Laminar flow through channels with porous walls and with an applied transverse magnetic field

Summary The problem of two-dimensional steady laminar flow of a viscous incompressible and electrically conducting fluid through a channel with two equally porous walls in the presence of a transverse magnetic field has been extended to include all values of Hartmann number and small suction velocity at the walls. Expressions for the velocity components, the pressure and the wall friction in terms of the Hartmann number and the suction Reynolds number are given. It is found that the pressure drop in the major flow direction and the wall friction decrease with the increase in suction and increase with the increase in the strength of the magnetic field.     

Wall functions for numerical modeling of laminar MHD flows

A general wall function treatment is presented for the numerical modeling of laminar magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows. The wall function expressions are derived analytically from the steady-state momentum and electric potential equations, making use only of local variables of the numerical solution. No assumptions are made regarding the orientation of the magnetic field relative to the wall, nor of the magnitude of the Hartmann number, or the wall conductivity. The wall functions are used for defining implicit boundary conditions for velocity and electric potential, and for computing mass flow and electrical currents in near wall-cells. The wall function treatment was validated in a finite volume formulation, and compared with an analytic solution for a fully developed channel flow in a transverse magnetic field. For the case with insulating walls, a uniform 20×20 grid, and Hartmann numbers Ha={10,30,100}, the accuracy of pressure drop and wall shear stress predictions was {1.1%,1.6%,0.5%}, respectively. Comparable results were obtained also with conducting Hartmann walls. The accuracy of predicted pressure drop and wall shear stress was essentially independent of the resolution of the Hartmann layers. When applied also to the parallel walls, the wall functions reduced the errors by a factor two to three. The wall functions can be implemented in any general flow solver, to allow accurate predictions at reasonable cost even for complex geometries and nonuniform magnetic fields.     

Blood flow in stenosed arteries with radially variable viscosity, peripheral plasma layer thickness and magnetic field

A novel approach of combined mathematical and computational models has been developed to investigate the oscillatory two-layered flow of blood through arterial stenosis in the presence of a transverse uniform magnetic field applied. Blood in the core region and plasma fluid in the peripheral layer region are assumed to obey the law of Newtonian fluid. An analytical solution is obtained for velocity profile and volumetric flow rate in the peripheral plasma region and also wall shear stress. Finite difference method is employed to solve the momentum equation for the core region. The numerical solutions for velocity, flow rate and flow resistance are computed. The effects of various parameters associated with the present flow problem such as radially variable viscosity, hematocrit, plasma layer thickness, magnetic field and pulsatile Reynolds number on the physiologically important flow characteristics namely velocity distribution, flow rate, wall shear stress and resistance to flow have been investigated. It is observed that the velocity increases with the increase of plasma layer thickness. An increase or a decrease in the velocity and wall shear stress against the increase in the value of magnetic parameter (Hartmann number) and hematocrit is dependent on the value of t. An increase in magnetic field leads to an increase in the flow resistance and it decreases with the increase in the plasma layer thickness and pulsatile Reynolds number. The information concerning the phase lag between the flow characteristics and how it is affected by the hematocrit, plasma layer thickness and Hartmann number has, for the first time, been added to the literature.     

倾斜非均匀磁场下导电方管磁流体管流的数值模拟研究

热核聚变反应堆液态金属包层应用中的一个重要问题是液态金属在导电管中流动和强磁场相互作用产生的额外的磁流体动力学压降.这种磁流体动力学压降远远大于普通水力学压降.美国阿贡国家实验室ALEX研究小组,对非均匀磁场下导电管中液态金属磁流体动力学效应进行了实验研究,其实验结果成为液态金属包层数值验证的标准模型之一.液态金属包层在应用中会受到不同方向的磁场作用,本文以ALEX的非均匀磁场下导电方管中液态金属管流实验中的一组参数为基础,保持哈特曼数、雷诺数和壁面电导率不变,采用三维直接数值模拟的方法,研究了外加磁场与侧壁之间的倾角对导电方管内液态金属流动的速度、电流和压降分布的影响.研究结果表明:沿流向相同横截面上的速度、电流以及压力分布均随磁场的倾斜而同向旋转.倾斜磁场均匀段,横截面上的高速区位于平行磁场方向的哈特曼层和平行层交叉位置,压力梯度随磁场倾角的增大先增大后减小.倾斜磁场递减段,在三维磁流体动力学效应作用下,横截面上的高速射流位置向垂直磁场方向偏移.磁场递减段的三维磁流体动力学压降随磁场倾角的增大而增大.随磁场倾斜,截面上的射流峰值逐渐减小,二次流增强,引发层流向湍流的转捩.      

Effects of magnetic field on nanofluid forced convection in a partially heated microchannel

This paper numerically examines the laminar forced convection of a water–Al₂O₃ nanofluid flowing through a horizontal microchannel. The middle section of the microchannel is heated with a constant and uniform heat flux. The middle section is also influenced by a transverse magnetic field with a uniform strength. The effects of pertinent parameters such as the Reynolds number (0≤Re≤1000), the solid volume fraction (0≤?≤0.04) and the Hartmann number (0≤Ha≤100) on the flow and temperature fields and the heat transfer performance of the microchannel are examined against numerical predictions. The results show that the microchannel performs better heat transfers at higher values of the Reynolds and Hartmann numbers. For all values of the Reynolds and Hartmann numbers considered in this study, the average Nusselt number on the middle section surface of the microchannel increases as the solid volume fraction increases. The rate of this increase is considerably more at higher values of the Reynolds number and at lower values of the Hartmann number.     

Effect of induced magnetic field on natural convection in vertical concentric annuli

In the present paper,we have considered the steady fully developed laminar natural convective flow in open ended vertical concentric annuli in the presence of a radial magnetic field.The induced magnetic field produced by the motion of an electrically conducting fluid is taken into account.The transport equations concerned with the considered model are first recast in the non-dimensional form and then unified analytical solutions for the velocity,induced magnetic field and temperature field are obtained for the cases of isothermal and constant heat flux on the inner cylinder of concentric annuli.The effects of the various physical parameters appearing into the model are demonstrated through graphs and tables.It is found that the magnitude of maximum value of the fluid velocity as well as induced magnetic field is greater in the case of isothermal condition compared with the constant heat flux case when the gap between the cylinders is less or equal to 1.70 times the radius of inner cylinder,while reverse trend occurs when the gap between the cylinders is greater than 1.71 times the radius of inner cylinder.These fields are almost the same when the gap between the cylinders is equal to 1.71 times the radius of inner cylinder for both the cases.It is also found that as the Hartmann number increases,there is a flattening tendency for both the velocity and the induced magnetic field.The influence of the induced magnetic field is to increase the velocity profiles.     

Magnetohydrodynamic flow on a half-plane

We investigate the magnetohydrodynamic flow (MHD) on the upper, half of a non-conducting plane for the case when the flow is driven by the current produced by an electrode placed in the middle of the plane. The applied magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane, the flow is laminar, uniform, steady and incompressible. An analytical solution has been developed for the velocity field and the induced magnetic field by reducing the problem to the solution of a Fredholm's integral equation of the second kind, which has been solved numerically. Infinite integrals occurring in the kernel of the integral equation and in the velocity and magnetic field were approximated for large Hartmann numbers by using Bessel functions. As the Hartmann number M increases, boundary layers are formed near the non-conducting boundaries and a parabolic boundary layer is developed in the interface region. Some graphs are given to show examples of this behaviour.     

Magnetohydrodynamic flow in an infinite channel

The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of an incompressible, viscous, electrically conducting fluid in an infinite channel, under an applied magnetic field has been investigated. The MHD flow between two parallel walls is of considerable practical importance because of the utility of induction flowmeters. The walls of the channel are taken perpendicular to the magnetic field and one of them is insulated, the other is partly insulated, partly conducting. An analytical solution has been developed for the velocity field and magnetic field by reducing the problem to the solution of a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind, which has been solved numerically. Solutions have been obtained for Hartmann numbers M up to 200. All the infinite integrals obtained are transformed to finite integrals which contain modified Bessel functions of the second kind. So, the difficulties associated with the computation of infinite integrals with oscillating integrands which arise for large M have been avoided. It is found that, as M increases, boundary layers are formed near the nonconducting boundaries and in the interface region for both velocity and magnetic fields, and a stagnant region in front of the conducting boundary is developed for the velocity field. Selected graphs are given showing these behaviours.     

Asymptotic solution for the hartmann problem through circular tube

Summary Asymptotic solutions valid for sufficiently large Hartmann numbers M are presented in this paper. It is found that the velocity profiles are elliptic paraboloids of revolution whose major axis are parallel to the direction of the imposed magnetic field. Also the velocity profiles along the diameter parallel to the imposed field are like those of Hartmann for parallel plates and perpendicular to the field these are almost of parabolic character.     

Temperature distribution for MHD flow between coaxial cylinders with discontinuity in wall temperatures

The temperature distribution in the MHD axial flow between two coaxial infinite cylinders under a transverse radial magnetic field has been found out when there is a discontinuity in the wall temperatures at a section of the channel. The numerical values of temperature distribution at large distances from the section have been worked out first for various Hartman numbers. To this is superimposed the perturbation introduced due to discontinuity. Near the region of discontinuity the approximate matching is done by using the finite difference method. Tables and graphs are given to depict the behaviour with various Hartman numbers. A relief of the temperature distribution is also given. It is found that the temperature shows a decreasing tendency with increasing Hartman number, a well-known characteristic of such type of problems.     

磁场和Hall电流对狭窄动脉中血液流动的影响

A micropolar model for blood simulating magnetohydrodynamic flow through a horizontally nonsymmetric but vertically symmetric artery with a mild stenosis is presented. To estimate the effect of the stenosis shape, a suitable geometry has been considered such that the horizontal shape of the stenosis can easily be changed just by varying a parameter referred to as the shape parameter. Flow parameters, such as velocity, the resistance to flow （the resistance impedance）, the wall shear stress distribution in the stenotic region, and its magnitude at the maximum height of the stenosis （stenosis throat）, have been computed for different shape parameters, the Hartmann number and the Hall parameter. This shows that the resistance to flow decreases with the increasing values of the parameter determining the stenosis shape and the Hail parameter, while it increases with the increasing Hartmann number. The wall shear stress and the shearing stress on the wall at the maximum height of the stenosis possess an inverse characteristic to the resistance to flow with respect to any given value of the Hartmann number and the Hall parameter. Finally, the effect of the Hartmann number and the Hall parameter on the horizontal velocity is examined.     

Similarity solutions for MHD thermosolutal Marangoni convection over a flat surface in the presence of heat generation or absorption effects

The problem of steady, laminar, thermosolutal Marangoni convection flow of an electrically-conducting fluid along a vertical permeable surface in the presence of a magnetic field, heat generation or absorption and a first-order chemical reaction effects is studied numerically. The general governing partial differential equations are converted into a set of self-similar equations using unique similarity transformations. Numerical solution of the similarity equations is performed using an implicit, iterative, tri-diagonal finite-difference method. Comparisons with previously published work is performed and the results are found to be in excellent agreement. Approximate analytical results for the temperature and concentration profiles as well as the local Nusselt and sherwood numbers are obtained for the conditions of small and large Prandtl and Schmidt numbers are obtained and favorably compared with the numerical solutions. The effects of Hartmann number, heat generation or absorption coefficient, the suction or injection parameter, the thermo-solutal surface tension ratio and the chemical reaction coefficient on the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles as well as quantitites related to the wall velocity, boundary-layer mass flow rate and the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are presented in graphical and tabular form and discussed. It is found that a first-order chemical reaction increases all of the wall velocity, Nusselt and Sherwood numbers while it decreases the mass flow rate in the boundary layer. Also, as the thermo-solutal surface tension ratio is increased, all of the wall velocity, boundary-layer mass flow rate and the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are predicted to increase. However, the exact opposite behavior is predicted as the magnetic field strength is increased.     

Natural convection flow under a magnetic field in an inclined square enclosure differentialy heated on adjacent walls

Steady, laminar, natural-convection flow in the presence of a magnetic field in an inclined square enclosure differentially heated along the bottom and left vertical walls while the other walls are kept isothermal was considered. The governing equations were solved numerically for the stream function, vorticity and temperature ratio using the differential quadrature method for various Grashof and Hartmann numbers, inclination angle of the enclosure and direction of the magnetic field. The orientation of the enclosure changes the temperature gradient inside and has a significant effect on the flow pattern. Magnetic field suppresses the convective flow and its direction also influences the flow pattern, causing the appearance of inner loops and multiple eddies. The surface heat flux along the bottom wall is slightly increased by clockwise inclination and reduced by half by the counterclockwise inclination. The surface heat flux along the upper portion of the left side wall is reversed by the rise of warmer fluids due to the convection currents for no inclination and clockwise inclination of the enclosure.     

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of a second grade fluid in a channel with porous wall

An analysis has been carried out to study the effect of magnetic field on an electrically conducting fluid of second grade in a parallel channel. The coolant fluid is injected into the porous channel through one side of the channel wall into the other heated impermeable wall. The combined effect of inertia, viscous, viscoelastic and magnetic forces are studied. The basic equations governing the flow and heat transfer are reduced to a set of ordinary differential equations by using appropriate transformations for velocity and temperature. Numerical solutions of these equations are obtained with the help of Runge-Kutta fourth order method in association with quasi-linear shooting technique. Numerical results for velocity field, temperature field, skin friction and Nusselt number are presented in terms of elastic parameter, Hartmann number, Prandtl number and Reynolds number. Special case of our results is in good agreement with earlier published work.     

Stability of plane magnetohydrodynamic couette flow with asymmetrical velocity profile

The hydrodynamic stability of plane magnetohydrodynamic Couette flow with asymmetrical velocity profile formed by a transverse magnetic field is investigated within the framework of the linear theory. The complete spectrum of the small perturbations is studied for the characteristic Hartmann numbers. The perturbations are classified in accordance with their phase velocity at large wave numbers. It is established that the stability of the flow is controlled by only one type of perturbations. The critical parameters of the problem are determined. The instability in question recalls the instability of Hartmann flow against asymmetrical perturbations.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 3, pp. 12–18, May–June, 1971.The author thanks M. A. Gol'dshtik for interest in the work and V. A. Sapozhnikov and V. N. Shtern for useful discussions.     

TiO_2-water nanofluid in a porous channel under the effects of an inclined magnetic field and variable thermal conductivity

The TiO_2-water based nanofluid flow in a channel bounded by two porous plates under an oblique magnetic field and variable thermal conductivity is formulated as a boundary-value problem(BVP). The BVP is analytically solved with the homotopy analysis method(HAM). The result shows that the concentration of the nanoparticles is independent of the volume fraction of TiO_2 nanoparticles, the magnetic field intensity, and the angle. It is inversely proportional to the mass diffusivity. The fluid speed decreases whereas the temperature increases when the volume fraction of the TiO_2 nanoparticles increases. This confirms the fact that the occurrence of the TiO_2 nanoparticles results in the increase in the thermal transfer rate. The fluid speed decreases and the temperature increases for both the pure water and the nanofluid when the magnetic field intensity and angle increase. The maximum velocity does not exist at the middle of the symmetric channel, which is in contrast to the plane-Poiseuille flow, but it deviates a little bit towards the lower plate, which absorbs the fluid with a very low suction velocity. If this suction velocity is increased, the temperature in the vicinity of the lower plate will be increased.An explicit expression for the friction factor-Reynolds number is then developed. It is shown that the Hartmann number of the nanofluid is smaller than that of pure water,while the Nusselt number of the nanofluid is larger than that of pure water. However,both the parameters increase if the magnetic field intensity increases.     

Laminar flow through porous channels with an applied magnetic field

Summary The two-dimensional steady flow of an incompressible and electrically conducting viscous fluid through a porous channel with a transverse magnetic field is discussed. It is assumed that there is constant suction at one wall and constant blowing at the other wall. A perturbation solution is obtained where the perturbation parameter is equal to the difference between the two wall velocities. The behaviour of the solution for various suction Reynolds numbers and magnetic Reynolds number is considered. Finally, the skin friction at one wall is given and is found to increase with the increase of the magnetic field.     

TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-water nanofluid in a porous channel under the effects of an inclined magnetic field and variable thermal conductivity

The TiO₂-water based nanofluid flow in a channel bounded by two porous plates under an oblique magnetic field and variable thermal conductivity is formulated as a boundary-value problem (BVP). The BVP is analytically solved with the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The result shows that the concentration of the nanoparticles is independent of the volume fraction of TiO₂ nanoparticles, the magnetic field intensity, and the angle. It is inversely proportional to the mass diffusivity. The fluid speed decreases whereas the temperature increases when the volume fraction of the TiO₂ nanoparticles increases. This confirms the fact that the occurrence of the TiO₂ nanoparticles results in the increase in the thermal transfer rate. The fluid speed decreases and the temperature increases for both the pure water and the nanofluid when the magnetic field intensity and angle increase. The maximum velocity does not exist at the middle of the symmetric channel, which is in contrast to the plane-Poiseuille flow, but it deviates a little bit towards the lower plate, which absorbs the fluid with a very low suction velocity. If this suction velocity is increased, the temperature in the vicinity of the lower plate will be increased. An explicit expression for the friction factor-Reynolds number is then developed. It is shown that the Hartmann number of the nanofluid is smaller than that of pure water, while the Nusselt number of the nanofluid is larger than that of pure water. However, both the parameters increase if the magnetic field intensity increases.     

Magnetohydrodynamic Rayleigh problem for magnetic prandtl number close to one

Summary In this paper the solutions for indicial motion of an infinite flat plate are discussed. It is assumed that the fluid is incompressible and has constant viscosity and electric conductivity. It is also assumed that both the solid and fluid are semi-infinite or that the solid is thin with fluids on both sides. The conductivity of the wall is assumed in one case to be much greater than the conductivity of the fluid and in a second case to be much less than that of the fluid. In the limit the first case corresponds to a perfectly conducting wall; the second, to a perfectly insulated wall. The distributions of the velocity, magnetic field current, and vorticity are calculated. In the case where the magnetic diffusivity becomes larger than the viscous diffusivity, we show that there is a spreading of the layer in which the magnetic field changes and also a shrinking of the viscous layer. Both layers are very thick in comparison with the non-magneto-hydrodynamic case. This is due to diffusion of the Alfvén wave carrying the vorticity and the current.     

哈特曼边界层的初级稳定性分析

导电流体在法向外置磁场的作用下,在贴近壁面处会形成哈特曼边界层.哈特曼边界层的稳定性研究对电磁冶金过程和热核聚变反应冷却系统等相关设备的设计和运行都有着十分重要的意义.本文采用非正则模态稳定性分析方法,对两无限大绝缘平行平板内导电流体流动的稳定性进行了研究.通过在时间上迭代求解扰动变量的控制方程组和伴随控制方程组,获得了在磁场作用下初级扰动的增长情况及其空间分布形式,分析了磁场强度对最优扰动增长倍数G_max、最优展向波数β_opt和最优时刻t_opt的影响,并考察了上下两个哈特曼边界层之间的相互作用.结果表明,最优初始扰动的空间分布形式为沿着流场方向的漩涡,关于法向方向对称或者反对称.当哈特曼数Ha较大时(Ha>10),对称漩涡和反对称漩涡形式的初始扰动增长倍数基本相等;上下两个哈特曼边界层可以认为是彼此独立的,不会相互影响,此时最优扰动增长倍数G_max与局部雷诺数R的平方成正比,相应的最优展向波数β_opt和最优时刻t_opt均正比于哈特曼数Ha.当哈特曼数Ha较小时(Ha<10),反对称漩涡形式的初始扰动更为不稳定,其增长倍数大于对称漩涡的增长倍数,且上下两个边界层之间存在着一定的相互作用,并对整个流场的稳定性产生一定的影响.