Effects of a Degeneracy in the Competition Model: Part I. Classical and Generalized Steady-State Solutions

We study the competition model where the coefficient functions are strictly positive over the underlying spatial region Ω except b(x), which vanishes in a nontrivial subdomain of Ω, and is positive in the rest of Ω. We show that there exists a critical number λ* such that if λ <λ*, then the model behaves similarly to the well-studied classical competition model where all the coefficient functions are positive constants, but when λ>λ*, new phenomena occur. Our results demonstrate the fact that heterogeneous environmental effects on population models are not only quantitative, but can be qualitative as well. In part I here, we mainly study two kinds of steady-state solutions which determine the dynamics of the model: one consists of finite functions while the other consists of generalized functions which satisfy (u, v)=(∞, 0) on the part of the domain that b(x) vanishes, but are positive and finite on the rest of the domain, and are determined by certain boundary blow-up systems. The research is continued in part II, where these two kinds of steady-state solutions will be used to determine the dynamics of the model.     

Stability diagram for 4D linear periodic systems with applications to homographic solutions

We consider a family of 4-dimensional Hamiltonian time-periodic linear systems depending on three parameters, λ₁, λ₂ and ε such that for ε=0 the system becomes autonomous. Using normal form techniques we study stability and bifurcations for ε>0 small enough. We pay special attention to the d'Alembert case. The results are applied to the study of the linear stability of homographic solutions of the planar three-body problem, for some homogeneous potential of degree −α, 0<α<2, including the Newtonian case.     

A nondifferentiable extension of a theorem of Pucci and Serrin and applications

We study the multiplicity of critical points for functionals which are only differentiable along some directions. We extend to this class of functionals the three critical point theorem of Pucci and Serrin and we apply it to a one-parameter family of functionals Jλ, λ∈I⊂R. Under suitable assumptions, we locate an open subinterval of values λ in I for which Jλ possesses at least three critical points. Applications to quasilinear boundary value problems are also given.     

Center problem and bifurcation behavior for a class of quasi analytic systems

Results about the study of nonanalytic systems’ center-focus and bifurcations of limit cycles are hardly seen in published references up till now. In this paper, we investigated the problems of determining center or focus and bifurcations for a class of planar quasi cubic analytic systems. The recursive formula to figure out generalized focal values is given, ulteriorly the conditions for four limit cycles from the origin or the point at infinity are obtained and center problems are considered. What is worth pointing out is that we offer a kind of interesting phenomenon that the exponent parameter λ control the non-analyticity of studied system (3.8) in this paper. In terms of nonanalytic differential systems, our work is new.     

The functional equation P(f)=Q(g) in a p-adic field

Let K be a complete ultrametric algebraically closed field of characteristic π. Let P,Q be in K[x] with P′Q′ not identically 0. Consider two different functions f,g analytic or meromorphic inside a disk |x−a|<r (resp. in all K), satisfying P(f)=Q(g). By applying the Nevanlinna's values distribution Theory in characteristic π, we give sufficient conditions on the zeros of P′,Q′ to assure that both f,g are “bounded” in the disk (resp. are constant). If π≠2 and deg(P)=4, we examine the particular case when Q=λP (λ∈K) and we derive several sets of conditions characterizing the existence of two distinct functions f,g meromorphic in K such that P(f)=λP(g).     

The parabolic map f1/e(z)=(1/e)e

We consider the exponential maps ?_λ : ? → ? defined by the formula ?_λ (z) = λe^z, λ(0,1/e]. Let J_r(?_λ) be the subset of the Julia set consisting of points that do not escape to infinity under forward iterates of ?. Our main result is that the function λh_λ :=HD(J_r(?_λ),)), λ(0, 1/e], is continuons at the point 1/e. As a preparation for this result we deal with the map ?₁/e itself. We prove that the h₁/e-dimensional Hausdorff measure of J_r(?₁/e) is positive and finite on each horizontal strip, and that the h₁/e-dimensional packing measure of J_r(?_λ) is locally infinite at each point of J_r(?_λ). Our main technical devices are formed by the, associated with ?_λ, maps F_λ defined on some strip P of height 2π and also associated with them tonformal measures.     

A bifurcation theorem for the p-logistic equation

We consider a p-logistic equation with an equidiffusive reaction. Using variational methods and truncation techniques, we show that there is a critical parameter value λ^∗ > 0 such that for λ > λ^∗ the problem has a unique positive smooth solution, and for λ ∈ (0, λ^∗] the problem has no positive solution.     

On generalized Petersen graphs labeled with a condition at distance two

An L(2,1)-labeling of graph G is an integer labeling of the vertices in V(G) such that adjacent vertices receive labels which differ by at least two, and vertices which are distance two apart receive labels which differ by at least one. The λ-number of G is the minimum span taken over all L(2,1)-labelings of G. In this paper, we consider the λ-numbers of generalized Petersen graphs. By introducing the notion of a matched sum of graphs, we show that the λ-number of every generalized Petersen graph is bounded from above by 9. We then show that this bound can be improved to 8 for all generalized Petersen graphs with vertex order >12, and, with the exception of the Petersen graph itself, improved to 7 otherwise.     

Ginzburg-Landau minimizers with prescribed degrees. Capacity of the domain and emergence of vortices

Let Ω⊂R² be a simply connected domain, let ω be a simply connected subdomain of Ω, and set A=Ω?ω. Suppose that J is the class of complex-valued maps on the annular domain A with degree 1 both on ∂Ω and on ∂ω. We consider the variational problem for the Ginzburg-Landau energy Eλ among all maps in J. Because only the degree of the map is prescribed on the boundary, the set J is not necessarily closed under a weak H¹-convergence. We show that the attainability of the minimum of Eλ over J is determined by the value of cap(A)—the H¹-capacity of the domain A. In contrast, it is known, that the existence of minimizers of Eλ among the maps with a prescribed Dirichlet boundary data does not depend on this geometric characteristic. When cap(A)?π (A is either subcritical or critical), we show that the global minimizers of Eλ exist for each λ>0 and they are vortexless when λ is large. Assuming that λ→∞, we demonstrate that the minimizers of Eλ converge in H¹(A) to an S¹-valued harmonic map which we explicitly identify. When cap(A)<π (A is supercritical), we prove that either (i) there is a critical value λ₀ such that the global minimizers exist when λ<λ₀ and they do not exist when λ>λ₀, or (ii) the global minimizers exist for each λ>0. We conjecture that the second case never occurs. Further, for large λ, we establish that the minimizing sequences/minimizers in supercritical domains develop exactly two vortices—a vortex of degree 1 near ∂Ω and a vortex of degree −1 near ∂ω.     

Super-simple, Pan-orientable, and Pan-decomposable BIBDs with Block Size 4 and Related Structures

Let v, k, and μ be positive integers. A tournament T of order k, briefly k-tournament, is a directed graph on k vertices in which there is exactly one directed edge between any two vertices. A (v, k, λ = 2μ)-BIBD is called T-orientable if for each of its blocks B, it is possible to replace B by a copy of T on the set B so that every ordered pair of distinct points appears in exactly μ k-tournaments. A (v, k, λ = 2μ)-BIBD is called pan-orientable if it is T-orientable for every possible k-tournament T. In this paper, we continue the earlier investigations and complete the spectrum for (v, 4, λ = 2μ)-BIBDs which possess both the pan-orientable property and the pan-decomposable property first introduced by Granville et al. (Graphs Comb 5:57–61, 1989). For all μ, we are able to show that the necessary existence conditions are sufficient. When λ = 2 and v > 4, our designs are super-simple, that is they have no two blocks with more than two common points. One new corollary to this result is that there exists a (v, 4, 2)-BIBD which is both super-simple and directable for all v ≡ 1, 4 (mod 6), v > 4. Finally, we investigate the existence of pan-orientable, pan-decomposable (v, 4, λ = 2μ)-BIBDs with a pan-orientable, pan-decomposable (w, 4, λ = 2μ)-BIBD as a subdesign; here we obtain complete results for λ = 2, 4, but there remain several open cases for λ = 6 (mostly for v < 4w), and the case λ = 12 still has to be investigated.     

Applications of inversion formulas to the joint t-universality of Lerch zeta functions

In this paper, we define λ-joint, a^′-joint, (λ,λ)-joint, (λ,a^′)-joint and (a^′,a^′)-joint t-universality of Lerch zeta functions and consider the relations among those. Next we show the existence of (λ,λ)-joint t-universality. Finally, we also show the existence of λ-joint, a^′-joint, (λ,a^′)-joint and (a^′,a^′)-joint t-universality by using inversion formulas.     

Generalized Kato decomposition, single-valued extension property and approximate point spectrum

In this paper, we define the generalized Kato spectrum of an operator, and obtain that the generalized Kato spectrum differs from the semi-regular spectrum on at most countably many points. We study the localized version of the single-valued extension property at the points which are not limit points of the approximate point spectrum, as well as of the surjectivity spectrum. In particular, we shall characterize the single-valued extension property at a point λ₀∈C in the case that λ₀I−T admits a generalized Kato decomposition. From this characterization we shall deduce several results on cluster points of some distinguished parts of the spectrum.     

On the period of the limit cycles appearing in one-parameter bifurcations

The generic isolated bifurcations for one-parameter families of smooth planar vector fields {X_μ} which give rise to periodic orbits are: the Andronov-Hopf bifurcation, the bifurcation from a semi-stable periodic orbit, the saddle-node loop bifurcation and the saddle loop bifurcation. In this paper we obtain the dominant term of the asymptotic behaviour of the period of the limit cycles appearing in each of these bifurcations in terms of μ when we are near the bifurcation. The method used to study the first two bifurcations is also used to solve the same problem in another two situations: a generalization of the Andronov-Hopf bifurcation to vector fields starting with a special monodromic jet; and the Hopf bifurcation at infinity for families of polynomial vector fields.     

How much randomness is needed for statistics?

In algorithmic randomness, when one wants to define a randomness notion with respect to some non-computable measure λ, a choice needs to be made. One approach is to allow randomness tests to access the measure λ as an oracle (which we call the “classical approach”). The other approach is the opposite one, where the randomness tests are completely effective and do not have access to the information contained in λ (we call this approach “Hippocratic”). While the Hippocratic approach is in general much more restrictive, there are cases where the two coincide. The first author showed in 2010 that in the particular case where the notion of randomness considered is Martin-Löf randomness and the measure λ is a Bernoulli measure, classical randomness and Hippocratic randomness coincide. In this paper, we prove that this result no longer holds for other notions of randomness, namely computable randomness and stochasticity.     

An algorithm for computing Jordan chains and inverting analytic matrix functions

We present an efficient algorithm for obtaining a canonical system of Jordan chains for an n × n regular analytic matrix function A(λ) that is singular at the origin. For any analytic vector function b(λ), we show that each term in the Laurent expansion of A(λ)⁻¹b(λ) may be obtained from the previous terms by solving an (n + d) × (n+d) linear system, where d is the order of the zero of det A(λ) at λ = 0. The matrix representing this linear system contains A(0) as a principal submatrix, which can be useful if A(0) is sparse. The last several iterations can be eliminated if left Jordan chains are computed in addition to right Jordan chains. The performance of the algorithm in floating point and exact (rational) arithmetic is reported for several test cases. The method is shown to be forward stable in floating point arithmetic.     

Existence and regularity of extremal solutions for a mean-curvature equation

We study a class of mean curvature equations −Mu=H+λup where M denotes the mean curvature operator and for p?1. We show that there exists an extremal parameter λ^∗ such that this equation admits a minimal weak solutions for all λ∈[0,λ^∗], while no weak solutions exists for λ>λ^∗ (weak solutions will be defined as critical points of a suitable functional). In the radially symmetric case, we then show that minimal weak solutions are classical solutions for all λ∈[0,λ^∗] and that another branch of classical solutions exists in a neighborhood (λ_∗−η,λ^∗) of λ^∗.     

On weakly unitarily invariant norm and the λ-Aluthge transformation for invertible operator

Let T∈B(H) be an invertible operator with polar decomposition T = UP and B∈B(H) commute with T. In this paper we prove that ∣∣∣P^λBUP^1−λ∣∣∣ ? ∣∣∣BT∣∣∣, where ∣∣∣ · ∣∣∣ is a weakly unitarily invariant norm on B(H) and 0 ? λ ? 1. As the consequence of this result, we have ∣∣∣f(P^λUP^1−λ)∣∣∣ ? ∣∣∣f(T)∣∣∣ for any polynomial f.     

Eigenvalue problems for second-order nonlinear dynamic equations on time scales

This paper is concerned with the existence and nonexistence of positive solutions of the second-order nonlinear dynamic equation uΔΔ(t)+λa(t)f(u(σ(t)))=0, t∈[0,1], satisfying either the conjugate boundary conditions u(0)=u(σ(1))=0 or the right focal boundary conditions u(0)=uΔ(σ(1))=0, where a and f are positive. We show that there exists a λ^∗>0 such that the above boundary value problem has at least two, one and no positive solutions for 0<λ<λ^∗, λ=λ^∗ and λ>λ^∗, respectively. Furthermore, by using the semiorder method on cones of the Banach space, we establish an existence and uniqueness criterion for positive solution of the problem. In particular, such a positive solution uλ(t) of the problem depends continuously on the parameter λ, i.e., uλ(t) is nondecreasing in λ, limλ→⁰⁺‖uλ‖=0 and limλ→+∞‖uλ‖=+∞.     

Necessary and sufficient conditions for the boundedness of B-Riesz potential in the B-Morrey spaces

We consider the generalized shift operator, associated with the Laplace-Bessel differential operator . The maximal operator Mγ (B-maximal operator) and the Riesz potential (B-Riesz potential), associated with the generalized shift operator are investigated. At first, we prove that the B-maximal operator Mγ is bounded from the B-Morrey space Lp,λ,γ to Lp,λ,γ for all 1<p<∞ and 0?λ<n+|γ|. We prove that the B-Riesz potential , 0<α<n+|γ| is bounded from the B-Morrey space Lp,λ,γ to Lq,λ,γ if and only if α/(n+|γ|−λ)=1/p−1/q, 1<p<(n+|γ|−λ)/α. Also we prove that the B-Riesz potential is bounded from the B-Morrey space L1,λ,γ to the weak B-Morrey space WLq,λ,γ if and only if α/(n+|γ|−λ)=1−1/q.