的研究课题,相应对恒星大气物理参数测量的研究将对科学家研究宇宙演化等重大科学问题具有重要的意义。但是目前国内外针对此问题所做的研究并不是很广泛深入,且已有的一些方法还不能够完全准确地估计出恒星的大气物理参数。因此本文研究了一种基于质量估计的恒星大气物理参数自动测量方法,该方法计算量比较小,其主要思想是首先建立一些质量分布,将原始光谱数据经过质量估计算法映射到新的质量空间,然后在质量空间利用支持向量机回归对恒星的三个基本物理参数进行估计。在实验中,从SDSS-DR8光谱数据库中选择部分实测光谱数据来进行训练和测试,并将该方法预测出的参数结果与SSPP给出的参数值进行了对比,取得了比较理想的结果。实验结果表明, 该研究方法的准确率更高,预测结果更稳定,训练所用的时间短,在恒星大气物理参数自动测量上是行得通的,可以有效地测量恒星的大气物理参数。     

基于光谱分析的草地叶绿素含量估测植被指数

对现有叶绿素遥感估测研究方法进行比较,确定植被指数法是其中最实用、普适性最强的研究方法。近年来,草地退化问题日益严峻,需要进一步从光谱分析、植物生化参数估测的角度加以研究,因而亟需建立一种用于反演草地植被叶绿素含量的植被指数。首先对四川省松潘草原和内蒙古自治区贡格尔草原的草地实测反射率光谱曲线及其一阶微分曲线进行分析,通过这两种光谱与叶绿素含量的相关性分析,找到红边区域（red-edge position, REP）与草地叶绿素含量之间的规律,即叶绿素含量越高,反射率一阶微分曲线的红边拐点（red-edge inflection point, REIP）取值越高,由此构建草地叶绿素含量估测植被指数（grassland chlorophyll index, GCI）,选取最适宜反演的波段,最后采用卫星高光谱影像计算GCI,将计算结果与野外试验观测的叶绿素含量数据进行精度分析验证。结果证明,对于草地叶绿素含量来说,GCI比其他叶绿素指数的敏感性更强,具有较高的草地叶绿素含量估测精度。GCI是第一个针对草地叶绿素含量估测而被提出的植被指数,其对遥感反演草地叶绿素含量具有广泛应用潜力。同时这种基于光谱分析的草原植被叶绿素含量估测方法为其他的草原植被生化参数估测、草原植被生长状况评价以及草地生态环境变化大面积监测提供了新的研究思路。     

Estimation of the Parameters of a Fusion Neutron Source Based on Deuterium Plasma

Physics of Atomic Nuclei - Sources of fusion neutrons with an energy of about 10 MeV can be a driver in hybrid fusion–fission reactor. They can be used for the disposal of radioactive wastes...     

Evaluation of Voice Pathology Based on the Estimation of Vocal Fold Biomechanical Parameters

Voice disorders are a source of increasing concern as normal voice quality is a social demand for at least one third of the population in developed countries in cases where voice is an essential resource in professional exercise. In addition, the growing exposure to certain pathogenic factors such as smoking, alcohol abuse, air pollution, and acoustic contamination, and other problems such as gastro-esopharyngeal reflux or allergy as well as aging, aggravate voice disorders. Voice pathologies justify the assignment of larger resources to prevention policies, early detection, and less aggressive treatments. Traditional pathology detection relies on perceptive evaluation methods (GRABS), acoustic analysis, and visual inspection (indirect laryngoscopy, and modern fibro-endo-stroboscopy). This article describes a method for voice pathology detection based on the noninvasive estimation of vocal cord biomechanical parameters derived from voice using specific signal processing methods. Preliminary results using records from patients showing four frequent causes of voice pathology (nodules, polyps, chronic laryngitis, and Reinke's edema) are given. The results show that the alteration (distortion, unbalance, or deviation) of cord biomechanical parameters may serve as an indicator of pathology. Statistical methods based on hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis reveal that combining biomechanical estimates with classic perturbation parameters increases the accuracy of acoustic analysis, improving the detection of voice pathology. This research could open new possibilities for noninvasive screening of vocal fold pathologies and could be used in the implantation of e-health voice care services.     

Spectral Based Estimation of Optical Path Difference of Interference Colors

A spectral intensity distribution of interference colors which is a function of optical path difference (OPD) is represented as a pattern vector on a subspace. A new algorithm to design a color scale on the subspace to estimate OPD values is proposed. In experiments, interference colors generated by a differential interference microscope (DIM) were examined. A subspace spanned by four orthogonal bases was constructed to make a color scale to determine OPD values in the range between 0 nm and 1000 nm. Estimated OPD values almost coincided with these expected. In an experiment on two-dimensional interference colors obtained by a spherical surface of a ballbearing observed by DIM, the resultant OPD distribution coincided well with that expected within a standard deviation of 12.8 nm.     

基于中红外光谱吸收技术的一氧化碳气体检测系统

基于中红外光谱吸收技术,利用一氧化碳(CO)气体分子在4.6 μm处的基频吸收带,采用新脉冲的红外光源和双通道的热释电探测器,研制了一种CO浓度检测系统。该系统主要由脉冲调制式宽带热光源、开放式椭球聚光镜/气室、双通道探测器、主控及信号处理模块构成。通过优化开放式椭球聚光镜/气室,气体吸收光程达到40 cm, 探测器输出电信号的幅度增加约为原来的2~3倍。因此,采用椭球聚光镜后,将在一定程度上提高系统的信噪比从而改善系统的性能指标。利用配备的CO气体样品,研究了该系统对CO气体的传感特性。实验结果显示,该系统的最小检测下限为10 ppm,在该浓度点的测量误差约为14%;在20~25 000 ppm范围内的测量误差小于7.8%;对0 ppm气体样品的连续50分钟测量结果的最大偏差约为3 ppm,标准差约为0.18 ppm。同基于量子级联激光器和分布反馈激光器的CO检测系统相比,该系统具有性价比高、光路结构简单等优势,从而在煤矿、环保等场合下的CO检测方面具有较好应用前景。     

用芯片光谱特征参数表征双荧光粉转换型白色LED结温

采用正向电压法测量不同衬底温度、不同电流驱动时,双荧光粉转换型白色LED的结温,同时采用光谱仪测量归一化光谱分布.选择芯片的蓝色光谱,计算其质心波长和半高全宽,得到质心波长、半高全宽、驱动电流和结温四者之间的变化规律图.然后根据实际点灯状态下芯片的光谱特征参数,结合规律图计算得到实际结温.研究表明:对于环境温度变化引起的结温变化,(B+Y+R)/B法与本文方法准确度相当,测量误差均为2℃左右,无统计性差异.对于电流变化引起的结温变化,本文方法误差仍然约为2℃,而(B+Y+R)/B法误差与电流正相关,变化率为0.048℃/mA.同时在点灯6周内,本文方法误差仅4℃.因此,本文方法不仅适合因环境温度和驱动电流变化引起的结温变化,且无需重新校准,能准确测量长时间点灯LED结温,具有明显的技术优势.