Metal selective flame ionization detection after supercritical fluid chromatography

This work describes the construction and operation of a flame ionization detector for the selective detection of metal-containing compounds after capillary supercritical fluid chromatography. Using optimal conditions for achieving metal sensitive flame ionization responses which have been established for the detector after capillary gas chromatography, initial evaluation of the detector after SFC proved promising. Like the carbon sensitive FID, it appears that the metal sensitive FID is compatible with SFC when pure carbon dioxide is used as the mobile phase. Response characteristics were found to be similar to those observed when the detector is used in gas chromatography.     

Chromatographic-based methods for pesticide determination in honey: An overview

Nowadays the control of pesticides in honey is an issue of primary health importance as consequence of the increasing content of these chemicals in the aforementioned matrix. This poisoning has led to the worldwide increasing loss of bees since 1995. From Europe to Canada, scientist, beekeepers and chemical companies disagree about the reasons that have led to colony losses higher than 50% in some areas. This problem has become a public health issue due to the high honey worldwide consumption. The presence of pesticides in honey has been directly related to bees’ mortality by some researchers through pesticide presence in (1) pollen, (2) honeycomb walls, (3) own bees and (4) honey. In this work we describe the actual state-of-the-art for pesticides determination in honey along with a review in this subject focused on sample treatments and instrumentation. Finally, future trends are also commented.     

Wall-jet conductivity detector for microchip capillary electrophoresis

A new end-column ‘hybrid’ contactless conductivity detector for microchip capillary electrophoresis (CE) was developed. It is based on a “hybrid” arrangement where the receiving electrode is insulated by a thin layer of insulator and placed in the bulk solution of the detection reservoir of the chip, whereas the emitting electrode is in contact with the solution eluted from the channel outlet in a wall-jet arrangement. The favorable features of the new detector including the high sensitivity and low noise, can be attributed to both the direct contact of the ‘emitting’ electrode with the analyte solution as well as to the insulation of the detection electrode from the high DC currents in the electrophoretic circuit. Such arrangement provides a 10-fold sensitivity enhancement compared to currently used on-column contactless conductivity CE microchip detector as well as low values of noise and easy operation. The new design of the wall-jet conductivity detector was tested for separation of explosive-related methylammonium, ammonium, and sodium cations. The new detector design reconsiders the wall-jet arrangement for microchip conductivity detection in scope of improved peak symmetry, simplified study of inter-electrode distance, isolation of the electrodes, position of the wall-jet electrode to the separation channel, baseline stability and low limits of detection.     

Determination of congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls in reference materials

Aroclor reference materials from the United States Environmental Protection Agency repository are proposed for use as secondary standards for the congener-specific analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls in environmental samples. Representative samples of the materials have been analyzed using a gas chromatograph equipped with photo-ionization and electron capture detectors. The elution pattern of the congeners was determined for a DB-17 capillary column.     

Operating the pulsed discharged detector in both the electron-capture and photoionization modes within the same GC analysis

Summary Since the electron-capture detector (ECD) is highly selective, it is imperative to use a more universal ionization detector in conjunction with the ECD in order to detect non-capturing or weakly capturing compounds. Also in an EC study of weakly or moderately strong electron-capturing compounds, it is necessary to identify the EC peak of the compound by identifying the major component with an ionization detector. In this paper we have shown that the pulsed discharge detector can be interchanged between the EC and the helium ionization modes within 4–6 s. The application of this procedure has been illustrated with a mixture of alkane/alkene chlorocompounds. The interchange between EC and argon photoionization modes has also been investigated. The change from EC to argon photoionization also occurs in 4–6 s but the reverse process requires 9 s.     

Response of CZT drift-strip detector to X- and gamma rays

The drift-strip method for improving the energy response of a CdZnTe (CZT) detector to hard X- and gamma rays is discussed. Results for a 10×10×3 mm³ detector crystal demonstrate a remarkable improvement of the energy resolution. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) is 2.18 keV (3.6%), 2.45 keV (3.0%), 2.86 keV (0.8%) and 3.89 keV (0.6%) at 60, 80, 356 and 661 keV, respectively. The resolution is limited by electronic noise below 100 keV.     

A dual spectrophotometric/contactless conductivity detector for CE determination of incompletely separated amino acids

A new application is described of a dual photometric/contactless conductivity detector to CE determination of incompletely separated compounds. These compounds are differentiated when one of them provides signals in both the cells of the detector, whereas the other yields a signal in only one cell. The technique has been applied to determination of proline and tyrosine in a dietary supplement.     

Trace analysis of agrochemicals by supercritical fluid chromatography

Capillary supercritical fluid chromatography was performed using solvent-vented injection in conjunction with a thermionic ionization detector. Mixtures of organo-nitrogen and phosphorus containing agrochemicals were chromatographed and detection of low picogram quantities was observed.     

Applications of a miniaturized fluorimetric photodiode array detector for capillary liquid chromatography

A high sensitivity, multichannel fluorescence detector with small volume has been developed for capillary column liquid chromatography. Using an intensified linear photodiode array to monitor fluorescence emission, several important mixtures exhibiting native fluorescence have been examined following high efficiency separation on a capillary column. By correlating mass spectral, fluorescence spectral, and retention time data, information of potential utility in the structural elucidation of aromatic molecules contained in complex mixtures can be obtained. Examples include the separation and spectral examination of the polyaromatic compounds in samples of both biological and environmental interest.     

Element Specific GC-Detection by Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy—A Powerful Tool in Environmental Analysis

Abstract

A new Plasma Emission Detector (FED) to be used in gas chromatography has been developed, consisting of a capacitively coupled helium plasma operating at 200 W and 27 MHz and a poly-chromator system. Elements such as H, C, N, O, S, F, Cl, Br and I can be simultaneously detected, giving way to new possibilities of measuring organic environmental pollutants.

1. Non-separated compounds can be easily measured with the FED, as long as the compounds contain different hetero-elements.

2. The calibration for a complex system as for example the chlorinated HC's demands only for a single standard.

3. The simultaneous detection of all elements of a separated compound allows the calculation of the total molecular formula.

The detection limits for different elements lie between 50 and 200 pg/sec at a signal to noise ratio of 3 to 1.     

Electromembrane extraction combined with gas chromatography for quantification of tricyclic antidepressants in human body fluids

Recent advances in electromembrane extraction (EME) methodology calls for effective and accessible detection methods. Using imipramine and clomipramine as model therapeutics, this proof-of-principle work combines EME with gas chromatography analysis employing a flame ionization detector (FID). The drugs were extracted from acidic aqueous sample solutions, through a supported liquid membrane (SLM) consisting of 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) impregnated on the walls of the hollow fiber. EME parameters, such as SLM composition, type of ion carrier, pH and the composition of donor and acceptor solutions, agitation speed, extraction voltage, and extraction time were studied in detail. Under optimized conditions, the therapeutics were effectively extracted from different matrices with recoveries ranging from 90 to 95%. The samples were preconcentrated 270–280 times prior to GC analysis. Reliable linearity was also achieved for calibration curves with a regression coefficient of at least 0.995. Detection limits and intra-day precision (n = 3) were less than 0.7 ng mL⁻¹ and 8.5%, respectively. Finally, method was applied to determination and quantification of drugs in human plasma and urine samples and satisfactory results were achieved.     

非衍生气相色谱法快速测定冰醋酸中的微量甲酸

冰醋酸是最重要的有机酸之一,甲酸是冰醋酸中的主要杂质,其含量的多少直接影响冰醋酸的质量。现行国内外标准方法是利用化学方法对冰醋酸中微量的甲酸进行测定,其操作步骤繁琐,费时费力,完成测定工作约需要几个工作日,无法满足贸易结算的快速测定的需要。目前微量甲酸一般采用衍生气相色谱法测定。对甲酸直接定量测定的方法有离子色谱法、气相色谱／质谱法（GC／MS）以及气相色谱／热导检测法（TCD）。本文利用电子捕获检测器（ECD）检测甲酸,避免了衍生化或者标记方法的繁琐及化学法费时费力的缺点,而且其灵敏度远远优于TCD和氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）,同时又克服了MS检测器不易定量的缺点,为进口冰醋酸的准确快速测定提供了技术保证。     

Capillary electrophoretic system incorporating an UV/CL dual detector

We developed a capillary electrophoretic system incorporating an ultra-violet absorption (UV)/chemiluminescence (CL) dual detector, taking advantage of the CL reaction of luminol-hydrogen peroxide and the batch-type CL detection cell. UV detection was carried out using the on-capillary method while CL detection was performed using the end-capillary method. Examination of isoluminol isothiocyanate (ILITC) as a model sample revealed two main peaks with UV detection and one main peak with CL detection. The first peak in the UV detection data corresponded to the main peak in the CL detection data. We then determined that the ILITC sample included natural ILITC as well as an impurity that had absorption behavior but did not have CL properties and labeling ability. Furthermore, the components of a mixture containing glycine, glycylglycine and glycylglycylglycine, all labeled with ILITC, were well separated and detected using the present system. The present system easily, rapidly, and simultaneously produces useful information due to the presence of both UV and CL detectors.     

液相色谱仪检测器新规程的检定方法与特定条件汇总

介绍新版本液相色谱仪检定规程(JJG 705–2014)中3种变动较大检测器的检定方法,如荧光检测器、示差折光率检测器、蒸发光散射检测器。对检定不同厂家检测器设定的特定检定条件进行了汇总。