One-dimensional homonuclear polarization transfer. Studies of parameters which affect intensities in the SPI NMR technique

A study is presented of the effects of strong scalar coupling and of the angle of the nonselective observing pulse, as well as of the effects of selective pulses, in one-dimensional selective population inversion (SPI) experiments of homonuclear spin systems. Density matrix computer simulations, which also take into account relaxation effects, of {A}-B SPI experiments, and for comparison also of {A}-X, reproduce different aspects of the experimental spectra. An insight is therefore offered into the parameters which affect intensities in the SPI one-dimensional NMR technique for homonuclear polarization transfer.     

On the detection of dispersion in the head-related transfer function

Because of dispersion in head-related transfer functions (HRTFs), the interaural time difference (ITD) varies with frequency. This physical effect ought to have consequences for the size or shape of the auditory image of broadband noise because different frequency regions of the noise have different ITDs. However, virtual reality experiments suggest that human listeners are insensitive to head-related dispersion. The experiments of this article test that suggestion by experiments that isolate dispersion from amplitude effects in the HRTF and attempt to optimize the opportunity for detecting it. Nevertheless, the experiments find that the only effect of dispersion is to shift the lateralization of the auditory image. This negative result is explained in terms of the cross-correlation function for head-dispersed noise. Although the broad-band cross-correlation function differs considerably from 1.0, the cross-correlation functions within bands characteristic of auditory filters do not. A detailed study of the lateralization shifts show that the experimental shifts can be successfully calculated as an average of stimulus ITDs as weighted by Raatgever's frequency-weighting function (Thesis, Delft, The Netherlands, 1980).     

Effect of superradiance on transport of diffusing photons in cold atomic gases

We show that in atomic gases cooperative effects like superradiance and subradiance lead to a potential between two atoms that decays like 1/r. In the case of superradiance, this potential is attractive for close enough atoms and can be interpreted as a coherent mesoscopic effect. The contribution of superradiant pairs to multiple scattering properties of a dilute gas, such as photon elastic mean free path and group velocity, is significantly different from that of independent atoms. We discuss the conditions under which these effects may be observed and compare our results to recent experiments on photon transport in cold atomic gases.     

PFG NMR and internal magnetic field gradients in plant-based materials

In this contribution, it is demonstrated that inner magnetic field gradients can seriously affect the results of stimulated echo PFG NMR experiments on plant-based materials even if there is no notable content of paramagnetic substances. Such effects could be observed both in experiments on water in pharmaceutical grade cellulose powder materials and on eggplant fruit tissue. In both cases, it was observed that the effects of internal magnetic field gradients led to different relative values of the diffusion coefficient compared to values obtained with a gradient-compensating pulse sequence.     

Exact solution of the CPMG pulse sequence with phase variation down the echo train: application to R₂ measurements

An implicit exact algebraic solution of CPMG experiments is presented and applied to fit experiments. Approximate solutions are also employed to explore oscillations and effective decay rates of CPMG experiments. The simplest algebraic approximate solution has illustrated that measured intensities will oscillate in the conventional CPMG experiments and that using even echoes can suppress errors of measurements of R? due to the imperfection of high-power pulses. To deal with low-power pulses with finite width, we adapt the effective field to calculate oscillations. An optimization model with the effective field approximation and dimensionless variables is proposed to quantify oscillations of measured intensities of CPMG experiments of different phases of the π pulses. We show, as was known using other methods, that repeating one group of four pulses with different phases in CPMG experiments, which we call phase variation, but others call phase alternation or phase cycling, can significantly smooth the dependence of measured intensities on frequency offset in the range of ±?γB?. In this paper, a second-order expression with respect to the ratio of frequency offset to π-pulse amplitude is developed to describe the effective R? of CPMG experiments when using a group phase variation scheme. Experiments demonstrate that (1) the exact calculation of CPMG experiments can remarkably eliminate systematic errors in measured R?s due to the effects of frequency offset, even in the absence of phase variation; (2) CPMG experiments with group phase variation can substantially remove oscillations and effects of the field inhomogeneity; (3) the second-order expression of the effective decay rate with phase variation is able to provide reliable estimates of R? when offsets are roughly within ±?γB?; and, most significantly, (4) the more sophisticated optimization model using an exact solution of the discretized CPMG experiment extends, to ±γB?, the range of offsets for which reliable estimates of R? can be obtained when using the preferred phase variation scheme.     

Low voltage TEM: Influences on electron energy loss spectrometry experiments

We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of electron energy loss spectrometry (EELS) a transmission electron microscope (TEM) at different high tensions. Instrumental effects such as energy resolution, spatial resolution, and point spread function of the detecting system, as well as physical effects like inelastic (Coloumb) delocalization and Cerenkov losses are dealt with. It is found that the actually available equipment is suitable for performing low voltage experiments. The energy resolution of a thermo-ionic emitter can be tremendously improved at lower energies, and the detector also has advantageous behaviour.     

New Experimental Data for the Validation of Radiative Heat Transfer

The numerical simulation of radiative heat transfer is now well established. Key ingredients in such a simulation model are calculated view factors that are used to describe the exchange of radiated energy between different surfaces. Several methods for the calculation of these geometrical factors are available, including Integration, Monte Carlo, and the Hemi-cube methods. Several analytical test cases are also available, such as the well-known “parallel plates” case, which allow modelers to validate their view factor routines. However, there is much less information available that combines both view factor information and heat transfer effects simultaneously.

This article describes the construction of a simple testing rig that allows experiments to be performed that combine view factor effects with measured heat transfer exchanged between surfaces only. The equipment has been used to consider simple cases, such as the parallel plates test case, and also cases where shadowing is important. The results of these experiments are presented as experimental benchmarking data for model users and developers.     

Modelling inter-dot Coulomb interaction effects in field effect transistors with an embedded quantum dot layer

By a computer simulation we study the real space and energy distributions of 0D electrons bound in a planar array of quantum dots, including both intra-dot charging and inter-dot Coulomb interaction effects, size fluctuations, as well as the screening by a parallel gas of 2D electrons.It is demonstrated that the mutual Coulomb shifts between different dots cause pronounced many-body correlation effects and in-plane potential fluctuations, which can be significant for experiments such as capacitance and tunneling spectroscopy. In addition we investigate the influence of charged dot scattering on the mobility of a conducting channel parallel to the dot layer.     

CT-6B托卡马克的电子迴旋波加热实验

分别使用频率为34.34GHz和20.1GHz的迴旋管系统从外侧和顶端注入微波,对CT-6B托卡马克等离子体加热,均观察到明显的加热效果。分析表明两者有不同的加热机制。前者主要属于O模的共振加热;后者为X模的非共振-高密度加热,其机制可能来源于高密度截止层附近的非线性现象。在两种实验中,都观测到称为二次加热的非线性加热现象。它们可能分别来自不同的物理机制。     

Forward masking as a method of measuring place specificity of neural excitation in cochlear implants: a review of methods and interpretation

This paper reviews the psychophysical forward masking methods that have been used to investigate place specificity in cochlear implantees. These experiments are relevant for investigating whether the individual variability in outcomes for people using the same device can be explained by individual variations in frequency resolution or whether place specificity is affected by different modes of stimulation (such as bipolar, monopolar or tripolar) in the same person. Unfortunately, there has been no consensus about the methods used to derive electrical forward masking functions, or in the way that they are interpreted in relation to place specificity. Here, the different methods are critically examined to provide insight into the optimal methods that should be used to measure and interpret spatial forward masking functions in electric hearing. It is shown that, in order to separate the temporal effects of masking decay from the place-specificity information, different analyses of the functions are needed depending on whether a fixed-probe or fixed-masker method is employed. The effects of unit of measurement on specificity measures and the effects of subject listening strategy on the forward masked functions are also discussed.     

冲击作用下的摩擦力效应实验研究

针对摩擦力效应产生的机理, 本文设计了三种不同尺寸的试件进行SHPB实验, 得到了摩擦力效应对实验的定量影响, 在此基础上对混凝土的DIF进行了修正研究, 为混凝土抗冲击工程设计提供了参考依据. 关键词： 冲击 混凝土 SHPB 摩擦力     

Non-relativistic Limit of Dirac Equations in Gravitational Field and Quantum Effects of Gravity

Based on unified theory of electromagnetic interactions and gravitational interactions, the non-relativistic limit of the equation of motion of a charged Dirac particle in gravitational field is studied. From the Schrodinger equation obtained from this non-relativistic limit, we can see that the classical Newtonian gravitational potential appears as a part of the potential in the Schrodinger equation, which can explain the gravitational phase effects found in COW experiments.And because of this Newtonian gravitational potential, a quantum particle in the earth's gravitational field may form a gravitationally bound quantized state, which has already been detected in experiments. Three different kinds of phase effects related to gravitational interactions are studied in this paper, and these phase effects should be observable in some astrophysical processes. Besides, there exists direct coupling between gravitomagnetic field and quantum spin, and radiation caused by this coupling can be used to directly determine the gravitomagnetic field on the surface of a star.     

不同水底介质对有限域中装药沉底爆炸特性的影响

通过开展装药沉底爆炸原理性实验研究,得到了不同水底条件对装药沉底爆炸气泡运动和冲击波压力的影响规律:沉底装药水下爆炸气泡通常呈半球形,依附在水底并同时急剧膨胀达到最大半径,随后气泡做收缩运动并连带水底介质颗粒迅速上浮,同时形状发生显著变化,如在石底和泥底时气泡在水底射流的作用下呈蘑菇状上浮,砂底时气泡则呈现出柱状上浮、未出现明显脉动运动即已坍塌破裂;沉底爆炸与水底介质发生强烈耦合作用而形成不同程度的反射波,通常水下石底的反射冲击波较泥底和砂底更强烈,且一般迭加后的冲击波峰值压力高于入射波阵面压力;不同水底介质条件下,装药与水底发生的强烈耦合作用均对水底造成强冲击破坏。     

用不同光泽和色差等级的彩色印刷样品检验均匀颜色空间

用不同光泽纸张和不同色差等级彩色印刷样品的目视评价色差数据拟合色度椭圆,研究各均匀颜色空间在评价不同光泽度和色差样本时的表现,检验基于CIELAB,DIN99,OSA和CIECAM02共7个颜色空间的均匀性。用局部均匀性和全局均匀性因子分别检验不同颜色空间色度椭圆的椭圆度和空间中不同位置椭圆尺寸的一致性。结果表明,其他所有颜色空间的表现均优于CIELAB和OSA颜色空间,OSA-Gp-Eu和DIN99d颜色空间在评价印刷品颜色差异的表现上较为接近,同时优于其他的颜色空间。     

Experimental observation of quantum Talbot effects

We report the first experimental observation of quantum Talbot effects with single photons and entangled photon pairs. Both the first- and second-order quantum Talbot self-images are observed experimentally. They exhibit unique properties, which are different from those produced by coherent and incoherent classical light sources. In particular, our experiments show that the revival distance of two-photon Talbot imaging is twice the usual classical Talbot length and there is no net improvement in the resolution, due to the near-field effect of Fresnel diffraction, which is different from the case of previous proof-of-principle quantum lithography experiments in the far field.     

Compensated adiabatic inversion pulses: broadband INEPT and HSQC

When adiabatic fast passage is used to flip nuclear spins, sites with different chemical shifts are inverted at different times, causing refocusing errors. By mapping the phase evolution diagrams, we show that these effects can be accurately compensated with matched pairs of adiabatic pulses, either opposed or in the same sense, depending on the application. Applied to well-known heteronuclear polarization transfer experiments such as INEPT and HSQC, the requisite evolution of J-vectors is achieved irrespective of chemical shift or the duration of the adiabatic sweeps. By replacing conventional 180 degrees pulses, these new adiabatic sequences offer an order of magnitude improvement in effective bandwidth for the X-spins. Alternatively the experiments can be carried out with significantly reduced radiofrequency power. One- and two-dimensional spectra of (13)C in 13-cis-retinal at 600MHz have been used to demonstrate these advantages.     

Energy conservation and the principle of equivalence

If the equivalence principle is violated, then observers performing local experiments can detect effects due to their position in an external gravitational environment (preferred-location effects) or can detect effects due to their velocity through some preferred frame (preferred-frame effects). We show that the principle of energy conservation implies a quantitative connection between such effects and structure-dependence of the gravitational acceleration of test bodies (violation of the Weak Equivalence Principle). We analyze this connection within a general theoretical framework that encompasses both non-gravitational local experiments and test bodies as well as gravitational experiments and test bodies, and we use it to discuss specific experimental tests of the equivalence principle, including non-gravitational tests such as gravitational redshift experiments, Eötvös experiments, the Hughes-Drever experiment, and the Turner-Hill experiment, and gravitational tests such as the lunar-laser-ranging “Eötvös” experiment, and measurements of anisotropies and variations in the gravitational constant. This framework is illustrated by analyses within two theoretical formalisms for studying gravitational theories: the PPN formalism, which deals with the motion of gravitating bodies within metric theories of gravity, and the TH?μ formalism that deals with the motion of charged particles within all metric theories and a broad class of non-metric theories of gravity.     

影响CCD调制传递函数因素研究

从理论上以光学系统的MTF的评价方法分析了不同条件下各种因素对CCD调制传递函数的影响,模拟结果显示了各种因素影响的不同程度;同时给出了一组实际的测量结果来证明CCD的性能对其调制传递函数的影响.     

磁芯伏秒数对直线变压器驱动源输出参数的影响

 介绍了直线变压器驱动源（LTD）中磁芯的工作原理,通过模拟计算分析了磁芯伏秒数对LTD输出参数的影响。通过调整磁芯伏秒数、磁芯复位状态和负载阻值等实验条件进行了一系列实验。实验结果表明：判断磁芯饱和的依据主要有输出电压显著降低、输出脉冲脉宽减小及回路过阻尼状态下出现反向脉冲等;反向电流对磁芯具有复位效应,一定条件下可将磁芯完全复位。实验结果验证了理论分析及模拟计算的结果。根据对实验结果的分析,提出了针对不同应用领域利用磁芯饱和效应进行波形调节的初步设想。