Solvent effects,species and extraction method effects,and coinitiator effects in the grafting of lignin

A general method of grafting lignin has been developed which allows solvent extracted lignin, steam exploded lignin, and kraft lignin to be converted to complex polymers. The lignins grafted have been obtained from aspen, poplar, oak, grasses, and pine. The lignins are research samples, pilot plant products, and commerical products from paper production. Nonionic copolymers of virtually any composition and molecular weight can be made from lignin and 2-propenamide by free radical reaction of 2-propenamide in the presence of the lignin. The water soluble product is a thickening agent and has limiting viscosity number in water at 30°C that vary from 0.1 to 2.0 dL/g. The grafting reaction is rapid and yields of 80 wt % or more can be obtained in as little as 30 min from reactions run in 1,4-dioxacyclohexane or dimethylsulfoxide. The reaction is initiated by a hydroperoxide, chloride ion, and lignin.     

Solvent and temperature effects on the reduction and amination reactions of electrophiles by lithium dialkylaminoborohydrides

The influence of temperature and solvent effects on the reduction and amination mechanisms of iodomethane by lithium N,N-diisopropylaminoborohydride (iPr-LAB) was examined in varying concentrations of THF and dioxane. The reactions of benzyl chloride and trimethylsilyl chloride with iPr-LAB in THF were also studied. The amination of iodomethane is favored over reduction at low and room temperatures in pure THF and with increasing the amount of dioxane in THF. At higher temperatures, the reduction reaction appears to compete with the amination. In dioxane solvent, however, iodomethane yields exclusively the amination product regardless of temperature. On the other hand, reduction by iPr-LAB to the aminoborane is the only product observed in THF when benzyl chloride and trimethylsilyl chloride are used. To understand the solvent effects on the product distribution, ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to examine the mechanisms of reduction and amination of chloromethane and bromomethane by lithium dimethylaminoborohydride (LAB) in THF and dioxane. The results of these calculations show that the relative reaction barrier heights are significantly affected by the nature of the coordinated solvent molecule and thus lend support to the experimental observations.     

NaBH4/I2催化加氢还原碱木质素的研究

从麦草碱法制浆黑液中提取木质素,精制后,以苯乙酮为木质素的模型化合物,对催化剂组成及溶剂进行了考察.在此基础上,以NaBH4/I2为催化剂,无水乙醇为溶剂,对木质素进行加氢还原裂解反应研究.考察了温度和时间对木质素催化加氢效果的影响,采用红外光谱(FTIR)、元素分析及凝胶渗透色谱分析(GPC),表征木质素反应前后结构的变化.凝胶渗透色谱分析表明,加氢还原后木质素的分子量明显降低.采用自动电位滴定法测定反应前后木质素中总羟基含量,反应后木质素中总羟基含量为10.19%.得到了NaBH4/I2催化木质素加氢还原反应的最优条件:以1,2-二氯乙烷和乙醇(2∶1,v/v)作溶剂,m(NaBH4)∶m(I2)=1∶1,温度175℃,反应时间15 h.     

Control of chain ends of polyesters in polycondensation of AA and BB monomers by use of solid‐phase reagent

For selective synthesis of linear polyester having a functional group at one end, polycondensation between 1,4‐butanediol ( 1a ) and sebacoyl chloride ( 2a ) and between 1,12‐dodecanediol ( 1b ) and isophthaloyl chloride ( 2b ) was conducted in the presence of oxime resin or oxime silica gel, followed by cleavage of the formed polyester from the solid‐phase support with aniline. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectra and ¹H NMR spectra of the cleaved polyester showed that the products contained not only polyester with anilide at one end ( poly 1 ), but also polyester with anilides at both ends ( poly 2 ). The product ratio of poly 1 to poly 2 ( poly 1 / poly 2 ) was dependent on monomers, monomer concentration, feed ratio of monomer to oxime moiety in the support, oxime content in the support, reaction solvent, and the nature of the support. Polyester with a high poly 1 / poly 2 ratio of 81/21 and moderate molecular weight (M_n = 1430 g/mol) was obtained by polycondensation of 1b and 2b in the presence of oxime silica gel in dichloromethane. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015 , 53, 1379–1386     

Preparation and Characterization of Biobased Lignin-Co-Polyester/Amide Thermoplastics

More than 23 million tonnes of lignin are produced annually in the US from wood pulping and 98% of this lignin is burnt. Therefore, creating products from lignin, such as plastics, offers an approach for obtaining sustainable materials in a circular economy. Lignin-based copolymers were synthesized using a single pot, solvent free, melt condensation reaction. The synthesis occurred in two stages. In the first stage, a biobased prepolymer consisting of butanediol (BD, 0.8–1 molar content) and a diacid (succinic (SA), adipic (AA) and suberic acids (SuA), with varying amounts of diaminobutane (DAB, 0–0.2 molar content) was heated under vacuum and monitored by Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). In the second stage, prepolymer was mixed with a softwood kraft lignin (0–50 wt.%) and further reacted under vacuum at elevated temperature. Progression of the polymerization reaction was monitored using FTIR spectroscopy. The lignin-copolyester/amide properties were characterized using tensile testing, X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. Lignin co-polymer tensile (strength 0.1–2.1 MPa and modulus 2 to 338 MPa) properties were found to be influenced by the diacid chain length, lignin, and DAB contents. The lignin-copolymers were shown to be semi-crystalline polymer and have thermoplastic behavior. The SA based copolyesters/amides were relatively stiff and brittle materials while the AA based copolyesters/amides were flexible and the SuA based copolyesters/amides fell in-between. Additionally, > 30 wt.% lignin the lignin- copolyesters/amides did not exhibit melt behavior. Lignin-co-polyester/amides can be generated using green synthesis methods from biobased building blocks. The lignin- copolyesters/amides properties could be tuned based on the lignin content, DAB content and diacid chain length. This approach shows that undervalued lignin can be used in as a macromonomer in producing thermoplastic materials.     

氟烷基化和氟烷氧基化的研究 23: 锌单电子转移引发全氟烷基碘与吡咯的反应

在二甲亚砜或二甲基甲酰胺中, 锌能迅速引发全氟烷基碘(1)与吡咯的反应, 生成2-氟烷基吡咯(3); 在二氧六环中, 主要生成全氟烷基碘的偶合产物5; 在乙腈、二乙二醇二甲醚或苯等溶剂中, 则同时生成3和5, 反应能被二硝基苯阻止. 加入二烯丙基醚能得到氟烷基取代的四氢呋喃衍生物. 反应可能经锌单电子转移引发的自由基机理. 对溶剂效应作了讨论.     

Reaction of sulfur with poly(vinyl chloride)

The reaction of elemental sulfur with poly(vinyl chloride) is studied in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and without any solvent under various conditions. Black polymers containing 3.77–57.64% chemically bonded sulfur and, according to IR spectroscopy, including >C=C< and >C=S groups in macromolecules are obtained. It is shown that the diffraction curves of poly(vinyl chloride) and of the reaction product containing 7.82% almost coincide but that the thermal stability of the latter is considerably higher than that of the initial polymer. The prospects of the practical use of the products of the reaction of poly(vinyl chloride) with elemental sulfur are demonstrated.     

三（对乙酰基苯基）甲烷的合成及表征

以三苯甲烷（TPM）和乙酰氯为原料,以无水三氯化铝为催化剂,二氯乙烷为溶剂,经过乙酰化反应得到三（对乙酰基苯基）甲烷（TAcPM）．讨论了原料配比、溶剂、温度和后处理等因素对产率的影响,并采用红外、核磁及元素分析对TAcPM的结构进行了表征．     

氯苄双羰化合成苯丙酮酸新型催化剂吡啶-2-羧酸钴 研究

实验发现吡啶-2-羧酸钴是氯苄双羰化合成苯丙酮的新颖催化剂。在水和1,4-二氧六环混合溶剂中,当T=353K,p=2.4mPa,V(H2O):V(dioxane)=1:1.1,氧化钙与氯苄克分子比为1.00,氯苄与吡啶-2-羰酸钴的摩尔比为1:0.05时,氯苄转化率为74.5%,选择性达99%,苯丙酮酸产率为73.8%。研究了反应条件对苯丙酮酸产率和选择性的影响,并使用IR,UV,GC-MS等对产物进行了测定。     

Cleavage of the natural lignin and the dioxane lignin of kenaf by thioacetic acid

The dioxane lignin and the natural lignin of kenaf undergo 37.62% and 94.6% cleavage, respectively. The combined monomeric degradation products have been studied by the GLC method. The presence of substances relating to three types of structural units has been established: p-coumaryl, gualacyl, and syringyl. It has been shown by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 (with ethanol-water (9:1) as solvent and eluent) that the phenolic products of degradation extracted by ethyl acetate at pH 2 consist of five fractions: oligomers, tetramers, trimers, dimers, and monomers.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 234–235, March–April, 1986.     

反应介质对N,N-二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸苄酯引发丙烯酰胺聚合反应的影响

The effects of reaction medium (alcohol, dioxane, dioxane/alcohol)on the heterogenous polymerization of acrylamide initiated by BDC (benzyl diethyldiothiocarbate)were studied. The results showed that herterogenous polymerization differed from homogeneous solution polymerization initiated by BDCand did not have the character of living radical polymerization. The polarity of reaction medium affected the enolization of acrylamide obviously, and made the yield of polymer and molecular weight different from each other, behaving obvious solvent effects.The UVspectra of products and polymerization of acrylamide initiated by products, show that iniferter functional groups remained in products.     

反应介质对N，N－二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸苄酯引发丙烯酰胺聚合反应的影响

反应介质对Ｎ，Ｎ－二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸苄酯引发丙烯酰胺聚合反应的影响杨文君，沈家骢（青岛化工学院橡塑工程研究所，青岛，２６６０４２）（吉林大学化学系）关键词聚丙烯酰胺，溶剂效应，自由基聚合，引发－转移－终止剂近年来，具有结构的有机硫化物以其优良的Ｉｎ...     

聚对羟基苯乙烯单体的中间体——对特丁氧酰氧基苯乙烯合成方法的改进

通过改进反应溶剂,用Wittig反应合成了对特丁氧酰氧基苯乙烯,以中性Al2O3为固定相,正己烷为流动相,采用普通液相色谱分离提纯了混合产物,改进简化了分离方法。结果表明,所得目标产物对特丁氧酰氧基苯乙烯纯度达99%以上,产率为60%~70%,中间产物对特丁氧酰氧基苯甲醛可以定量合成,反应的副产物主要是三苯基氧化膦。对目标产物、中间产物和一些反应副产物进行了红外和核磁共振分析。     

超支化聚硅氧基硅烷的合成及其表征

基于线性聚硅氧烷在国防、能源和化工等领域的广泛应用,具有新颖拓扑结构和大量功能性端基的超支化聚硅氧烷引起了国内外科学工作者的广泛兴趣[1~7].到目前为止,主要是采用水解缩聚的方法合成超支化单体,在铂系催化剂存在下进行硅氢加成反应或者在碱催化剂存在下进行质子转移聚合制备超支化聚合物[8~12].然而,以上合成超支化聚硅氧烷的方法仍然存在一定的不足.例如,水解法步骤繁琐,通常在第一步反应结束后需要多次除水,并继续滴加单氯硅烷以得到完全取代的大单体;同时多官能度单体容易水解自缩聚,产生A2B4或A3B6等副产物,不仅不利于结构控…     

The synthesis, structure and properties of N-acetylated derivatives of ethyl 3-amino-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate

Ethyl 3-amino-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate (1) was yielded through total synthesis and reacted with acetic anhydride to give the acetylated products 2-6. Compounds 1-6 were studied with HPLC, X-ray, FT-IR, (1)H-NMR, (13)C-NMR and MS. Acetylation was carried out in solvents of various polarity, namely; chloroform; dioxane; DMF; acetic anhydride, at room temperature and at boiling points; and in the presence and absence of DMAP. The acetylated products are mainly nitrogen atoms in the ring. The position of the ring proton in the solution was based on NOESY; multinuclear HMBC, HSQC spectra and calculations. For equivalent amounts (1-1.5 mol) of acetic anhydride at room temperature two products of monoacetylation are produced in the ring: 2 and 3, ca. 2 : 1 and at the same time only small amount of the third product of monoacetylated, 5 in DMF, as well the product diacetylated, 4. The greatest amount of the product 4 is produced during the reaction with chloroform. However, in this solvent and in dioxane no product 5 is produced. Compound 2 is, largely, formed in dimethylformamide, in the presence DMAP, 0.2 eq. In the presence of this catalytic base, for the first hour, there is a mixture 2 and 3 to the ratio ca. 95 : 5. With 8 eq of Ac(2)O at reflux, after another hour, the compounds 3, 4 and 6 appear about equal amounts. After a longer time, the compound, which appears most in this mixture is triacetylated derivative 6. The structural and spectroscopic characteristics of compounds 1-6 have been given and the methods for their preparation have been provided.     

Degradation of Lignin Model Compounds in Organic Solvents. Part 1. Preliminary Studies

Preliminary studies were conducted on the degradation of guaiacylglycerol-β-aryl ether (β-O-4′), phenylcoumaran (β-5′) and biphenyl (5–5′) type lignin model compounds in the organic solvent systems such as ethanol-water (1:1, v/v) and 2-butanone-water (1:1, v/v), in the presence of a di- or trivalent inorganic salt to act as a Lewis acid in the temperature range 140–170°C and with a reaction time up to 60 minutes. The inorganic salts investigated include aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, and stannic chloride. The results indicate that lignin model compounds of both phenolic and non-phenolicβ-O-4′ types are susceptible to degradation in organic solvent systems in the presence of one of these salts. Stannic chloride was found to be the most suitable catalyst for the degradation of β-O-4′ type lignin model compounds in the organic solvent systems. In contrast, lignin model compounds of β-5′ and 5–5′ types did not undergo degradation under the same reaction conditions. A possible reaction mechanism for the degradation of β-O-4′ type lignin model compounds in organic solvent system in the presence of stannic chloride is discussed.     

2-吲哚酮和5-甲基-2-吲哚酮的无溶剂法制备

以苯胺和氯乙酰氯为原料在NaOH存在下酰化合成N-氯乙酰基苯胺,然后N-氯乙酰基苯胺在无水AICI,催化下环化合成2-吲哚酮．对由N-氯乙酰基苯胺合成2-吲哚酮的工艺条件进行了改进．结果表明合成2-吲哚酮的最佳条件为：反应温度为220℃,反应时间为60min,加料时温度为180℃,N-氯乙酰基苯胺与氯化钠,无水AlCl3的重量比为1：1：5．5．改进后的合成2-吲哚酮收率达到88．3％,纯度99％,收率比原工艺提高了24．6％．在此基础上,还合成了5-甲基-2-吲哚酮,并得到其最佳条件为：反应温度为190℃,反应时间为30min,加料时温度为180℃,4-甲基-N-氯乙酰基苯胺与氯化钠,无水AlCl3的重量比为1：1：5．5,收率达到83．1％,纯度为99％．     

Synthesis and Properties of Poly(Organophosphazenes) Electrolyte

Abstract

To prepare electrolytes using poly(organophosphazenes), poly(bisanilinophosphazene) selected was carried out with the various concentration of sulfonic chloride in tetra-chloroethane solvent using vigorously sterring at room temperature for 4 hr. The products prepared were determined with IR and chemical analysis. It was found that the -SO₃H groups in the product appeared at 1,1050 cm^?1, 1,030 cm^?1 and 550 cm^?1, and the reaction rate of sulfonic chloride was about 34%-55% under this experimental conditions. Also, the products had two kind of glass transition temperatures such as 63°C and -18°C, respectively, and the values were lower in comparison with that of starting polymer. Furthermore, the conductivity of the product at room temperature was determined and the conductivity was increased the concentration of -SO₃H groups. It was found that the product having -SO₃H groups was able to ion exchange with Li⁺ or Cu²⁺ ions under aqueous solution. Also, the ion exchange rate was determined with the titration of alkaline aqueous solution with a standard solution of HCl. The products formed after the ion exchange reaction had higher conductivity in comparison with that of the polymer.     

金属氯化醇盐的红外光谱分析

金属氯化醇盐作为一种溶胶．凝胶法新型前驱体,其分子结构较为复杂,但关于它们结构的红外光谱分析却很少。为此,文章分别对四氯化钛和三氯化铝与乙醇、异丙醇及正丁醇的反应产物——金属氯化醇盐进行了红外光谱测试分析。结果发现,由于四氯化钛中钛的反应活性参数Rn较小,同时三氯化铝中离子键较少,因此,它们与醇之间只发生了部分亲核取代反应,导致产物中残余一定量的Ti-Cl和Al-Cl键合,即反应产物为铝、钛氯化醇盐,这样造成铝氯化醇盐的红外图谱中存在Al-Cl键合振动吸收峰,而钛氯化醇盐中C-O-Ti键合的C-O伸缩振动吸收峰峰位也明显有别于纯的金属钛醇盐。