Beiträge zur Chemie des Siliciums und Germaniums. XXXIII [1]. Zur Darstellung von Kaliumsilyl

Reines, monoglyme- und kaliumhydridfreies, kristallines Kaliumsilyl wird aus Monosilan und Na/K-Legierung in Monoglyme unter Anwendung einer speziellen Art der Dosierung von Monosilan erhalten. Die analytische Charakterisierung der Verbindung ist durch Hydrolyse sowie durch Umsetzung mit Benzylchlorid und nachfolgende gaschromatographische Untersuchung des Reaktionsproduktes möglich. Löslichkeitsuntersuchungen von Kaliumsilyl in verschiedenen Solventien haben in Monoglyme eine zunehmende Löslichkeit mit abnehmender Temperatur ergeben. Die Leitfähigkeit einer Lösung von Kaliumsilyl in Monoglyme ist gemessen worden. Contributions to the Chemistry of Silicon and Germanium. XXXIII. On the Preparation of Potassium Silyl Pure, crystalline potassium silyl, free of glyme and potassium hydride, is prepared from monosilane and Na/K alloy, using a special method of dosing the monosilane. The substance was characterized by hydrolysis and by gaschromatographic investigation of the products from its reaction with benzyl chloride. Studying the solubility of potassium silyl in different solvents an increasing solubility in glyme is observed while the temperature is lowered. The conductivity of a solution of potassium silyl in glyme has been measured.     

Oxidative-stability enhancement and charge transport mechanism in glyme-lithium salt equimolar complexes

The oxidative stability of glyme molecules is enhanced by the complex formation with alkali metal cations. Clear liquid can be obtained by simply mixing glyme (triglyme or tetraglyme) with lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (Li[TFSA]) in a molar ratio of 1:1. The equimolar complex [Li(triglyme or tetraglyme)(1)][TFSA] maintains a stable liquid state over a wide temperature range and can be regarded as a room-temperature ionic liquid consisting of a [Li(glyme)(1)](+) complex cation and a [TFSA](-) anion, exhibiting high self-dissociativity (ionicity) at room temperature. The electrochemical oxidation of [Li(glyme)(1)][TFSA] takes place at the electrode potential of ~5 V vs Li/Li(+), while the oxidation of solutions containing excess glyme molecules ([Li(glyme)(x)][TFSA], x > 1) occurs at around 4 V vs Li/Li(+). This enhancement of oxidative stability is due to the donation of lone pairs of ether oxygen atoms to the Li(+) cation, resulting in the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level lowering of a glyme molecule, which is confirmed by ab initio molecular orbital calculations. The solvation state of a Li(+) cation and ion conduction mechanism in the [Li(glyme)(x)][TFSA] solutions is elucidated by means of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electrochemical methods. The experimental results strongly suggest that Li(+) cation conduction in the equimolar complex takes place by the migration of [Li(glyme)(1)](+) cations, whereas the ligand exchange mechanism is overlapped when interfacial electrochemical reactions of [Li(glyme)(1)](+) cations occur. The ligand exchange conduction mode is typically seen in a lithium battery with a configuration of [Li anode|[Li(glyme)(1)][TFSA]|LiCoO(2) cathode] when the discharge reaction of a LiCoO(2) cathode, that is, desolvation of [Li(glyme)(1)](+) and insertion of the resultant Li(+) into the cathode, occurs at the electrode-electrolyte interface. The battery can be operated for more than 200 charge-discharge cycles in the cell voltage range of 3.0-4.2 V, regardless of the use of ether-based electrolyte, because the ligand exchange rate is much faster than the electrode reaction rate.     

Mechanism and scope of the cyanide-catalyzed cross silyl benzoin reaction

In this work, cross silyl benzoin addition reactions between acylsilanes (1) and aldehydes (2) catalyzed by metal cyanides are described. Unsymmetrical aryl-, heteroaryl-, and alkyl-substituted benzoin adducts can be generated in moderate to excellent yields with complete regiocontrol using potassium cyanide and a phase transfer catalyst. From a screen of transition metal cyanide complexes, lanthanum tricyanide was identified as an improved second-generation catalyst for the cross silyl benzoin reaction. A study of the influence of water on the KCN-catalyzed cross silyl benzoin addition revealed more practical reaction conditions using unpurified solvent under ambient conditions. A sequential silyl benzoin addition/cyanation/O-acylation reaction that resulted in two new C-C bonds was achieved in excellent yield. The mechanism of cross silyl benzoin addition is proposed in detail and is supported by crossover studies and a number of unambiguous experiments designed to ascertain the reversibility of key steps. No productive chemistry arises from cyanation of the more electrophilic aldehyde component. Formation of the carbon-carbon bond is shown to be the last irreversible step in the reaction.     

Modified polysulfones. IV. Synthesis and characterization of polymers with silicon substituents for a comparative study of gas‐transport properties

We previously conducted a detailed study of gas‐transport and other properties of a series of silicon derivatives of Udel polysulfone (PSf) and Radel polyphenylsulfone; we now report the details of their preparation by the reaction of lithiated polymer intermediates with chlorosilylalkylaryl electrophiles. Ortho‐sulfone‐substituted polymers with pendant trimethylsilyl, dimethylphenylsilyl, and diphenylmethylsilyl and other groups were obtained by direct metalation followed by the reaction of the dilithiated intermediate with the appropriate silyl electrophile. In addition, the structural regularity and geometry of the dilithiated site was also exploited to introduce silicon into the main chain by the reaction of dichlorosilyl electrophiles, leading to the formation of a new tricyclic heteroatom ring. Ortho‐ether PSf derivatives were obtained from a dibrominated polymer via the lithiation of brominated polymer and reaction with a silyl electrophile. The degree of substitution of the silyl groups was 2.0 or less from dilithiated polymers and was dependent on the electrophile reactivity and reaction conditions. A detailed structural characterization of the polymers by NMR and IR spectroscopy is reported in addition to glass‐transition temperatures and thermal stabilities. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 2103–2124, 2001     

Acetoformic anhydride in the synthesis of chromones. 1. Synthesis of 3-hetarylchromones

It was shown that the reaction of -(het)aryl-2,4-dihydroxy- and 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenones with acetoformic anhydride catalyzed by sodium formate is an effective method for the preparation of chromones containing a heteroaromatic residue at the 3-position. The yield of the chromone and the rate of the reaction increase with increase in the -deficiency of this residue or in the presence of a hydroxy group in the 6-position of the starting acetophenone. In the last case the method is also applicable to the preparation of the difficulty available 3-aryl-5,7-dihydroxychromones. Chromones with a nitrogencontaining residue are formed without the use of any catalyst.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 625–631, May, 1991.     

The mannich reaction-II : Derivatization of aldehydes and ketones using dimethyl(methylene)ammonium salts

Aldehydes and ketones have been converted efficiently to their corresponding Mannich products by various dimethyl(methylene)ammonium salts under a range of reaction conditions. The several methods used to form these derivatives are compared. Excellent approaches to aldehyde derivatives involve treating the enol silyl ether of the carbonyl compound with methyllithium and then an iminium salt, or directly adding the iminium salt to the enol silyl ether. Ketones may be derivatized effectively by treatment with potassium hydride, followed by an iminium salt, or from the enol silyl ether by addition of the iminium reagent. Use of iminium reagents in the Mannich reaction is recommended because the yields are often good and the site of attachment on an unsymmetrical ketone is both predictable and controllable.     

Low temperature reaction of aromatic hydrocarbons with ethylene and solvated electrons

A wide variety of aromatic hydrocarbons can be ethylated at benzylic and aromatic positions by treatment with ethylene and potassium in glyme/octaglyme at ?25°C.     

2-O-propargyl ethers: readily cleavable, minimally intrusive protecting groups for beta-mannosyl donors

[reaction: see text]. The use of 2-O-propargyl ethers as protecting groups in 4,6-O-benzylidene-protected mannopyranosyl donors bearing either bulky silyl groups or glycosidic linkages on O3 overcomes the poor stereoselectivity achieved with the corresponding 2-O-benzyl ethers, due to a reduction of steric buttressing. Deprotection is conducted by treatment with potassium tert-butoxide followed by catalytic osmium tetroxide and N-methylmorpholine N-oxide.     

Asymmetric Synthesis of Biaryl Atropisomers Using an Organocatalyst-Mediated Domino Reaction as the Key Step

A three-pot synthetic method that features the use of an organocatalyst as the key step was developed for the preparation of biaryl atropisomers. The first reaction is an asymmetric domino Michael–Henry reaction catalyzed by diphenylprolinol silyl ether to afford the substituted nitrocyclohexanecarbaldehyde with four stereogenic centers and one defined configuration of a stereogenic axis with excellent enantioselectivity. Removal of the central chirality from the domino products afforded biaryl atropisomers having axial chirality with excellent enantioselectivity.     

Direct preparation of nucleoside vinyl disulfides from 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl sulfides, an access to vinylthiols

We report here a straightforward preparation of various nucleoside vinyl disulfides in high yields under mild conditions using the new reaction of vinyl 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl (TMSE) sulfides with sulfenyl chlorides. This reaction allows the preparation of various mixed disulfides from stable silyl sulfides without formation of oxidizable and/or unstable thiols. The easy preparation of vinyl disulfides through this reaction should offer new perspectives in vinylthiol chemistry.     

孤岛渣油超临界水-合成气中悬浮床加氢裂化反应研究 Ⅱ. 不同氢源下的加氢裂化反应

为了研究替代氢源加氢的有效性,对孤岛渣油以磷钼酸为催化剂,在不同氢源(CO+H2/H2O、CO/H2O、H2/H2O、H2)中悬浮床加氢裂化反应进行了研究。结果表明,超临界水中现场发生的水-气转化反应提供的加氢氢源是一种具有高加氢活性的原子态氢。在适宜的反应条件下,孤岛渣油在超临界水-合成气中的加氢裂化反应过程在抑制生焦、反应产物分布等方面与对应的分子氢存在下孤岛渣油加氢裂化反应结果几乎一致,反应体系中水的存在主要作用是提供水-气转化反应的条件,在没有水-气转化发生的体系中,水的存在对加氢过程有抑制作用,总之、利用现场发生水-气转化反应为加氢提供氢源的孤岛渣油超临界水-合成气中悬浮床催化加氢裂化是一项有效的渣油加氢改质技术。     

Highly Efficient Access to Both Geometric Isomers of Silyl Enol Ethers: Sequential 1,2‐Brook/Wittig Reactions

Novel sequential 1,2‐Brook/Wittig reactions were developed for the preparation of silyl enol ethers. This method enables highly selective preparation of both geometric isomers of glyoxylate silyl enol ethers, using aldehydes (E‐selective) and tosylimines (Z‐selective) as a Wittig electrophile. The salt‐free conditions of this reaction system are likely to be advantageous for switching the selectivity. The optimal reaction conditions and generality of the reaction were investigated, and plausible explanations for the observed selectivity were also discussed.     

New strategic reactions for organic synthesis: catalytic asymmetric C-H activation alpha to oxygen as a surrogate to the aldol reaction

The C-H activation of silyl ethers by means of rhodium carbenoid-induced C-H insertion represents a very direct method for the stereoselective synthesis of silyl-protected beta-hydroxy esters. The reaction can proceed with very high regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivity and represents a surrogate to the aldol reaction. The reaction is catalyzed by the rhodium prolinate complex Rh(2)(S-DOSP)(4). A critical requirement for the high chemoselectivity is the use of donor/acceptor-substituted carbenoids such as those derived from methyl aryldiazoacetates. A range of silyl ethers may be used such as allyl silyl ethers, tetraalkoxysilanes, and even simple trimethylsilyl alkyl ethers. In general, C-H activation preferentially occurs at methylene sites, as the reactivity is controlled by a delicate balance between steric and electronic effects.     

Beiträge zur Chemie der Silicium-Schwefel-Verbindungen. XXXIX. Blei(II)-bis-tri-tert-butoxysilanthiolat

Contributions to the Chemistry of Silicon Sulfur Compounds. XXXIX. Lead(II)-bis-tritertbutoxysilanethiolate The title compound 1 is formed from (t-C₄H₉O)₃SiSH and PbO by an exothermic reaction. In benzene solution 1 is monomeric, whereas a solvated dimer the structure of which was determined crystallizes from glyme solutions. The F.I. mass spectrum only shows the mass of the monomeric unit. The ²⁹Si n.m.r. spectrum shows only one sharp signal at δ = ?68.33 ppm. The central four-membered (Pb₂S₂) ring of the dimer is puckered (butterfly; 51.2°). The folding takes place at the Pb atoms. The Pb atoms are threefold coordinated by S atoms (d_endo = 278.9 pm; d_exo = 258.6 pm) whereas the S atoms are bonded to two Pb atoms and one Si atom (208.8–214.3 pm).     

Preparation of proximal β-hydroxy silyl enol ethers from α,β-epoxyketones using silyllithium reagents

A new method for the stereoselective preparation of proximal β-hydroxy silyl enol ethers from α,β-epoxyketones using silyllithium reagents has been developed. The reaction is believed to proceed via Brook rearrangement assisted by opening of the adjacent epoxide. A number of α,β-epoxyketones were reacted with methyldiphenylsilyllithium to form the corresponding proximal β-hydroxy silyl enol ethers in good to excellent yield and excellent stereoselectivity.     

Simultaneous effect of microemulsions and phase-transfer agents on aminolysis reactions

The catalytic effect of triethylene glycol dimethyl ether (glyme) on the butylaminolysis of 4-nitrophenylcaprate (NPC) in water/AOT/chlorobenzene microemulsions has been studied. Experimental results show the existence of four simultaneous reaction pathways. One of them takes place at the microemulsion interphase where the rate-determining step of butylaminolysis is the formation of the addition intermediate, T+/-. The locus of the other three pathways is the continuous medium of the microemulsion. These three pathways consist of the decomposition of the addition intermediate catalyzed by butylamine, by glyme, and by both of them. The kinetic model allows us to obtain the value of every rate and distribution constant involved in the overall reaction mechanism. We must emphasize that the reactions located in the continuous medium exhibit a kinetic behavior similar to the corresponding one found in pure chlorobenzene. On the basis of the pseudophase model, the percentage of reaction in each of the microdomains of the microemulsion has been calculated. Likewise, changes in the loci of reaction from the interphase to the continuous medium as a function of catalyst concentration have been proved.     

Preparation of silyl enol ethers from acyloin derivatives using silyllithium reagents

A new method for the regioselective preparation of silyl enol ethers from acyloin derivatives using silyllithium reagents has been developed. Both dimethylphenyl- and methyldiphenylsilyllithium were found to be effective, the latter providing greater stereocontrol. The reaction is believed to proceed via Brook rearrangement assisted by expulsion of the adjacent leaving group. A number of acyclic acyloin derivatives were reacted to form the corresponding silyl enol ethers in good to excellent yield.     

Tetrasilatetrahedranide: a silicon cage anion

The first silicon cage anion, tris{bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl](methyl)silyl}tetrasilatetrahedranide (6-), has been synthesized by the reaction of tetrakis{bis[bis(trimethylsilylmethyl](methyl)silyl}tetrasilatetrahedrane with potassium graphite in diethyl ether by reductive cleavage of exocyclic Si-Si bond. The structural characterization of K+(18-crown-6).6- has been achieved by X-ray crystallography, showing that 6- is a separated ion pair and the tetrasilatetrahedranide moiety has a significantly distorted tetrahedrane skeleton containing one inverted tetrahedral (umbrella type) silicon atom. The four silicon atoms in the Si4 skeleton are equivalent on the NMR time scale due to the migration of the Dis2MeSi substituent.     

Alkene synthesis: elimination of arenesulfinic acid from alkyl aryl sulfones using potassium trimethylsilanolate as base

The use of potassium trimethylsilanolate as base to induce elimination of potassium arenesulfinate from alkyl aryl sulfones to produce E-alkenes is described. The reaction was appropriate for substrates containing a benzyl or allyl group α to the sulfone residue.     

An Efficient Preparation of Hexamethyldisilane

The striking reactivity conferred by silicon on organic molecules of widely diverse structural type has prompted considerable interest during the last decade in methods for the generation of silicon-carbon bonds and the subsequent transformations of the resultant organosilicon compounds. The highly nucleophilic silyl anions seem particularly suited to serve as precursors to these organosilicon compounds, although, in some cases, they have been postulated to react as one-electron transfer reagents.¹ Although silyl anions have been known for some time², only recently have efficient in situ methods been devised for the preparation of trimethylsilyllithium³, -sodium⁴ and -potassium⁵ from hexamethyldisilane (1) and methyllithium, sodium methoxide and potassium methoxide, respectively. These trimethylsilyl anions undergo reaction