毛细管电泳-质谱联用技术及其在蛋白质组学中的应用

蛋白质组学研究在生物学、精准医学等方面发挥着重要的作用。然而研究面临的巨大挑战来自生物样品的复杂性,因此在质谱（MS）鉴定技术不断革新的同时,发展分离技术以降低样品复杂度尤为重要。毛细管电泳（CE）技术具有上样体积小、分离效率高、分离速度快等优势,其与质谱的联用在蛋白质组学研究中越来越受到关注。低流速鞘流液和无鞘流液接口的发展及商品化推动了CE-MS技术的发展。目前毛细管区带电泳（CZE）、毛细管等电聚焦（CIEF）、毛细管电色谱（CEC）等分离模式已与质谱联用,其中CZE-MS应用最广泛。目前被广泛采用的蛋白质组学研究策略主要是基于酶解肽段分离鉴定的"自下而上（bottom-up）"策略。首先,CE-MS技术对酶解肽段的检测灵敏度高达1 zmol,已成功应用于单细胞蛋白质组学;其次,毛细管电泳技术与反相液相色谱互补,为疏水性质相近的肽段（尤其是翻译后修饰肽段）的分离鉴定提供了新的途径。基于整体蛋白质分离鉴定的自上而下"top-down"策略可以直接获得更精准、更完整的蛋白质信息。CE技术在蛋白质大分子的分离方面具有分离效率高、回收率高的优势,其与质谱的联用提高了整体蛋白质的鉴定灵敏度和覆盖度。非变性质谱（native MS）是一种在近生理条件下从完整蛋白质复合物水平上进行分析的质谱技术。CE与非变性质谱联用已被尝试用于蛋白质复合体的分离鉴定。该文引用了与CE-MS和蛋白质组学应用相关的93篇文献,综述了以上介绍的CE-MS的研究进展以及在蛋白质组学分析中的应用优势,并总结和展望了其应用前景。     

基于毛细管电泳技术的高灵敏度蛋白质组学技术发展

近年来,蛋白质组学技术在样品前处理、分离技术和质谱检测技术方面获得了快速发展,已经可以实现在几小时内对上万种蛋白的同时定性和定量分析。然而,目前的主流蛋白质组学技术仍无法满足极微量生物样品,尤其是单细胞样品的组学分析需求。毛细管电泳分离技术具有峰宽窄、柱效高、样品用量少等优势,是与高分辨质谱在线联用的理想选择之一。该文评述了集成化和在线样品前处理以及主流的纳升液相色谱-质谱联用系统在高灵敏度蛋白质组学分析领域的发展现状和挑战,认为该领域的重要技术挑战之一在于目前的纳升液相色谱分离已经无法完全匹配现代高分辨质谱超过40 Hz的超高扫描速度,从而导致质谱使用效率的降低。针对上述技术挑战,该文重点探讨了毛细管电泳-质谱联用技术的独特技术优势和潜在发展机遇,主要包括：（1）面向微量酶解多肽样品的高柱效毛细管电泳分离。通过采用毛细管电色谱可以进一步改善毛细管电泳柱容量不足的局限;（2）面向高灵敏度分析的无鞘液/鞘液接口开发;（3）高效毛细管电泳分离与高扫描速度质谱检测的协同化使用。总之,我们预期毛细管电泳-质谱联用技术的进一步发展有望在针对单细胞等超微量生物学样品的蛋白质组学分析中获得更广泛的应用。     

毛细管电色谱-质谱联用技术进展

毛细管电色谱-质谱联用技术结合了毛细管电色谱高分离性能和质谱强定性能力的特点，近年来得到较快的发展。本文系统综述了CEC/MS接口技术及在复杂样品分离分析中应用的最新进展。引用文献45篇。     

毛细管电泳-电喷雾质谱联用技术及其在蛋白质分析领域中的应用

综述了毛细管电泳与电喷雾质谱联用的接口技术、分离模式及其在蛋白质分析领域中的应用，特别是毛细管等电聚焦与电喷雾质谱联用在蛋白质组学中研究进展。     

《色谱联用技术》（第二版）

该书主要介绍了色谱-质谱、色谱-傅立叶变换红外光谱、色谱-原子光谱和色谱-色谱联用技术。该书简述了质谱、傅立叶变换红外光谱、原子光谱和核磁共振仪器的结构、工作原理、以及与色谱联用时对接口的一般要求。该书内容丰富，包括：液相色谱-质谱、毛细管电泳-质谱、色谱-傅立叶变换红外光谱、液相色谱-傅立叶变换红外光谱、薄层色谱-傅立叶变换红外光谱、色谱-原子光谱等联用技术，以及液相色谱-液相色谱、气相色谱-气相色谱、气相色谱-液相色谱等不同的分离模式色谱联用技术的应用实例。该书是《色谱技术丛书》之分册，在第一版基础上作了修改和充实，补充了新近发展的仪器、技术与应用实例。     

《色谱原子光谱／质谱联用技术及形态分析》

元素形态分析是21世纪分析化学中发展最快的研究领域之一．而各种色谱（包括电泳）与原子光谱／质谱联用技术则是元素形态分析最有效的手段。本书详细介绍了自20世纪90年代以来联用技术及元素形态分析的研究成果及发展趋势。内容包括元素形态分析中的试样前处理技术、非色谱原子光谱／质谱联用技术、色谱（包括气相色谱、液相色谱、毛细管电泳）、原子光谱／质谱联用技术以及环境和生物体系中元素形态分析等。     

毛细管电泳-质谱技术在手性化合物分离分析中的研究进展北大核心CSCD

目前使用的绝大多数药物为手性化合物,它们具有相似的物理和化学性质,但药理活性不同,且常以外消旋混合物的形式存在,因此对手性化合物的分离在生物、环境、食品和医药等领域一直备受关注。与广泛使用的液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)相比,毛细管电泳-质谱(CE-MS)作为一种新型分离分析技术,具有分离效率高、样品和试剂消耗量低、选择性高和分离模式多样化等诸多优势,已经发展成为手性分析领域中有广阔应用前景的分析方法之一。CE-MS结合了CE的高分离效率和低样品消耗以及MS的高灵敏度和强结构解析能力,在蛋白质组学和代谢组学等领域发挥了重要作用。CE杰出的手性拆分能力与MS优势的结合,亦使CE-MS成为实现手性化合物高效分离分析的完美组合。在过去的十几年里,基于不同CE-MS分离模式的高性能手性分析体系层出不穷,如电动色谱-质谱(EKC-MS)、胶束电动色谱-质谱(MEKC-MS)和毛细管电色谱-质谱(CEC-MS)等,并成功应用于医药、生物、食品和环境科学等领域的手性化合物分析。该文主要综述了2011~2021年,CE-MS在手性化合物分析领域的技术、手性选择剂(如改性环糊精和聚合物表面活性剂等)的使用以及在医药等领域应用方面的研究进展,并讨论了不同手性分析模式的局限性,为未来的CE-MS手性分离分析技术发展及应用提供借鉴。     

比较纳升反相色谱-串联质谱与毛细管区带电泳-串联质谱用于自顶向下蛋白质组学

自顶向下蛋白质组学的一个重要难题是缺乏与质谱可以在线连用并且可以提供高效蛋白质分离的液相分离技术。毛细管区带电泳与纳升反相色谱都可以与质谱在线连用,并且在复杂蛋白质样品分析方面也都有了显著的提升。在这里,我们首次比较了先进的纳升反相色谱-串联质谱与毛细管区带电泳-串联质谱平台用于自顶向下蛋白质组学分析。相对于纳升反相色谱-质谱而言,毛细管区带电泳-质谱可以将标准蛋白质样品的消耗量降低10倍,而且保持与纳升反相色谱-质谱相当的蛋白质信号强度。有意思的是,与毛细管区带电泳-质谱相比,纳升反相色谱-质谱可以获得更高的蛋白质分子的气相价态。这个现象可能是由于反相流动相中的高浓度乙腈使得蛋白质变性的更加充分。从1微克的大肠杆菌蛋白质样品中,毛细管区带电泳-串联质谱可以鉴定到159个蛋白质和513个蛋白质变体,而纳升反相色谱-串联质谱仅鉴定到105个蛋白质和277个蛋白质变体。当将大肠杆菌蛋白质的上样量提高到8微克时,纳升反相色谱-串联质谱可以鉴定到245个蛋白质和1004个蛋白质变体。由于纳升反相色谱-串联质谱具有比毛细管区带电泳-串联质谱更高的上样量与更宽的分离窗口,当蛋白质样品量不受限制时,纳升反相色谱-串联质谱具有明显的优势。但是,在痕量样品分析方面,毛细管区带电泳-串联质谱具有更大的潜力。     

多维液相色谱技术的进展

与一维分离模式相比,多维色谱分离技术的最大特点是可极大地提高峰容量．近几年,随着蛋白质组学的出现尤其是表达谱的开展,对分离技术提出更高的要求．多维高效液相色谱系统以其快速、高效、自动化程度高以及易与质谱等其他技术联用等优势再一次成为研究应用的热点．本文结合本课题组在多维色谱方面的工作介绍了多维色谱技术的发展及应用,重点介绍在蛋白质组学平台中的应用．     

CZE-ESI-MS联用测定小肽混合物的研究

研究肽的分离行为、测定方法及测定条件对蛋白质组学研究具有重要意义 .毛细管电泳 ( CE)作为一种高效、快速的分离方法 ,样品用量少 ,已被广泛应用于生物领域中 ,尤其是小肽和蛋白质的分离分析 .质谱 ( MS)能够进行微量鉴定 ,并提供精确的分子量和结构信息 ,使其成为小肽和蛋白质检测和序列测定的强有力的支撑技术之一 [1～ 3] .其中 ,电喷雾 ( ESI)质谱作为一种软电离技术 ,易与常规的高分辨率分离方法如高效液相色谱、毛细管电泳等实现在线联用 ,具有分离效率高、检测灵敏度高和样品定性方便等特点 ,因而在小肽和蛋白质的测定中得到广…     

Recent developments in the characterization of nucleic acids by liquid chromatography,capillary electrophoresis,ion mobility,and mass spectrometry (2010–2020)

The development of new strategies for the analysis of nucleic acids has gained momentum due to the increased interest in using these biomolecules as drugs or drug targets. The application of new mass spectrometry ion activation techniques and the optimization of separation methods including liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and ion mobility have allowed more detailed characterization of nucleic acids and oligonucleotide therapeutics including confirmation of sequence, localization of modifications and interaction sites, and structural analysis as well as identification of failed sequences and degradation products. This review will cover tandem mass spectrometry methods as well as the recent developments in liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and ion mobility coupled to mass spectrometry for the analysis of nucleic acids and oligonucleotides.     

Coupling of CE‐MS for protein and peptide analysis

The review is focused on the latest developments in the analysis of proteins and peptides by capillary electrophoresis techniques coupled to mass spectrometry. First, the methodology and instrumentation are overviewed. In this section, recent progress in capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry interfaces and capillary electrophoresis with matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization is mentioned, as well as separation tasks. The second part is devoted to applications—mainly bottom‐up and top‐down proteomics. It is obvious that capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry methods are well suited for peptide and protein analysis (proteomic research) and it is described how these techniques are complementary and not competitive with the often used liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry methods.     

Applications of solid‐phase micro‐extraction with mass spectrometry in pesticide analysis

Pesticides, widely applied in agriculture, can produce a variety of transformation products and their continuous use causes deleterious effects to ecosystem. Efficient and sensitive analytical techniques for enrichment and analysis of pesticides samples are highly required. Compared with other extraction methods, solid‐phase micro extraction is a solvent free, cost effective, robust, versatile, and high throughput sample preparation technique, especially for the analysis of pesticides from complicated matrices. Coupling of solid‐phase micro extraction with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry has been extensively applied in pesticide analysis. On the other hand, in recent years, combination of fast separation using solid‐phase micro extraction and rapid detection using ambient mass spectrometry is providing highly efficient pesticide screening. This article summarizes the applications of solid‐phase micro extraction coupled to mass spectrometry for pesticides analysis.     

Recent developments and applications of capillary and microchip electrophoresis in proteomics and peptidomics (mid-2018–2022)

This review gives a wide overview of recent advances and applications of capillary electrophoresis and microchip capillary electrophoresis methods in the fields of proteomics and peptidomics in the period from mid-2018 up to the end of 2022. The methodological topics covering sample preparation and concentration techniques, hyphenation of capillary electrophoresis methods with mass spectrometry, and multidimensional separations by on-line or off-line coupled different capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography techniques are described and new developments in both bottom-up and top-down approaches in proteomics are presented. In addition, various applications of capillary electrophoresis methods in proteomic and peptidomic studies are demonstrated. They include monitoring of protein posttranslational modifications and applications in biological and biochemical research, clinical peptidomics and proteomics, and food analysis.     

Current applications of capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for the analysis of biologically important analytes in urine (2017 to mid-2021): A review

Capillary electrophoresis coupled online with mass detection is a modern tool for analyzing wide ranges of compounds in complex samples, including urine. Capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry allows the separation and identification of various analytes spanning from small ions to high molecular weight protein complexes. Similarly to the much more common liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques, the capillary electrophoresis separation reduces the complexity of the mixture of analytes entering the mass spectrometer resulting in reduced ion suppression and a more straightforward interpretation of the mass spectrometry data. This review summarizes capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry studies published between the years 2017 and 2021, aiming at the determination of various compounds excreted in urine. The properties of the urine, including its diagnostical and analytical features and chemical composition, are also discussed including general protocols for the urine sample preparation. The mechanism of the electrophoretic separation and the instrumentation for capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry coupling is also included. This review shows the potential of the capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry technique for the analyses of different kinds of analytes in a complex biological matrix. The discussed applications are divided into two main groups (capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry for the determination of drugs and drugs of abuse in urine and capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry for the studies of urinary metabolome).     

用反相液相色谱分离多肽时峰容量与色谱柱长度关系的研究

在蛋白质组学研究中,多肽混合物的有效分离对蛋白质鉴定和蛋白质之间相互作用的研究起着决定性的影响。基于此,用反相液相色谱研究了在两个不同长度的色谱柱上分离多肽混合物时色谱柱长度与峰容量的关系,同时考察了梯度洗脱时间对峰容量和峰宽的影响。实验结果表明,色谱柱长度对峰容量有显著的影响,而延长梯度洗脱时间不仅可以增加峰容量,而且可以增加峰宽。这说明用毛细管液相色谱 串联质谱联用方法对多肽混合物进行分离鉴定时,采用较长的色谱柱和较长的梯度洗脱时间有利于对更多的多肽进行分析鉴定。     

Rapid separation and characterization of diterpenoid alkaloids in processed roots of Aconitum carmichaeli using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid linear ion trap‐Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry

The lateral root of Aconitum carmichaeli, a popular traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used to treat rheumatic diseases. For decades, diterpenoid alkaloids have dominated the phytochemical and biomedical research on this plant. In this study, a rapid and sensitive method based on ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap‐Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry was developed to characterize the diterpenoid alkaloids in Aconitum carmichaeli. Based on an optimized chromatographic condition, more than 120 diterpenoid alkaloids were separated with good resolution. Using a systematic strategy that combines high resolution separation, highly accurate mass measurements and a good understanding of the diagnostic fragment‐based fragmentation patterns, these diterpenoid alkaloids were identified or tentatively identified. The identification of these chemicals provided essential data for further phytochemical studies and toxicity research of Aconitum carmichaeli. Moreover, the ultra high performance liquid chromatography with linear ion trap‐Orbitrap mass spectrometry platform was an effective and accurate tool for rapid qualitative analysis of secondary metabolite productions from natural resources.     

Monitoring of cefepime in human serum and plasma by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography: Improvement of sample preparation and validation by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry

Cefepime monitoring in deproteinized human serum and plasma by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in presence of other drugs is reported. For micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography, sample preparation comprised dodecylsulfate protein precipitation at pH 4.5 using an increased buffer concentration compared to that of a previous assay and removal of hydrophobic compounds with dichloromethane. This provided robust conditions for cefepime analysis in the presence of sulfamethoxazole and thus enabled its determination in samples of patients that receive cotrimoxazole. The liquid chromatography assay is based upon use of a column with a pentafluorophenyl‐propyl modified and multiendcapped stationary phase and the coupling to electrospray ionization with a single quadrupole detector. The performances of both assays with multilevel internal calibration were assessed with calibration and control samples and both assays were determined to be robust. Cefepime levels monitored by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography in samples from patients that were treated with cefepime only and with cefepime and cotrimoxazole were found to compare well with those obtained by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Cefepime drug levels determined by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography could thereby be validated.