Bayes混合模型在我国农业旱灾风险度量中的运用

旱灾一直是对我国农业经济生产威胁最大的灾害之一。因此,如何深度剖析旱灾风险特征,强化风险管理,科学、积极地进行防灾减灾来大幅度减轻灾害风险负担、弱化旱灾风险负面影响,有效助力经济平稳、快速发展一直是政府和学术界长期关注的焦点问题之一。本文借鉴金融风险度量的方法经验,用VaR作为旱灾风险度量工具。通过构建混合分布模型的方式来拟合旱灾损失率分布,并根据该模型估计VaR以刻画旱灾风险大小。混合分布模型由常规分布和GPD组成,其中,GPD用来刻画风险尾部特征。同时,该模型采用Bayes计算方法来回避GPD分布阈值选择和参数估计难题。结果表明:与Gamma-GPD混合分布相比,Norm-GPD混合分布模型在拟合农业旱灾损失率分布上表现更佳,其精度较高、VaR估计值更可信。Norm-GPD混合分布的VaR估计结果表明,我国在遭受10年一遇,20年一遇和100年一遇旱灾的情况下,农业旱灾损失率不超过9.45%, 11.03%和30.21%。该结果对于我国农业旱灾风险管理以及农业灾害保险、债券的定价具有重要意义。     

区域技术创新系统评估体系的研究

技术创新对提升企业竞争力、提高综合国力、促进经济增长和国家持续发展非常重要。本在研究了区域经济发展和国家创新系统的相关献基础上，建立了系统、量化的区域技术创新系统评估指标体系，提出了决定区域创新系统技术创新能力的主要因素，并用TOPSIS方法对指标的量化进行了尝试。     

基于机器学习的土地估值方法

文章将基于互联网的区位信息和区域经济因素纳入土地评估,选取土地市场网“招拍挂”出让数据构建训练和测试样本,建立城市土地评估的回归、树、神经网络和深度学习四套模型,并对模型的预测能力和稳健性进行评价.研究表明,XGBoost估值效果最优,适用于不同类型用地.此外,文章发现土地基本属性、区位和宏观经济这三类因素均对土地估值有不可或缺的作用,其中监测地价和容积率上限的贡献度最大,说明宏观市场价格和可利用程度是最重要的影响因素.     

基于Copula-EVT模型的干旱灾害风险评估

干旱历时和干旱强度是影响干旱灾害风险的主要因素。根据干旱灾害发生的极端过程特点,用极值理论刻画干旱灾害风险两个特征变量的边缘分布,用Archimedes Copula函数捕捉旱灾风险两个特征变量之间的极值相依结构,本文构建的基于Copula-EVT的旱灾风险评估模型较好地反映了旱灾形成的极端过程和影响因子。实证分析以淮河流域蚌埠站为例,证实了ClaytonCopula-EVT模型能较好地拟合蚌埠站干旱灾害风险的历史经验分布,计算得出:蚌埠站干旱历时大于5个月,干旱强度超过7.45的极端干旱灾害风险概率为3%,重现期T_∩(t,d)为32.4年,对干旱历时和干旱强度的条件重现期研究得出干旱强度的取值对干旱灾害风险重现期的影响较大。     

灰色综合评估在区域生态环境质量评价中的应用

基于区域生态环境系统的不确定性 ,本文将灰色综合评估方法引入区域生态环境评价 ,并将它应用于山西省区域生态环境评价中 ,取得了较好的效果     

基于模糊Borda法的毕节地区干旱灾害风险组合评价研究

以贵州省毕节地区的8个市、县作为研究对象,从形成干旱灾害风险的危险性、暴露性、脆弱性和防灾减灾能力等4个因素考虑,选取气温、降水、日照百分率等方面的23个指标,构建了毕节地区干旱灾害风险评价指标体系.首先,针对区域干旱灾害风险评价指标定量描述的不确定性和评价结果等级判定的不确定性,构建了基于正态云模型和熵权法的区域干旱灾害风险评价模型;然后,用此模型和干旱灾害风险指数模型分别进行了实证测评;最后,利用模糊Borda法对两种单一方法的评价结果进行组合,得出组合评价结果.与单一方法相比,组合评价结果具有较高的可信度,从而为各级政府更为有效的指导防灾和备灾,减少旱灾损失提供了决策依据;有助于更为有效的对干旱灾害进行早期预警;有助于抗旱应急预案的编制.     

不同角度Y型狭窄血管血液流动的数值模拟

根据粘性不可压Navier-Stokes方程,建立Y型分又血管中血液流动的数学模型,进而采用有限元方法研究不同分又角Y型血管动脉狭窄位置对血液流动的影响,得到了不同角度不同狭窄位置和无狭窄病变时的数值模拟结果,主要给出了各种情况下血液流动的流线图和压力图.一方面,观察流线图可知,血液流经狭窄区域时,出现流动分离,并在一定区域产生涡流,且随着狭窄位置不同,涡流位置和涡流区域面积也随之不同;另一方面,从计算的压力图中可以看到当血液流过狭窄区域时,压力发生迅速变化,且相同分叉角度下狭窄位置不同,狭窄区域压力不同;狭窄位置相同时,不同分叉角度的血管分又区域压力也有差别.     

中国区域就业结构与区域收入差异的实证研究—基于panel-data模型

运用面板数据模型(Panel-data Model)分析了直辖市、东中西部三大产业的就业结构对区域收入差异的影响,不同区域的就业结构对区域的收入差异影响不同,针对不同区域情况,提出了协调发展产业,调整产业就业结构.促使区域差异缩小的政策建议.     

中国突发性地质灾害分布的统计规律

本文根据地域间突发性地质灾害发生的相似性,将全国区划为9个自然区域;然后依据统计学的大数原理,建立了概率模型分析地质灾害在9个自然区域的分布特点以及隶属于各自然区域的所有省、市和自治区的地质灾害分布特征。结果显示不同类型与不同的区域之间存在着不同程度的强相依性,分布格局明显。     

我国环境污染与居民恶性肿瘤发病及死亡的灰色关联度分析

收集2003-2012年三个区域:全国区域、城市区域、农村区域的恶性肿瘤发病及死亡率和污染物数据,采用灰色关联分析方法计算了不同区域与不同污染物的综合关联度,并对污染物致恶性肿瘤死亡的潜伏期作了定量分析.研究结果表明:1)氨氮排放量和二氧化硫对我国三个不同区域居民恶性肿瘤发病和死亡率的影响最大;2)污染物与恶性肿瘤发病率的关联度跟区域无关,但是污染物与恶性肿瘤死亡率的关联度城市明显大于农村,污染物与恶性肿瘤死亡率的关联度男性明显大于女性;3)氨氮和二氧化硫导致居民恶性肿瘤死亡的潜伏期分别为:2和1年.     

Groundwater management: Waiting for a drought*

In this article we present a stylized model for optimal management of an unconfined groundwater resource when the threat of drought exists. The drought is modeled as a stochastic event that hits at an uncertain date and two benchmark management policies are investigated: (a) A policy of optimal dynamic management ignoring the threat of drought; and (b) an economically optimal policy that accounts for the threat of a drought. We show that the optimal predrought steady‐state equilibrium stock size of groundwater under policy b is larger than that under policy (a) Furthermore, we show that an increase in the probability of a drought gives rise to two counteracting effects: One in the direction of a larger predrought steady‐state equilibrium stock size (a recovery effect) and one in the direction of a lower predrought steady‐state equilibrium stock (an extinction effect). We find that the recovery effect dominates the extinction effect. Recommendations for Resource Managers: We analyze two groundwater extraction policies that can be used when a threat of drought exists: (a) Dynamic optimal management ignoring the threat of drought; and (b) dynamic optimal management taking the threat of drought into account. We show that the predrought steady‐state equilibrium stock size of water should be larger under the policy (b) than under policy (a). This conclusion has three implications for resource managers:

• Current groundwater management should take future extraction possibilities into account.

• A resource manager ought to take the threat of drought into account in groundwater management.

• A buffer stock of water should be built‐up before the drought to be drawn upon during the event.

     

Effects of awareness program for controlling mosaic disease in Jatropha curcas plantations

The shrinkage of fossil fuel resources motivates many countries to search alternative energy sources. Jatropha curcas is a small drought‐resistant shrub from whose seeds a high grade fuel biodiesel can be produced. It is cultivated in many tropical countries including India. However, the plant is affected by the mosaic virus (Begomovirus) through infected white‐flies (Bemisia tabaci) which causes mosaic disease. Disease control is an important factor to obtain healthy crop but in agricultural practice, farming awareness is equally important. Here, we propose a mathematical model for media campaigns for raising awareness among people to protect this plant in small plots and control disease. In order to archive high crop yield, we consider the awareness campaign to be arranged in impulsive way to make people aware from infected white‐flies to protect Jatropha plants from mosaic virus. The study reveals that the spread of mosaic disease can be contained or even eradicated by the awareness campaigns. To attain an effective eradication, awareness campaign should be implemented at sufficiently short time intervals. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Graded tensor products and the problem of tensor grade computation and reduction

We consider a non-negative integer valued grading function on tensor products which aims to measure the extent of entanglement. This grading, unlike most of the other measures of entanglement, is defined exclusively in terms of the tensor product. It gives a possibility to approach the notion of entanglement in a more refined manner, as the non-entangled elements are those of grade zero or one, while the rest of elements with grade at least two are entangled, and the higher its grade, the more entangled an element of the tensor product is. The problem of computing and reducing the grade is studied in products of arbitrary vector spaces over arbitrary fields.     

基于模糊层次分析法的地铁深基坑施工风险评估

地铁深基坑施工技术复杂、不确定因素多,施工阶段发生风险的概率较大且风险损失后果严重.为降低和控制地铁深基坑施工风险,有必要对其进行风险评估.结合工程实例,先根据工程地质条件和施工方法等对主要施工风险进行辨识;然后采用模糊层次分析法得到风险概率等级,并结合专家调查法对风险后果等级进行评估;最后确定地铁深基坑施工风险等级为IV级,并根据主要风险提出了有针对性的施工风险控制措施,确保施工安全.     

基于小波网络的干旱程度评估方法

本根据干旱事件识别的基本原理,同时基于小波基具有很强的自适应性和函数变化能力,提出了一种基于小波网络的干旱程度评估新方法,并在最小均方能量准则下,采用相应的共轭梯度学习算法求解子波函数线性组合的尺度和时延参数,以及小波网络的权值,仿真实验表明采用该方法极大地提高了对干旱程度辩识的正确率,可为干旱研究提一条新的途径。     

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF DROUGHT RESILIENCE IN AGRICULTURE

Abstract. Ensuring drought resilience for farmers is an important policy concern. Yet, a quantitative treatment of the concept of drought resilience has been lacking in the literature. This paper designs a mathematical model of drought resilience to assess farmers’ survival strategies when faced with the prospect of repeated droughts. A key distinction is being made here between consecutive droughts and one‐off droughts, as it is the former, which is of most concern to farmers as well as policy makers. The mathematical model is generalized to incorporate the possibility of more than one set of a certain number of consecutive droughts occurring in the future. Findings indicate varying implications for groundwater sustainability when resilience outcomes are directly linked to the length of a farmer's drought planning horizon as well as to the planned minimum consumption during drought years.     

Large scale extreme risk assessment using copulas: an application to drought events under climate change for Austria

Droughts pose a significant challenge to farmers, insurers as well as governments around the world and the situation is expected to worsen in the future due to climate change. We present a large scale drought risk assessment approach that can be used for current and future risk management purposes. Our suggested methodology is a combination of a large scale agricultural computational modelling -, extreme value-, as well as copula approach to upscale local crop yield risks to the national scale. We show that combining regional probabilistic estimates will significantly underestimate losses if the dependencies between regions during drought events are not taken explicitly into account. Among the many ways to use these results it is shown how it enables the assessment of current and future costs of subsidized drought insurance in Austria.

     

The bivariate gamma exponential distribution with application to drought data

The exponential and the gamma distributions have been the traditional models for drought duration and drought intensity data, respectively. However, it is often assumed that the drought duration and drought intensity are independent, which is not true in practice. In this paper, an application of the bivariate gamma exponential distribution is provided to drought data from Nebraska. The exact distributions ofR =X +Y,P =XY andW =X/(X +Y) and the corresponding moment properties are derived whenX andY follow this bivariate distribution.