Chiral separation on achiral stationary phases with different functionalities using β-cyclodextrin in the mobile phase and application to bioanalysis and coupled columns

Summary -cyclodextrin was used in the mobile phase as chiral selector for separating the enantiomers of terbutaline, chlorthalidone and oxazepam. The effect on chiral resolution using e.g. hydrophobic, polar or cation exchanging stationary phases was investigated. Both the chiral separation factor and retention level were affected by the concentration of methanol and -cyclodextrin. The stationary phase had no effect on the chiral separation only on the level of retention. By tuning the concentration of -cyclodextrin and methanol in the mobile phase chiral separation could be obtained on most stationary phases. By changing the stationary phase while adjusting the mobile phase composition to maintain the chiral selectivity, improvements of the selectivity towards e.g. endogenous compounds can be obtained when separating enantiomers in complex matrixes as biological fluids. Further improvement on selectivity can be obtained if coupled columns are used. This is examplified for separation of chlorthalidone and terbutaline enantiomers in biological fluids by coupling an achiral column to another achiral column and using a mobile phase containing -cyclodextrin on the last column.     

The role of achiral sorbent matrix in chiral recognition of amino acid enantiomers in ligand-exchange chromatography

Summary As an alternative to the known three-point interaction model describing recognition of optical isomers by a chiral resolving agent, a new concept has been developed stating that two interaction points between the resolving agent and the enantiomers are also sufficient for achieving chiral recognition of the latter, provided that the diastereomeric adducts formed by the resolving agent with the enantiomers additionally interact with a non-chiral chromatographic sorbent. This concept is based on the results of ligand-exchange chromatography of -amino acid enantiomers with copper(II) complexes of chiral bifunctional ligands as the resolving agents in chromatographic systems.     

The resolution of some chiral compounds in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography by means of β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes

Summary -Cyclodextrin is applied as the chiral component of the mobile phase in a systematic study of the resolution —into enantiomers — of mandelic acid and its derivatives by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. It is found that the stereoselectivity arising from inclusion in -cyclodextrin molecules is significant (=1.02÷1.05) only for the compounds showing at the asymmetric carbon atom the presence of first, an intact carboxylic group and second, a functional group capable of hydrogen bonding with the hydroxyl groups of -cyclodextrin. Results are discussed in the light of the three-point attachment model of stereoselectivity as well as of the structure of the inclusion complexes.Presented at the 14th International Symposium on Chromatography London, September, 1982     

Liquid chromatographie separation of penicillamine enantiomers derivatized with OPA/2-ME on aβ-cyclodextrin bonded phase

A high performance liquid Chromatographic method has been developed for the resolution of penicillamine enantiomers on a -cyclodextrin (-CD) column. Fluorogenic derivatives of the D,L-penicillamine were first formed by usingo-phthaldehyde/2-mercaptoethanol (OPA/2-ME) as derivatizating reagent. These chiral derivatives were then chromatographed on a commercially available chiral stationary phase of -CD with 50/50 ethanol/1% triethylammonium acetate (pH 4.5) as a mobile phase, and detected fluorimetrically at 450 nm (_ex = 355 nm). After careful optimization of the classical Chromatographic parameters good resolution was achieved between the d and l enantiomers. The method proposed here is simple and rapid and can detect the presence of 0.5% of the L-enantiomer in D-penicillamine pharmaceutical preparations (tablets).     

Separations of a-hexachlorocyclohexane (a-HCH) and pentachlorocyclohexene (PCCH) enantiomers on a cyclodextrin-phase (Cyclodex-B) by HRGC/ECD

The separation of a-hexachlorocyclohexane and of all eight possible pentachlorocyclohexene isomers into their enantiomers by high-resolution gas chromatography and electron capture detection was achieved by using permethylated -cyclodextrin in DB 1701 (Cyclodex-B, J & W) as chiral stationary phase. The first step in the metabolism of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) is the formation of 1,3,4,5,6-pentachlorocyclohexene-1 (PCCH). Various degradation experiments were carried out with -, -, -, and -HCH. Whereas -HCH gave no degradation products, the isomers -, -, and -HCH degraded into various PCCHs and trichlorobenzenes, when using pyridine as dehydrochlorination reagent in xylene at 60°C. Isomerization into other HCH isomers was observed only for -HCH. Enantioselective dehydrochlorination was observed for a- and -HCH using the alkaloid (–)-brucine, R-(+)- or S-(–)-a-phenylethylamine as chiral base.     

Ethylene hydroformylation over a nafion-supported rhodium catalyst

Ethylene hydroformylation over a Nafion-supported rhodium catalyst has been studied under atmospheric pressure in the temperature range of 100–135 °C, using the transient response method.

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, , 100–135°C, .

     

Determination of basic sites on the surface of metal oxide catalysts by desorption of benzoic acid

A method has been developed for the determination of the concentration of basic sites on white and deeply colored solid porous materials, which is based on the displacement of adsorbed benzoic acid by acetic acid. The determination is rapid and gives results comparable with those obrained by the titration with benzoic acid using thymolphthalein as indicator.

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. . , , , .

     

Thermal investigation of the phase composition of poly(ethylene terephthalate). Analysis of different methods of determination of the degree of crystallinity of partially crystalline substances

The literature data on the degree of crystallinity of non-deformed poly(ethylene terephthalate) measured at various temperatures have been subjected to comparative analysis. There is no correlation between the results obtained by the different methods. The reason for this is shown to be the imperfections in the methods of determining the degree of crystallinity, which do not provide the true composition of the crystalline phase. Consideration has been paid to the validity of the main principles involved in the thermal method of determining the degree of crystallinity, so as to eliminate the imperfections in the existing methods and to provide the correct value of the mass of the crystalline phase. The phase composition of PET has been analyzed by the thermal method at different temperatures and conditions of crystallization. A marked difference from the literature data is observed in the range of low temperatures.

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Zusammenfassung Eine vergleichende Analyse der Literaturangaben bezüglich des bei verschiedenen Temperaturen gemessenen Kristallisationsgrades von nicht-deformiertem Poly(äthylen-terephthalat) wurde durchgeführt. Zwischen den mit verschiedenen Methoden erhaltenen Ergebnissen besteht keine Korrelation. Es wurde gezeigt, daß der Grund hierfür in der Unvollkommenheit der Methoden zur Bestimmung des Kristallisationsgrades liegt, da diese nicht die wahre Zusammensetzung der Kristallinen Phase angeben. Die Gültigkeit der wichtigsten Prinzipien, welche die thermische Bestimmung des Kristallisationsgrades unter Ausschaltung der Unvollkommenheit der bestehenden Methoden gewährleisten und den richtigen Wert der Masse der kristallinen Phase angeben, wurden in Erwägung gezogen. Die Analyse der Phasenzusammensetzung von PET wurde durch die thermische Methode bei verschiedenen Temperaturen und Kristallisationsbedingungen durchgeführt. Ein deutlicher Unterschied zu den Literaturangaben kann im Bereich der niedrigen Temperaturen beobachtet werden.

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. , , . , , . , , . . .

     

Electronic spectral study of the interaction of CoNaX zeolite with C1?C5 hydrocarbons

Interaction of both satured and unsaturated hydrocarbons with tetrahedral Co²⁺ ion complexes lodged in the zeolite skeleton is reported on the basis of diffuse reflectance spectra. While saturated hydrocarbons do not affect the coordination sphere of the Co-complex, the unsaturated hydrocarbons change considerably the distortion of the tetrahedral Co-complex.

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- Co²⁺ - . - Co-, - - Co-.

     

Kinetic studies of Pt/Al2O3 catalyst pellets with nonuniform activity

Catalysts with nonuniform distribution of the catalytically active component (Pt) over their porous support (Al₂O₃) have been studied. A nonuniform activity distribution changes not only the reaction rate but also the kinetics can be different on these catalysts.

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(Pt) (Al₂O₃). , , .

     

Recent progress in numerical methods for the determination of thermokinetics

The results of a multinational concerted programme on the determination of thermokinetics are presented. The purpose of the programme was to compare different numerical methods which have been independently proposed for the determination of thermokinetics from experimental calorimetric data. To achieve this end, the same experimental data, obtained from two heat-flow calorimeters, were distributed and successively analyzed by the different methods. Numerical methods based on the state function theory, on Fourier transform analysis, on dynamic optimization and on a simple differentiation of the data were thus critically tested.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurden die Ergebnisse der gemeinsamen Arbeiten über die Bestimmung der Thermokinetik mit 4 numerischen Methoden (dynamische Optimalisierung, Methode der Zustandfunktionen, harmonische Analyse und umgekehrte Korrektion) vorgestellt. Die experimentellen Daten wurden mit Hilfe von 2 Kalorimetern mit einer konstanten Temperatur des Isoliermantels ermittelt. Die Durchführung der Versuche ermöglichte ein Vergleich der angewandten Methoden.

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Résumé Les résultats d'un programme de recherches concerté multinational sur la détermination des données thermocinétiques sont présentés. Le but du programme était de comparer différentes méthodes numériques proposées indépendamment pour la détermination des données thermocinétiques à partir des mesures calorimétriques expérimentales. Pour celà, les mêmes données expérimentales fournies par deux calorimètres à flux de chaleur ont été distribué es et analysées successivement par 4 méthodes: utilisation des variables d'état, analyse de la transformée de Fourier, optimalisation dynamique et simple différentiation des données.

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. , . , , . , , , .

     

Thermogravimetric changes influenced by the compaction of graphite-CrO3 intercalation compounds

The changes resulting from the compression of graphite-CrO₃ intercalation compounds are demonstrated in the TG curves. In comparison with the samples examined in the form of a flake bed, the compacted compounds begin to decompose at lower temperatures and their weight loss is higher, particularly above 220 °C. To explain the obtained results, the pressure-induced changes in the structures and the activities of the compounds are considered in relation to the method of intercalation, the concentration of the intercalant and the extent of exfoliation.

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Zusammenfassung Anhand von TG-Kurven wurden Veränderungen demonstriert, die durch das Verdichten von Graphit-CrO₃-Einlagerungsverbindungen hervorgerufen werden. Im Vergleich zu Proben, untersucht in Form von Flocken, beginnen die kompakten Verbindungen sich bei niedrigeren Temperaturen zu zersetzen und zeigen einen grösseren Masseverlust, insbesondere beim Überschreiten von 220 °C. Zur Deutung der erhaltenen Ergebnisse wurden die druckverursachten Veränderungen in Hinsicht auf das Verfahren der Einlagerung, die Einlagerungskonzentration und auf das Ausmass der Abbröckelung in Betracht gezogen.

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, -r₃. , , , 220°. , , .

     

Vapor phase oxidation of methylpyridines on zeolite catalysts

It has been established that zeolites containing Pd and Cu ions catalyze the vapor phase oxidation of methylpyridines. In oxidation of 2-methylpyridine on PdCuNa-mordenite at 375 °C the yield of 2-pyridinecarbaldehyde is 40 % of its theoretical values.

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, , Pd Cu, . 2- PdCuNa- 2- 375°C 40% .

     

Oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide: A tpr study on fresh and aged catalysts

The deactivation of a silver catalyst was investigated after six years of industrial production of ethylene oxide. Temperature-programmed reduction was used to characterize the chemical nature of the silver and its reactivity towards oxygen. The fresh and some aged catalysts were examined, also after different thermal treatments.During the industrial run, the surface species were modified and some oxygen diffused into the bulk of the metal. Aging caused permanent changes in the characteristics of the silver, resulting in a different interaction with oxygen. The TPR spectra exhibited a trend along the reactor axis, suggesting a correlation with the degree of deactivation of the catalyst.

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Zusammenfassung Die Desaktivierung eines Silberkatalysators wurde nach 6-jährigem Einsatz zur industriellen Produktion untersucht. Temperaturprogrammierte Reduktion wurde angewandt, um die chemische Natur des Silbers und dessen Reaktivität gegenüber Sauerstoff zu charakterisieren. Frische und einige gealterte Katalysatoren wurden nach verschiedenen thermischen Vorbehandlungen untersucht. Die Alterung verursachte bleibende Veränderungen in charakteristischen Eigenschaften des Silbers, was in der unterschiedlichen Wechselwirkung mit Sauerstoff zum Ausdruck kommt. Die TPR-Resultate zeigen einen Trend entlang der Reaktorachse, was auf eine Korrelation mit dem Grad der Desaktivierung des Katalysators hindeutet.

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. () . , , . . , , . , .

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The experimental contributions by F. Genoni and G. Valassina are gratefully acknowledged.     

New instruments and methods for enthalpimetric analysis and calibration

A review is given of recently developed instruments used in thermometric analysis and new methods of direct injection enthalpimetry.In the past two years, several types of Tronac (Orem, Utah) and Setaram (Lyon, France) calorimeters have been developed. A new mixing cell construction led to development of a flow instrument for automated thermometric analyses (Technicon, Tarrytown N. Y.). A new type of Hungarian instrument, Ditermanal (Orion, Budapest) permits arbitrary analyses.At the Technical University in Brno, small table twin isoperibol instruments allowing the direct analyses of solid samples have been developed. The use of PTC thermistors and a calibration device improved the accuracy of measurements.Many new methods of silicate and lime analysis, water determination, etc. have been elaborated.

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Zusammenfassung Eine Übersicht über die zur thermometrischen Analyse eingesetzten, entwickelten Instrumente und neuen Methoden der Direkt-Injektion Enthalpimetrie wird gegeben.In den zwei vergangenen Jahren wurden verschiedene Kalorimetertypen TRONAC (Orem, Utah) und SETARAM (Lyon, France) entwickelt. Eine neue Mischzellenkonstruktion ermöglichte es ein Durchflussinstrument für automatische thermometrische Analysen (TECHNICON, Tarrytown, N. Y.) zu entwickeln. Ein neuer ungarischer Instrumententyp, DITERMANAL (ORION, Budapest), ermöglicht die Durchführung von Schiedsanalysen.An der Technischen Universität Brno wurden kleinen Zwillings-Isoperibol-Tisch Instrumente entwickelt, welche auch die direkten Analysen fester Proben ermöglichen. Der Einsatz von PTC-Thermistoren und einer Eichvorrichtung erhöhte die Messgenauigkeit.Viele neue Methoden der Silikat- und Kalkanalyse, Wasserbestimmungen usw. wurden erarbeitet.

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Résumé On passe en revue les instruments récemment mis au point et utilisés en analyse thermométrique ainsi que les nouvelles méthodes d'enthalpimétrie par injection directe.Dans les deux dernières années, divers types de calorimètres ont été mis au point: TRONAC (Orem, Utah) et SETARAM (Lyon, France). La réalisation d'une nouvelle cellule de mélange a permis de mettre au point un appareil à flux pour les analyses thermométriques automatiques (TECHNICON, Tarrytown, N. Y.). Un nouveau type d'instrument hongrois, DITERMANAL (ORION, Budapest) permet d'effectuer des analyses arbitrales.A l'université technique de Brno de petites tables instruments jumeaux isopériboliques permettant aussi d'effectuer des analyses directes des corps solides ont été réalisés. L'application de thermistors PTC et un dispositif pour l'étalonnage augmentent l'exactitude des mesures.Des méthodes nouvelles nombreuses pour l'analyse des silicates, des pierres calcaires, de l'eau, etc., ont fait l'objet d'études.

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, . (, ) (, ). (H, , -). (, ) . , . . , , .

     

Collisional energy transfer in the decomposition of 2-methyloxetane and 3-methyloxetane, I. Gas/gas collisions

The pressure dependence of the unimolecular rate constants for the thermal decomposition of 2-methyloxetane and 3-methyloxetane has been studied. The average energy transferred downward in gas-gas collision was determined by the application of RRKM theory and a stepladder model of energy transfer.

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2- 3-. , - , .

     

Determination of the acidity of catalysts by thermoadsorption with a cyclic temperature program

A novel method is described, consisting in the determination of admolecules which are the most loosely bonded on the surface. This permits a better characterization of active centers on catalysts.

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, , , , .

     

Thermal decomposition of ammonium uranates

The thermal decomposition of ammonium uranates precipitated from uranyl nitrate solution on the addition of aqueous ammonium hydroxide and hexamine under various conditions has been studied by means of thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Although all precipitates show the composition corresponding to UO₃ · NH₃ · H₂O, the precipitates with hexamine give X-ray diffraction patterns designed as types I and II, in which type I is similar to the precipitates with ammonia. As a result, it is concluded that ammonium uranates thermally decompose to amorphous UO₃ at about 400°, and transform to U₃O₈ via-UO₃ and/or-UO₃, latter being formed in the case of type II only.

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Zusammenfassung Die thermische Zersetzung von unter verschiedenen Bedingungen durch wässrige Lösungen von Ammoniumhydroxid und Hexamin aus Uranylnitrat-Lösung gefällten Ammoniumuranaten wurde mittels TG, DTA, IR-Spektroskopie und Röntgendiffraktometrie untersucht. Obwohl die Zusammensetzung aller Niederschläge der Formel UO₃ · NH₃ · H₂O entspricht, geben die mit Hexamin gefällten Niederschläge die als Typ I und II bezeichneten Röntgendiffraktogramme, von denen das des Typs I ähnlich dem der mit Ammoniak gefällten Niederschlage ist. Es wird festgestellt, daß Ammoniumuranate bei 400° thermisch zu amorphen UO₃ zersetzt werden und sich über-UO₃ und/oder-UO₃—wobei beim Typ II nur das letztere gebildet wird — in U₃O₈ umwandeln.

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, , - - , . @2 UO₃ · NH₃ · H₂O, , - I II. . , 400° UO₃ U₃O₈ -UO₃ -UO₃. II.

     

Investigation of the self-heating phenomenon in the bulk polymerization of acrylonitrile

The temperature of the polymerizing system was measured with a thermistor during the bulk polymerization of acrylonitrile initiated by azoisobutyronitrile. The temperature of self-heating suddenly rises at a conversion of about 2%. This jump of temperature is presumably caused by the formation of a gel structure and, consequently, the outfall of thermal convection within the system.

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, -- . , - . - , .

     

Formation of hexagonal MoO3 upon the decomposition of silica-supported ammonium paramolybdate

Upon the decomposition of silica-supported ammonium paramolybdate, hexagonal MoO₃ is formed at 300–350 °C. Irreversible transformation of hexagonal to rhombic MoO₃ is observed with increasing calcination temperature. The hexagonal MoO₃ structure is probably stabilized by the insertion of ammonium and silicon ions into the lattice of molybdenum trioxide.

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, , 300–359 °C . MoO₃ . MoO₃, , MoO₃.