生物可降解聚磷酸酯的合成及其释药性能研究

生物可降解聚磷酸酯的合成及其释药性能研究罗毅，卓仁禧，范昌烈（武汉大学化学系，武汉，４３００７２）关键词聚磷酸酯，５－氟尿嘧啶，药物控制释放高分子控制释放材料的研究、发展及其在药物制剂中的应用对提高药物的持续性和专一性研究产生了突破，通过控制释放材料...     

氟尿嘧啶的电化学控制释放

本文探讨了抗癌药物氟尿嘧啶在聚吡咯膜修饰玻碳电极上的电化学控制释放，结果表明药物自膜中的释放是聚吡咯膜的电化学氧化还原过程决定的。其释放量可由还原电位进行控制，并与还原电量和膜厚呈现良好的线性关系。     

药物控制释放方法

药物控制释放方法是目前药物学发展的一个重要领域，本文从贮库型和基质型两方面较为详细地综述了高分子药物控制释放的方法。     

交联CMC控制释放除草剂的研究

本文报道以交联羧甲基纤维素囊化除草剂2，4，5－T、2，4－D和麦草畏二甲基胺盐所制成的控制释放体系的释放性能。研究了交联方法。制品形态、CMC取代度、交联剂用量和载药量等制备工艺条件对控释性能的影响。结果表明，以低取代度的CMC，经较大量甲醛交联制得的粒状制品，具有较好的控制释放性能。     

生物降解型聚氨酯材料的研究：Ⅰ.控制释放化肥包覆材料

以树皮为原料，合成了生物降解型聚氨酯泡沫材料，并考察了其作为化肥缓释的包膜材料对常用氮肥硫酸铵的控制释放性能。研究结果表明，以水作为发泡剂的多孔性聚氨酯包裹硫铵后，在模拟自然界雨淋的作用下，释放曲线大致呈抛物线型。释放的速度与所包裹的硫铵量关系不大；发泡时水的比例越高，释放速度越快；颗粒越大，释放越慢；树皮的比例越高，释放越慢。对包膜材料的生物降解性方面的初步实验结果表明：该材料在土壤中能够自然降     

壳聚糖微球用于LHRH拮抗剂类似物缓释体系的研究

研究壳聚糖微球对促黄体生成激素释放激素（ＬＨＲＨ）拮抗剂类似物（ＴＸ４６）的吸附与释放，考察了影响吸附与释放的因素，得到了各种不同微球对ＴＸ４６的吸附与释放平衡曲线，为ＬＨＲＨ拮抗剂用于生育控制及其它临床应用提供了初步的实验依据。     

控制药物释放体系及其机理

药物控制释放是目前药物学发展的一个重要领域,用于药物控制释放的载体一般是高分子材料。本文主要介绍药物控制释放的种类、机理、高分子材料及其应用。     

可生物降解长效缓释抗肿瘤药物的研究

用铝复合催化剂合成了高分子量的ＰＬＡ，其降解寿命在十个月以上。进行了含有５－Ｆｕ抗肿瘤药物膜在生理盐水中的释放试验。结果表明，释放速度可通过改变共聚物的组成和成膜工艺来控制。     

利用有机改性的类水滑石缓释阿维菌素

采用蒸发溶剂促进插层(evaporating solvent enhanced intercalation)的方法把农药阿维菌素(Avermectin, AVM)插层到十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)改性的类水滑石(Hydrotalcite-like compound, HTlc)层间，合成了AVM-SDS-HTlc纳米杂化物。研究发现其能够很好的控制阿维菌素的释放，表明AVM-SDS-HTlc纳米杂化物是一种很有潜力的农药控释剂型。AVM-SDS-HTlc纳米杂化物的释放受pH、温度和电解质的影响，酸性介质、较高温度以及有电解质存在会提高其缓释速率。释放过程符合准一级释放动力学，释放的活化能为279 kJ/mol。     

盐酸地尔硫卓药物树脂复合物的制备及其体外释药动力学研究

本文以强酸性阳离子交换树脂为载体，制备了盐酸地尔硫卓(DH)药物树脂复合物。研究了DH与001×7树脂的交换反应动力学以及药物树脂复合物在去离子水、0.5mol/L、1.0mol/L、2.0mol/L NaCl和在0.5mol/L HCl以及0.5mol/L KCl溶液中的释药动力学。结果表明，在制备药物树脂的过程中，随温度的升高，药物与树脂的交换速率增加，及有利于反应的进行；药物树脂复合物在去离子水中不释放药物，但其释放随释放介质浓度的增加而增加，并且属于粒扩散的离子交换控制，粒扩散系数Dr随离子强度的增加而增加，DH的释药动力学过程符合对数方程（Visuanathan方程），001×7树脂可有效地控制DH在体外的释放。     

生物光化学

生物光化学研究光在动植物体内所引起的生化现象。例如:经过各种不同波长的光辐照后的生命现象,生长规律,某些生理和病理过程,疾病的产生和治疗机理,细胞的辐射损伤和自然防御,以及光合色素在生物进化中的作用等。本文就光引起的现象:视觉、生物钟(光周期性)、植物的光合作用、辐射损伤及其修复、牛皮癣的治疗、新生儿黄疸病的治疗机理,以及光合色素——藻胆蛋白等七种现象,做了综述性的介绍。     

半导体光催化研究进展与展望

评述了目前半导体光催化在国内外的研究概况,并对存在的问题和未来的发展动向进行简要分析.列举了近30年来关于光催化研究的部分成果,内容涉及光催化剂的制备(包括新催化剂的开发, TiO2、 ZnO、 CdS等光催化剂的各种改性或修饰)、光催化作用机理研究、光催化技术的工程化、光催化技术的各种应用研究和产品开发等等从基础到应用研究的各个方面.总体上来看,半导体光催化基本上是一个没有选择性的化学过程,所以再进行大量的不同反应物的光催化活性的评价研究意义已不是很显著,认为未来的半导体光催化研究应该集中在机理的深刻认识、光响应范围宽和量子效率高的催化剂制备、半导体光催化技术工程化及新型光催化产品开发方面.     

Effect of solvents on electro-spinnability of polystyrene solutions and morphological appearance of resulting electrospun polystyrene fibers

The effects of solvents and their properties on electro-spinnability of the as-prepared polystyrene (PS) solutions and the morphological appearance of the as-spun PS fibers were investigated qualitatively by means of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The eighteen solvents used were benzene, t-butylacetate, carbontetrachloride, chlorobenzene, chloroform, cyclohexane, decahydronaphthalene (decalin), 1,2-dichloroethane, dimethylformamide (DMF), 1,4-dioxane, ethylacetate, ethylbenzene, hexane, methylethylketone (MEK), nitrobenzene, tetrahydrofuran (THF), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin), and toluene. The PS solutions in 1,2-dichloroethane, DMF, ethylacetate, MEK, and THF could produce fibers with high enough productivity, while the PS solutions in benzene, cyclohexane, decalin, ethylbenzene, nitrobenzene, and tetralin were not spinnable. Qualitative observation of the results obtained suggested that the important factors determining the electro-spinnability of the as-prepared PS solutions are high enough values of both the dipole moment of the solvent and the conductivity of both the solvent and the resulting solutions, high enough boiling point of the solvent, not-so-high values of both the viscosity and the surface tension of the resulting solutions.     

ICP–AES法测定稀土硅铁球化剂和孕育剂中钙、镁、铝、锰、镧、铈

建立了电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP–AES)测定稀土硅铁球化剂和孕育剂中Ca,Mg,Al,Mn,La,Ce等元素含量的方法。通过基体匹配消除了铁基体的干扰,Ca,Mg,Al,Mn,La,Ce的分析谱线分别为317.933,279.553,394.401,257.610,333.749,456.236 nm。各元素标准曲线的线性相关系数均在0.999以上,检出限在0.000 1%~0.000 4%之间。方法的加标回收率为99.4%~102.8%,测定结果的相对标准偏差均小于3%(n=11)。用该方法测定标准样品,测定结果与认证值相吻合。该法适用于稀土硅铁球化剂和孕育剂中钙、镁、铝、锰、镧、铈的测定。     

电感耦合等离子体光谱法(ICP-AES)测定银精矿中铜、铅、锌、砷、镉、钙、镁、锰含量

针对银精矿样品复杂,难消解的特点,研究了不同酸溶法和碱熔法对样品的消解情况,建立了硝酸,盐酸,氢氟酸,高氯酸消解银精矿的方法。根据元素灵敏度和抗干扰性,选定各元素的测定波长。通过酸溶样和碱熔样测定结果比对,验证了方法准确性。建立了四酸消解-电感耦合等离子体光谱法测定银精矿中铜、铅、锌、砷、镉、钙、镁、锰含量的方法,元素的线性相关系数均在0.9999以上。通过共存元素干扰实验,确定了银精矿中高含量元素(铜、铅、锌、铁、锑、铋等)对测定元素结果没有影响。方法检出限：Cu 0.0063 mg/L, Pb 0.0159 mg/L ,Zn 0.0090 mg/L,As 0.0192 mg/L, Cd 0.0093 mg/L ,Ca 0.0084 mg/L, Mg 0.0075 mg/L, Mn 0.0081 mg/L。测定下限：Cu 0.0105mg/L,Pb 0.0265 mg/L, Zn 0.0150 mg/L, As 0.0320 mg/L, Cd 0.0155 mg/L, Ca 0.0140 mg/L, Mg 0.0125 mg/L,Mn 0.0135 mg/L。3个样品的相对标准偏差在0.87%~3.56%之间,加标回收率在95.00%~103.56%之间。方法流程短,操作简单,快速,灵敏度和再现性高,结果准确可靠,可以满足银精矿中铜、铅、锌、砷、镉、钙、镁、锰含量的测定。     

液体弹珠：制备策略、物理性质及应用探索

Liquid marbles (LMs) are liquid droplets coated with a layer of lyophobic particles at the air-liquid interface. Since the pioneering work by Aussillous et al. in 2001, LMs have attracted significant attention owing to their facile fabrication, flexibility in the choice of the constituent particles and liquids, intriguing properties such as non-wetting and non-adhesive nature, satisfactory elasticity and stability, as well as promising applications in microfluidics, sensors, controlled release, and microreactors. The classical strategy for the preparation of LMs involves rolling a small volume of a droplet on a lyophobic powder bed for complete encapsulation of the liquid by the particles. In addition, various innovative methods, including electrostatic and coalescent approaches, have been developed for preparing special LMs with a complicated structure or morphology. Diverse materials such as water, surfactant solutions, liquid metals, reagents, blood, and even viscous adhesives have been employed as the internal liquid for the fabrication of LMs. Theoretically, any particulates such as lycopodium, polytetrafluoroethylene, Fe₃O₄, SiO₂, and graphite grains can be employed as the outer coating, but they are usually required to be lyophobic with sizes of less than hundreds of microns. The unique structure of the particle-covered droplet and the dual solid-liquid characteristics endow LMs with some unique and interesting properties, especially the non-wetting and non-adhesive nature. As the lyophobic coating particles restrain the internal liquid from contacting the substrate, LMs can move easily across either solid or liquid surfaces, neither wetting the substrate nor contaminating the internal liquid. An equally fascinating property of LMs is their satisfactory stability, which is necessary for most of their applications. The high stability of LMs stems from the protection of the coating powders and is embodied in both good mechanical stability (remaining intact after being released from a certain height or under a certain compression) and long lifetime (greatly suppressing the evaporation of the internal liquid). These extraordinary properties make LMs promising candidates for use in multitudinous fields, especially droplet microfluidics and microreactors. The potential application of LMs in microfluidics is ascribed to their non-wetting, non-adhesive nature and other features such as an ability to float on a liquid surface, coalescence, split, a small force of rolling friction, and response to external forces. Notably, LMs hold great promise for applications in microreactions, because they can create a confined reaction microenvironment, minimize reagent usage, facilitate unhindered gas exchange between the internal liquid medium and the surrounding environment, and allow the entry/exit of the reactants/products. We herein review the recent advances in LMs, such as manufacturing techniques, formation mechanisms, physical properties, and emerging applications. In particular, much attention is paid to the factors affecting the stability of LMs and the potential strategies to increase their stability. Moreover, this review discusses the challenges in the future development of LMs, suggests several possible ways of addressing these challenges, and forecasts the future development directions. We believe that this review can help researchers gain a better understanding of LMs and promote their further advances.     

超分子相互作用主导的纳米药物成核

纳米沉淀法是目前制备纳米药物的主要途径, 是指通过向药物的良溶剂中引入不良溶剂产生过饱和体系, 进而形成纳米尺度药物颗粒的方法. 该方法操控灵活, 能够大范围地选择药物分子、 溶剂、 载体、 表面活性剂及其它赋形剂, 实现对纳米药物成核及生长过程的调控. π-π堆积和疏水相互作用等分子间弱相互作用能够主导纳米药物成核, 从而用于制备高生物安全性的无载体纳米药物(CFNs). 目前超分子自组装在成核过程中的具体作用、 协同效应及调控方法尚缺少归纳总结. 根据纳米沉淀法的成核理论, 本文对超分子相互作用在成核过程中的重要贡献进行了诠释; 基于目前单药自组装CFNs的进展, 对多药共组装CFNs的优势进行了强调; 并将超分子相互作用主导成核的概念拓展到通过金属离子螯合形成的CFNs. 从理论上阐明了超分子相互作用在纳米药物成核过程中的主导作用, 将极大促进以高生物安全、 多功能及以联合治疗为标志的下一代CFNs的发展.     

EFFECT OF STRESS-INDUCED REACTIONS ON MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND PROCESSABILITY OF PVC DURING PAN-MILLING

The effect of pan-milling on morphological structure, processability and properties of PVC was studied through SEM, FTIR, granulometer, GPC and mechanical properties test in the hope of gaining ease in operation, needless of plasticizers, a clean and efficient route for improving the processability of PVC through stress-induced reactions,fulfilling the idea of “plasticizing PVC by itself”. The experimental results show that during pan-milling at ambient temperature, within 2-3 min, the microcrystalline structure of PVC becomes indistinct, the grain size of PVC is reducedfrom 130-160 μm to 1-50 μm the molecular weight of PVC is slightly decreased, the variation of molecular weight distribution is indistinct, the plasticizing time and torque at balance drop a great deal from 71-132 s to 31-33 s and from 18.2-22.1 Nm to 14.7-18.4 Nm, respectively, the processability of PVC is markedly improved, and the mechanical properties get enhanced too.     

衬底上石墨烯制备及改性研究

大面积高质量石墨烯的制备对石墨烯电子特性及石墨烯基纳器件相关研究有重要意义。本文综述了近几年来衬底上制备石墨烯的相关实验以及衬底与石墨烯相互作用研究的重要进展。目前,采用化学气相沉积、外延生长等方法可在衬底表面上制备出较大面积、高质量的石墨烯材料。衬底与石墨烯相互作用和界面间晶格匹配、原子成键及电荷转移等密切相关,其对吸附石墨烯的几何结构、能带结构及电子特性等产生明显影响。实验与理论计算的结合可望加深衬底与石墨烯作用机理的理解,指导衬底上石墨烯制备及改性的进一步研究。     

Regional distributions of manganese,iron, copper,and zinc in the brains of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced parkinsonian rats

Time courses of changes in manganese, iron, copper, and zinc concentrations were examined in regions of the brain of a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced rat model of Parkinson’s disease using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The concentrations were simultaneously determined in brain section at the level of the substantia nigra 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days after the 6-OHDA treatment and compared with those of control rats. The distributions of these elements were obtained for 18 regions of the sagittal section (1-mm thick). The ICP-MS results indicated that Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn levels of the 6-OHDA-induced parkinsonian brain were observed to increase in all regions that lay along the dopaminergic pathway. In the substantia nigra, the increase in Mn level occurred rapidly from 3 to 7 days and preceded those in the other elements, reaching a plateau in the 6-OHDA brain. Iron and Zn levels increased gradually until 7 days and then increased rapidly from 7 to 10 days. The increase in the copper level was slightly delayed. In other regions, such as the globus pallidus, putamen, and amygdala, the levels of Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn increased with time after 6-OHDA treatment, although the time courses of their changes were region-specific. These findings contribute to our understanding of the roles of Mn and Fe in the induction of neurological symptoms and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the development of Parkinson’s disease. Manganese may hold the key to disturbing cellular Fe homeostasis and accelerating Fe levels, which play the most important role in the development of Parkinson’s disease.