(6′RS,8′RS,2E)- und (6′RS,8′SR,2E)-3-Methyl-3-(2y,2′,6′-trimethyl-7′-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]non-9′-en-8′-yl)-2-propenal ([(5RS,8RS)- und (5RS,8SR)-5,8-Epoxy-5,8-dihydro-ionyloinden]acetaldehyd): Synthese und Röntgenstrukturanalyse

Synthesis and X-Ray Structure of (6′RS,8′RS,2E)- and (6′RS,8′SR,2E)-3-Methyl-3-(2′,2′,6′-trimethyl-7′-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]non-9′-en-8′-yl)-2-propenal ([(5RS,8RS)- and (5RS,8SR)-5,8-Epoxy-5,8-dihydro-ionylidene]acetaldehyde) To check our previous spectroscopic assignments of the structures of trans- and cis-substituted furanoid end groups of carotenoid-5,8-epoxides, we now have synthesized the title compounds. An X-ray structure determination of a single crystal of the trans-isomer (±)- -10A is in agreement with the ¹ H-NMR spectroscopic arguments: isomers with Δδ (H? C(7), H? C(8)) = 0.15–0.22 ppm and J > 1.4 for H? C(7) belong to the cis-series; Δδ in trans-compounds is < 0.07 ppm, and H? C(7) appears as a broad singulett.     

13C NMR spectroscopy of [4.n.0] bicyclic compounds: Assignment of the ring junction configuration from ring junction configuration from ring junction 13C chemical shifts—application and limits

Several 6-methyl-9-carbamoyltetrahydro-4H-pyrido[1,2-α]pyrimidin-4-ones have been prepared using phosgene iminium chloride. These compounds can exist in equilibrium as the cis (3A) imine ? (3B) enamine ? trans (3C) imine. ¹H, ¹³C and ¹⁵N NMR prove that the cis- and trans-imine isomers are predominant in the equilibrium. ¹H NMR data reveal that the share of the 3B enamine form is negligible at measurable concentrations. The isomeric ratio 3A:3C is time dependent and can be monitored by measuring the CH₃? C-6 and (CH₃)₂N signals. The ¹³C NMR data show that doublets in the range 42–45 ppm for C-9 are only compatible with the imine forms 3A and 3C. The SCS values of the CH₃? C-6 and OCN(CH₃)₂ groups were calculated and used for identification of the cis and trans isomers. ¹⁵N NMR data show that the N-1 chemical shift of the imine is approximately ? 140 ppm for compound 3, whereas that of a fixed enamine is around ? 267.8. This provides additional support for the predominance of the imine tautomers in the equilibrium 3A ? 3B ? 3C. ¹⁵N data allow the stereoisomers 3A and 3C to be distinguished.     

Thermisches Verhalten von 1,2-Dipropenylbenzolen

1-cis, 2-cis-Dipropenylbenzene (cis, cis- 1 ) isomerises thermally at 215–235° with 1st order kinetics to give trans, cis- 1 and vice versa. At equilibrium 89% trans, cis- and 11% cis, cis- 1 are present. It is shown by thermal rearrangement of cis, cis-2′, 2″-d₂- 1 that the isomerisation is attributable to aromatic [1, 7a]-sigmatropic H-shifts. trans, trans- 1 rearranges thermally at 225–245° to yield 2, 3-dimethyl-1, 2-dihydronaphthalene ( 2 ). The formation of 2 can be visualized by disrotatory ring closure followed by an aromatic [1, 5s]-sigmatropic H-shift. 2 is also formed when, cis, cis- or trans, cis- 1 are heated for 153 h at 225°. Besides 2 a small amount (3%) of 1-ethyl-1, 2-dihydronaphthalene ( 5 ) is formed. The rearrangement of trans, trans- 1 and trans, trans-2′, 2″-d₂- 1 shows a secondary isotope effect k_H/k_D = 0,90.     

Synthese substituierter Cyclononatetraene

Synthesis of Substituted Cyclononatetraenes In the course of an exploration of possible synthetic pathways to nonafulvenes, a series of 1-substituted cyclononatetraenes (CNT) 4b–1 have been prepared in yields of about 60%. Their structures follow from spectroscopic data as well as from the quantitative valence isomerisation to 1-endo-substituted cis-3a, 7a-dihydroindenes 8 . Both all-cis-CNT⁻ 1 and cis,cis,cis,trans-CNT⁻ 2 have been used as nucleophiles. Whereas 2 is normally more nucleophilic than 1 , the yield of cyclononatetraenes 4 prepared with 2 may be reduced due to by-products such as 9 and 10 .     

Die thermische Umlagerung von 2-(Buta-1′,3′-dienyl)-phenolen in 2-Alkyl-2H-chromene; Beispiele für aromatische [1,7a]- und [1,5s]sigmatropische Wasserstoffverschiebungen

2-(1′-cis,3′-cis-)- and 2-(1′-cis,3′-trans-Penta-1′,3′-dienyl)-phenol (cis, cis- 4 and cis, trans- 4 , cf. scheme 1) rearrange thermally at 85–110° via [1,7 a] hydrogen shifts to yield the o-quinomethide 2 (R ? CH₃) which rapidly cyclises to give 2-ethyl-2H-chromene ( 7 ). The trans formation of cis, cis- and cis, trans- 4 into 7 is accompanied by a thermal cis, trans isomerisation of the 3′ double bond in 4. The isomerisation indicates that [1,7 a] hydrogen shifts in 2 compete with the electrocyclic ring closure of 2 . The isomeric phenols, trans, trans- and trans, cis- 4 , are stable at 85–110° but at 190° rearrange also to form 7 . This rearrangement is induced by a thermal cis, trans isomerisation of the 1′ double bond which occurs via [1, 5s] hydrogen shifts. Deuterium labelling experiments show that the chromene 7 is in equilibrium with the o-quinomethide 2 (R ? CH₃), at 210°. Thus, when 2-benzyl-2H-chromene ( 9 ) or 2-(1′-trans,3′-trans,-4′-phenyl-buta1′,3′-dienyl)-phenol (trans, trans- 6 ) is heated in diglyme solution at >200°, an equilibrium mixture of both compounds (～ 55% 9 and 45% 6 ) is obtained.     

Isolation by HPLC. and Identification by NMR. Spectroscopy of 11 mono-, di- and tri-cis isomers of an aromatic analogue of retinoic acid,ethyl all-trans-9-(4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)-3,7-dimethyl-nona-2,4,6, 8-tetraenoate

Photoisomerization of an aromatic analogue of retinoic acid, ethyl all-trans-9-(4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)-3,7-dimethyl-nona-2,4,6, 8-tetraenoate 1 in dilute solutions of hexane, benzene, and ethanol yielded multi-component mixtures of cis isomers which were separated by HPLC. FT-¹H-NMR. at 270 MHz and, in some cases, homonuclear decoupling and Overhauser experiments as well as ¹³C-NMR. were applied to establish the structures of 4 mono-cis, 4 (of 6 possible) di-cis, and 3 (of 4 possible) tri-cis isomers. The structures of 3 isomeric esters, namely (2Z, 4E, 6E, 8E) 6 , (2Z, 4Z, 6E, 8E) 9 , and (2Z, 4Z, 6Z, 8E) 7 were independently confirmed by direct syntheses. The ¹H-NMR. data of all these compounds and the ¹³C-NMR. data of the all-trans and of 6 cis isomers available in sufficiently large quantities are discussed.     

Synthesis and 13C NMR spectra of cis- and trans-{2-(haloaryl)-2-[(1H-imidazol)-1-yl]methyl]}-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanols

Syntheses and ¹³C nmr spectra of a number of cis and trans 2-(haloaryl)-2-[(1H-imidazol-1-yl)rnethyl]-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolanes are described. The haloaryl groups are 2,4-dichloro, 2,4-difluoro-, 4-chloro-and 4-bromophenyl. In these series, some of the cis compounds become available through crystalline bromo benzoates 5 . Separations of some trans isomers are achieved through fractional crystallizations of imidazolyl benzoate nitrates 6 . Stereochemical assignments are based primarily on one major ¹³C chemical shift difference, namely that of C-4 of the 1,3-dioxolane ring, the chemical shift of the trans isomers being 1.0-2.5 ppm downfield from that of the cis isomers.     

Stereochemical Analysis of an Aromatic Triplet Di-π-methane Rearrangement

It is shown that (−)-(S)-N,N-dimethyl-2-(1′-methylallyl)aniline ((−)-(S)- 4 ), on direct irradiation in MeCN at 20°, undergoes in its lowest-lying triplet state an aromatic di-π-methane (ADPM) rearrangement to yield (−)-(1′R,2′R)- and (+)-(1′R,2′S)-N,N-dimethyl-2-(2-methylcyclopropyl)aniline ((−)-trans- and (+)-cis- 7 ) in an initial trans/cis ratio of 4.71 ± 0.14 and in optical yields of 28.8 ± 5.2% and 15 ± 5%, respectively. The ADPM rearrangement of (−)-(S)- 4 to the trans- and cis-configurated products occurs with a preponderance of the path leading to retention of configuration at the pivot atom (C(1′) in the reactant and C(2′) in the products) for (−)-trans- 7 and to inversion of configuration for (+)-cis- 7 , respectively. The results can be rationalized by assuming reaction paths which involve the occurrence of discrete 1,4- and 1,3-diradicals (cf. Schemes 10, 12, and 13). A general analysis of such ADPM rearrangements which allows the classification of these photochemical reactions in terms of borderline cases is presented (Scheme 14). It is found that the optical yields in these ‘step-by-step’ rearrangements are determined by the first step, i.e. by the disrotatory bond formation between C(2) of the aromatic moiety and C(2′) of the allylic side chain leading to the generation of the 1,4-diradicals. Moderation of the optical yields can occur in the ring closure of the 1,3-diradicals to the final products, which may take place with different trans/cis-ratios for the individual 1,3-diradicals. Compounds (−)-trans- 7 as well as (+)-cis- 7 easily undergo the well-known photochemical trans/cis-isomerization. It mainly leads to racemization. However, a small part of the molecules shows trans/cis-isomerization with inversion of configuration at C(1′), which is best explained by a photochemical cleavage of the C(1′)–C(3′) bond.     

A (1,3) Strain in cis- and trans-5, 6-dihydro-4, 6-dimethyl-4H, 8H-pyrido [3,2,1-de]phenanthridin-8-ones

The stereochemistry of trans- and cis-2, 4-dimethyl-tetrahydroquinolines, 6 and 7 were derived from ¹H-NMR. studies. These were converted respectively into trans- and cis-5, 6-dihydro-4, 6-dimethyl-4H, 8H-pyrido [3, 2, 1-de]phenanthridin-8-ones 18 and 20 by a Pschorr reaction on the anthranilamides 10 and 15 . Bromophenanthridones 19 and 21 were similarly prepared from bromoanthranilamides 12 and 17 . Detailed ¹H-NMR. studies on 18 and 20 indicated axial disposition of the methyl groups at C(2) in both compounds in contrast to the situation in 6 and 7 . This is presumably to avoid adverse CH₃CO group interaction of the A (1, 3) type. The severity of this is gauged by the preference of 20 for a normally forbidding 1, 3-diaxial orientation of two methyl groups. X-ray crystallographic studies on 19 and 20 confirm the stereochemical assignments.     

The preparation and characterisation of chromium(III) complexes of C-meso-5, 12-dimethyl-1, 4, 8, 11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (LM). Aquation and base hydrolysis kinetics ofcis- andtrans-[CrLMCl2]+

Summary The reaction of [CrCl₃(DMF)₃] with C-meso-5, 12-dimethyl-1, 4, 8, 11-tetra-azacyclotetradecane(L_M) in DMF gives a mixture ofcis-[CrL_MCl₂]Cl (ca. 90%) andtrans-[CrL_MCl₂]Cl (ca. 10%). These complexes are readily separated, as thecis-isomer is insoluble in warm methanol while thetrans-isomer is soluble. Using the dichlorocomplexes as precursors it has been possible to prepare a range ofcis-[CrL_MX₂]⁺ complexes (X=Br^–, NO ₃ ^– , N ₃ ^– , NCS^– and X₂=bidentate oxalate) and alsotrans-[CrL_MX₂]⁺ complexes (X=Br^–, H₂O or NCS^–). The spectroscopic properties and detailed stereochemistry of the complexes are discussed.The aquation and base hydrolysis kinetics ofcis- andtrans-[CrL_MCl₂]⁺ have been studied at 25° C. Base hydrolysis of thecis-complex is extremely rapid with K_OH =1.46×10⁵ dm³ mol^–1 at 25° C. This unusual reactivity appears to be associated with thetrans II stereochemistry of thesec-NH centres of the macrocycle. Base hydrolysis of thetrans complex with thetrans III chiral nitrogen stereochemistry is quite normal with k_OH =1.1 dm³ mol^–1 s^–1 at 25° C.     

Biosynthesis of phoslactomycins: cyclohexanecarboxylic acid as the starter unit

Phoslactomycins (PLMs) A-F, produced by actinomycetes are polyketide-type antibiotics derived from a hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid or a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid starter unit. Feeding experiments with [2-¹³C]shikimic acid indicated that the C-18 carbon of PLMs comes from C-5 of shikimate. Further feeding studies of cis and trans-3-hydroxy[7-¹³C]cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, [7-¹³C]- and [²H₁₁]cyclohexanecarboxylic acid have suggested that the starter unit in the PLM biosynthesis is not cis-3-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate but cyclohexanecarboxylate and that PLM-B is produced initially, and subsequently converted to other analogs by hydroxylation and acylation.     

Quenching of biacetyl (3Au) molecules by near-resonant and off-resonant collisional partners

Laser-induced time-resolved phosphorescence has been used to evaluate the quenching of gaseous biacetyl (³A_u) molecules by various molecules at 25°C. The quenching of biacetyl (³A_u) molecules by biacetyl itself was not detectable under our experimental conditions, and a pressure-independent lifetime of 1.70 ± 0.08 msec was found. The bimolecular rate constants (units of l/mol·sec) for quenching of the ³A_u molecules by cis-2-pentene, trans-2-pentene, cis-1,3-pentadiene, trans-1,3-pentadiene, and oxygen were found to be (3.3 ± 1.9) × 10³, (4.0 ± 0.2) × 10⁴, (3.9 ± 0.1) × 10⁸, (1.3 ± 0.1) × 10⁸, and (5.2 ± 0.4) × 10⁸, respectively.     

Isolation and Identification of Three Major Metabolites of Retinoic Acid from Rat Feces

Following the intraperitoneal administration of high doses of ¹⁴C- and ³H- labelled retinoic acid (1) to rats, three major metabolites and the intact compound were isolated from the feces in microgram amounts by use of column, thin-layer and high-pressure liquid chromatography. Their structures were elucidated by mass spectrometry and Fourier Transform ¹H-NMR. spectroscopy as 2 (all-trans-4-oxoretinoic acid), 3 (7-trans-9-cis-11-trans-13-trans-5′-hydroxy-retinoic acid). Hydroxylation of the 5-methyl group of the cyclohexene ring, oxidation of the cyclohexene ring in position 4 and cis-trans isomerisation of the nonatetraenoic acid side chain were the reactions, which produced these products from retinoic acid. The metabolites 2 and 4 each accounted for about 4% of the radioactivity administered. The metabolite 3 and the parent compound accounted for about 16% and 17% of the dose, respectively.     

Isomerization of substituted tricyclic 4,5-dihydropyrazoles

Summary The acid and base catalyzed isomerization of some tricyclic 2-pyrazolines with N-Carbamoyl-,N-thiocarbamoyl-and N-phenyl substituents was investigated. Starting fromcis ortrans 3-H, 3a-H diastereomers, equilibrium mixtures ofcis andtrans diastereomers were prepared which were separated and subsequently studied by¹H NMR and¹³C NMR spectroscopy. A mechanism for the isomerization of the pyrazolines is suggested, supported by a deuterium exchange at C-3a.

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Isomerisierung von einigen substituierten 4,5-Dihydropyrazolen

Zusammenfassung Die Isomerisierung einiger tricyclischer 2-Pyrazoline mit N-Carbamoyl-, N-Thiocarbamoyl-und N-Phenyl-substituenten unter saurer und basischer Katalyse wurde untersucht. Ausgehend von dencis odertrans 3-H,3a-H-Diastereomeren wurdencis- undtrans Gleichgewichtsgemische gewonnen, die getrennt und durch¹H- und¹³C-NMR-Spektroskopie untersucht wurden. Ein Mechanismus für die Isomerisierung von Pyrazolinen wird vorgeschlagen, der durch den Deuteriumaustausch in Position 3a-C unterstützt wird.

     

Uranium–Carbene–Imido Metalla‐Allenes: Ancillary‐Ligand‐Controlled cis‐/trans‐Isomerisation and Assessment of trans Influence in the R2C=UIV=NR′ Unit (R=Ph2PNSiMe3; R′=CPh3)

Uranium(IV)–carbene–imido complexes [U(BIPM^TMS)(NCPh₃)(κ²‐N,N′‐BIPY)] ( 2 ; BIPM^TMS=C(PPh₂NSiMe₃)₂; BIPY=2,2‐bipyridine) and [U(BIPM^TMS)(NCPh₃)(DMAP)₂] ( 3 ; DMAP=4‐dimethylamino‐pyridine) that contain unprecedented, discrete R₂C=U=NR′ units are reported. These complexes complete the family of E=U=E (E=CR₂, NR, O) metalla‐allenes with feasible first‐row hetero‐element combinations. Intriguingly, 2 and 3 contain cis‐ and trans‐C=U=N units, respectively, representing rare examples of controllable cis/trans isomerisation in f‐block chemistry. This work reveals a clear‐cut example of the trans influence in a mid‐valent uranium system, and thus a strong preference for the cis isomer, which is computed in a co‐ligand‐free truncated model—to isolate the electronic trans influence from steric contributions—to be more stable than the trans isomer by approximately 12 kJ mol^?1 with an isomerisation barrier of approximately 14 kJ mol^?1.     

Thermische Lactonisierung von Estern γ-Brom-α, β-ungesättigter Carbonsäuren zu Δα-Butenoliden. Direkte γ-Bromierung von α, β-ungesättigten Säuren

By heating with iron powder at 120–150° some γ-bromo-α, β-unsaturated carboxylic methyl esters, and, less smothly, the corresponding acids, were lactonized to Δ^7alpha;-butenolides with elimination of methyl bromide. The following conversions have thus been made: methyl γ-bromocrotonate ( 1c ) and the corresponding acid ( 1d ) to Δ^α-butenolide ( 8a ), methyl γ-bromotiglate ( 3c ) and the corresponding acid ( 3d ) to α-methyl-Δ^α-butenolide ( 8b ), a mixture of methyl trans- and cis-γ-bromosenecioate ( 7c and 7e ) and a mixture of the corresponding acids ( 7d and 7f ) to β-methyl-Δ^α-butenolide ( 8c ). The procedure did not work with methyl trans-γ-bromo-Δ^α-pentenoate ( 5c ) nor with its acid ( 5d ). Most of the γ-bromo-α, β-unsaturated carboxylic esters ( 1c, 7c, 7e and 5c ) are available by direct N-bromosuccinimide bromination of the α, β-unsaturated esters 1a, 7a and 5a ; methyl γ-bromotiglate ( 3c ) is obtained from both methyl tiglate ( 3a ) and methyl angelate ( 4a ), but has to be separated from a structural isomer. The γ-bromo-α, β-unsaturated esters are shown by NMR. to have the indicated configurations which are independent of the configuration of the α, β-unsaturated esters used; the bromination always leads to the more stable configuration, usually the one with the bromine-carrying carbon anti to the carboxylic ester group; an exception is methyl γ-bromo-senecioate, for which the two isomers (cis, 7e , and trans, 7d ) have about the same stability. The N-bromosuccinimide bromination of the α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids 1b , 3b , 4b , 5b and 7b is shown to give results entirely analogous to those with the corresponding esters. In this way γ-bromocrotonic acid ( 1 d ), γ-bromotiglic acid ( 3 d ), trans- and cis-γ-bromosenecioic acid ( 7d and 7f ) as well as trans-γ-bromo-Δ^α-pentenoic acid ( 5d ) have been prepared. Iron powder seems to catalyze the lactonization by facilitating both the elimination of methyl bromide (or, less smoothly, hydrogen bromide) and the rotation about the double bond. α-Methyl-Δ^α-butenolide ( 8b ) was converted to 1-benzyl-( 9a ), 1-cyclohexyl-( 9b ), and 1-(4′-picoly1)-3-methyl-Δ^α-pyrrolin-2-one ( 9 c ) by heating at 180° with benzylamine, cyclohexylamine, and 4-picolylamine. The butenolide 8b showed cytostatic and even cytocidal activity; in preliminary tests, no carcinogenicity was observed. Both 8b and 9c exhibited little toxicity.     

Geometrical isomerism and 13C spectra of the β-substituted Enones R1?C(1)O?C(2)HC(3)H?R2

The ¹³C chemical shifts of the unsaturated carbons were measured in 31 cis and trans pairs of β-substituted enones R₁? C(1)O? C(2)H?C(3)H? R₂. In these polarized ethylenes the chemical shifts of the olefinic carbons are simply related by the equation δ_c=δ_t+A. The steric and electronic effects introduced by the R₁ and R₂ substituents influence the chemical shifts of C-2 and C-3 in both isomers. It is shown that the sign and magnitude of the intercept A mainly reflect the π-charge electronic density changes which arise in the cis isomer and are transmitted via the π-framework. The effect of the steric interaction on the chemical shift of C-3 in the cis isomers is postulated to be related to the symmetry of the substituents. Therefore, the differential shielding of C-3 is indicative of the conformational structure of the cis molecule.     

Synthesis, 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra,crystal structure and ring openings of 1-methyl-6,9-epoxy-9-aryl-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo [3,2-e] [2H-1,5] oxazocinium methanesulfonate

The methanesulfonic acid catalyzed reaction of 1-(4-chloro- and 2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1-methyl-2-imida-zolyl)ethanones 1a and 1b with glycerol produced cis- and trans-{2-haloaryl-2-[(1-methyl-2-imidazolyl)methyl]-4-hydroxymethyl}-1,3-dioxolanes 2a and 2b with a 2:1 cis/trans ratio. Besides these five-membered ketals, the reaction of 1a with glycerol afforded a small amount of trans-{2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[(1-methyl-2-imidazolyl)methyl]-5-hydroxy}-1,3-dioxane ( 3a , 7%). The reaction of methanesulfonyl chloride with cis-1 formed the corresponding methanesulfonates, cis- 4 , which rapidly cyclized to the title compounds 5 . Base-catalyzed ring opening of 5 furnished 1-methyl-5,6-dihydro-6-hydroxymethyl-8-(4-chloro- and 2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1H-imidazo[3,2-d][1,4]oxazepinium methanesulfonates 7 . Acid-catalyzed hydrolyses of 5 or 7 provided 1-methyl-2-[(4-chloro- and 2,4-dichloro)phenacyl]-3-[(2,3-dihydroxy)-1-propyl]imidazolium salts 12 . Structure proofs were based on extensive ¹H and ¹³C chemical shifts and coupling constants and structures of 3a and 5a were confirmed by single crystal X-ray crystallography.     

Stereoselective synthesis and characterization of novel trans-4-(thiophenyl)pyrazolyl-β-lactams and their C–3 functionalization

A stereoselective synthesis and C–3 functionalization of a long series of novel hybrid 4-(thiophenyl)pyrazolyl-β-lactams have been carried out. The divergent substrate scope and mechanistic insights were examined to delineate the generality of reaction that favored trans-β-lactams 4a-q almost exclusively in all cases. The C–3 functionalization was achieved by Lewis acid assisted nucleophilic substitution reaction of cis-3-chloro-β-lactams 6a-e to afford cis-3-monosubstituted-β-lactams 7a-e. The cis stereochemistry of β-lactams 7a-e was further established by stereospecific desulfurization with Raney-nickel, in representative cases (7a,b), leading to the formation of cis-β-lactams 8a,b. The structures and stereochemical assignments for synthesized β-lactams have been unambiguously confirmed using FT-IR, 1D NMR (¹H and ¹³C), 2D NMR (¹H–¹H COSY, ¹H–¹³C HSQC and ¹³C DEPT–135), elemental analysis (CHN), mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and single crystal X-ray crystallography, in representative cases (4b,e). The cis and trans configuration of the hydrogen/chloro/nucleophile substituent at C–3 was assigned with respect C4–H of the β-lactam ring.     

Rearrangement of Derivatives of 1,3-Dithian-5-amineinto Bicyclic 2-Thiazolidines. Crystal Structures of cis- and trans-1-(2-Aryl-1,3-dithain-5-yl)-2-thioureas and cis- and trans-5-Aryl-3-imino-7,7a-dihydro-1H,3H,5H-thiazolo[3,4-c]thiazoles

Under conditions normally applied to transform thioureas into the corresponding carbodiimides, cis- and trans-1-(2-aryl-1,3-dithian-5-yl)-2-thioureas 7 and 8 undergo a rearrangement to 5-aryl-3-imino-7,7a-dihydro-1H, 3H, 5H-thiazolo[3,4-c]thiazoles 9/10 with cis- and trans-fused rings, respectively. The structures of these novel heterocycles were established by X-ray analysis of compounds 9a , 9d , and 10d . The cis-fused compounds 9 are the thermodynamically more stable ones. The stereochemical outcome of the rearrangement depends on the carbenium ion stabilizing capability of the aryl moiety and on the reagent system applied. With Ar = Ph, p-Cl-Ph, p-O₂N-Ph, the reaction can be directed to deliver mainly either the cis-thiazolothiazoles 9 or the trans-thiazolothiazoles 10 . With Ar = 5-methyl-4-imidazolyl or p-Me₂N-Ph, formation of the cis-thiazolothiazoles ( 9a and 9b , resp.) is strongly favored independently of the reaction conditions, In contrast to it 2-aryl analogs, (1,3-dithian-5-yl)-2-thiourea 7g can be transformed into the carbodiimide 11 . Under rigorous conditions, 11 also undergoes rearrangement to the corresponding thiazolothiazole 9g . Mechanisms explaining the above findings are discussed. Reaction of trans-2-phenyl-1,3-dithian-5-amine 6d with phosgene or trichloromethyl chloroformate gives the 5-phenyl-7,7a-dihydro-1H,3H,5H-thiazolo[3,4-c]-thiazol-3-ones 12 and 13 , whereas the amine 5g lacking an aryl substitutent forms the sable isocyanate 14 . Compound 14 is transformed into the corresponding thiazolothiazolone 15 by refluxing in diglyme. Syntheses are described for the 1,3-dithian-5-amines 5 / 6 and the thioureas 7 / 8 derived therefrom. The relative configuration of 7d and 8d was determined by X-ray analysis. NMR data then allowed to assign the configurations of all compounds of types 7 and 8 .