爆发性核合成与核结构

讨论了天体物理环境中爆发性核合成及其与核结构的紧密关系.用反射不对称壳模型计算了远离稳定线丰中子核148Ba的低能八极转动带,结果与实验很好符合.展示了其应用于不稳定核低能态计算的有效性 ,以及在核天体物理研究中的应用前景.The explosive nucleosynthesis in the astrophysical environment and its close link to nuclear structure are discussed. The low lying octupole bands for neutron rich nucleus 148 Ba far from the stability line have been calculated by the reflection asymmetric shell model and the results are in good agreement with the experimental data, presenting the capability of the model for calculations of the low lying states of unstable nuclei as well as the foreground of application in nuclear astrophysics.     

逆运动学弹性共振散射方法在非束缚核结构研究中的应用

简要介绍了近几年发展起来的厚靶逆运动学弹性共振散射方法在非稳定核结构测量中的应用。它是研究非束缚态核结构的实验方法之一。通过测量反冲轻核的激发函数，提取共振态的能量、自旋宇称和衰变宽度等。主要用于研究非稳定核素的结构、核天体物理中相关核的阈能共振态的能级参数测量等。The method of elastic resonance scattering in inverse kinematics, which was progressed in recent years, is briefly introduced. It is a novel experimental technique to perform meaningful experiments under conditions of the very short-lived nuclides and the beam intensities only 1 000 atoms/s. The excitation function of recoil proton has been measured in experiment; the shape of proton energy spectrum can be also used to uniquely deter- mine the energy of resonant states, spin-parity, partial decay width and spectroscopic factors of the states. This method is mainly used in the investigation of unstable nuclei and the level parameters measurement of near threshold resonant state of the nuclear astrophysics related nuclei.     

核天体物理实验研究概述

本文简要地评述了宇宙演化核素合成研究的新发展,介绍了核天体物理实验特征和目前及未来的实验装置与实验技术,最后讨论和展望了当前感兴趣的几个核天体物理实验研究的课题。 The current state of nuclear astrophysics has been briefly reviewed. Someexperimental features and some current and future experimental techniques in the field of nuclearastrophysics are introduced. Finally, a synopsis of some key topies with experimental interest isdescribed.     

High precision mass measurement and LPT

A Penning trap, which can measure the atomic masses with the highest precision, is one of the most important facilities in nuclear physics research nowadays. The precision mass data play an important role in the studies of nuclear models, mass formulas, nuclear synthesis processes in the nuclear astrophysics, symmetries of the weak interaction and the conserved vector current (CVC) hypothesis. The status of high precision mass measurement around the world, the basic principle of Penning trap and the basic information about the LPT (Lanzhou Penning Trap) are introduced.     

加速器质谱技术在核物理与天体物理中的应用

介绍了利用加速器质谱技术在核物理与核天体物理中的应用研究工作．包括放射性核素半衰期的测定、核反应截面的测量、超重元素的寻找、宇宙射线和太阳中微子性质等方面的研究工作.The application work which has been done and can be done in the nuclear physics and nuclear astrophysics using accelerator mass spectrometry is reviewed. The half-life measurement of long-lived radio isotopes, cross section measurement of nuclear reaction, searching for super heavy elements, cosmic study and solar neutrino detection are the main components which have been discussed     

A new perspective on thermonuclear reactions

正The mechanism of nucleosynthesis from light particles into heavier ones in the early universe has attracted a lot of attention in nuclear astrophysics [1-3]. With great efforts made both experimentally and theoretically, many data of thermonuclear reaction rates on stable targets are now available, and large data sets of nuclear astrophysics regarding the theoretical work on the binding energy, cross section and rate calculations are obtainable via different models. For example, the JINA REACLIB database, which is maintained by the JINA Collaboration, covers more than 8000 nuclides and over 80000 nuclear reactions,     

Study of the primordial lithium abundance

Lithium isotopes have attracted an intense interest because the abundance of both 6Li and 6Li from big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) is one of the puzzles in nuclear astrophysics. Many investigations of both astrophysical observation and nucleosynthesis calculation have been carried out to solve the puzzle, but it is not solved yet. Several nuclear reactions involving lithium have been indirectly measured at China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing. The Standard BBN (SBBN) network calculations are then perfo...     

放射性核束引起的奇异核反应研究

结合开展的工作，对放射性核束流引起的核反应总截面研究、放射性束流引起的熔合反应研究、放射性束流开展的天体物理核反应研究以及其它有关的核反应研究进行了评述，并对其可能的发展作了一些探讨 .The study of total nuclear reaction cross section, nuclear fusion reaction,nuclear reaction of astrophysics and related reactions induced by radioactive nuclear beam are reviewed in this paper. The future development of this field is discussed.     

天体演化过程中CNO核子辐射俘获反应

C和N核的质子辐射俘获反应对恒星平稳H燃烧阶段的能量产生和元素核合成起重要作用, C, N和O 核的中子辐射俘获是原初核合成和AGB星核合成的关键反应, 精确测定它们天体物理反应率有重要意义。 除13N(p, γ)14O和16N(n, γ)17N等不稳定核的核子辐射俘获反应外, 国际上已完成了其中若干反应的直接测量工作。 但12C(p, γ)13N, 13C(p, γ)14N和15N(p, γ)16O等CNO循环关键反应的实验测量还没有达到天体物理感兴趣的能区。 13C(n, γ)14C,15N(n, γ)16N和18O(n, γ)19O等中子辐射俘获反应测量的能量跨度较大, 截面仍存在较大的不确定性。 介绍了这些反应的研究进展, 并讨论了间接测量这些反应的方法和可行性。 The proton radiative capture reactions of C and N nuclei are important for the energy production and nucleosynthesis in the CNO cycle, and the neutron radiative capture reactions of C, N and O nuclei are key reactions for the inhomogeneous Big Bang nucleosynthesis as well as for the neutron induced CNO cycle in AGB stars. So far, most of these reactions have been measured except some reactions of the unstable nuclei, such as 13N(p, γ)14O and 16N(n, γ)17N. While the direct measured reactions, such as the  12C(p, γ)13N, 13C(p, γ)14N and 15N(p, γ)16O key reactions in CNO cycle, have not reached down to the stellar energies. In addition, the large uncertainties still exist in the measured neutron capture reactions such as 13C(n, γ)14C,15N(n, γ)16N and 18O(n, γ)19O. Thus it is significant to determine their astrophysical reaction rates via the indirect measurements. In this paper, the research status and feasibility of the indirect measurements for these reactions are discussed.     

原子核的大质量转移反应和丰中子超重核的产生(英文)

迄今为止,人们合成的超重核都是缺中子的,无论是熔合-裂变反应还是碎化过程都无法使产物达到周期表的“东北区域”。而重核之间(如U核之间) 的近垒大质量转移反应则可能是目前生成丰中子超重核和达到未知丰中子重核区域的唯一途径。在改进的量子分子动力学(ImQMD) 模型结合统计模型框架内,研究了U+U等反应体系的大质量转移反应,计算了反应产生的初生态碎片的质量和电荷分布,并成功再现了产物的终态质量和电荷分布。通过比较3 个反应136Xe+248Cm,48Ca+248Cm和238U+248Cm 产生的106号元素的截面大小,揭示了U+U等重核大质量转移反应对产生丰中子超重核是非常有利的。For elements with Z > 100 only neutron deficient isotopes have been synthesized so far. The “northeast area” of the nuclear map can be reached neither in fusion-fission reactions nor in fragmentation processes.The large mass transfer reactions in near barrier collisions of heavy (U-like) ions seem to be the only reaction mechanism allowing us to produce neutron rich heavy nuclei including those located at the superheavy(SH) island of stability and unexplored area of heavy neutron-rich nuclides. This study is extremely important for nuclear astrophysical investigations and, in particular, for the understanding of the r process. In this paper within the Improved Quantum Molecular Dynamics (ImQMD) model combining with the statistical-evaporation model, the large mass transfer reactions, like 238U+238U have been studied. The charge and mass distributions of transiently formed primary fragments are investigated within the ImQMD model and de-excitation processes of those primary fragments are described by the statistical decay model. The mass distribution of the final products in 238U+238U collisions is obtained and compared with the recent experimental data. Through compared the formation cross sections of transfermium element 106 by three reactions of 136Xe+248Cm, 48Ca+248Cm and 238U+248Cm, it is explored that the large mass transfer reactions, like U+U are very benefit for the production of SH nuclei.     

间接测量天体物理S因子的特洛伊木马方法

天体环境下的核反应速率是各种关于天体核合成理论模型所需的输入量,对于了解天体核合成过程,以及宇宙的演化很重要。但是在天体温度下,核反应是在很低的能量上发生的。由于库仑位垒的作用,反应截面非常低,直接测量很难进行。通过测量合适的三体反应截面,特洛伊木马方法提供了一种提取感兴趣的低能两体反应截面的方法;而且,采用一系列近似可得到便于计算的理论公式。本文介绍特洛伊木马方法的原理及其在天体核反应中的应用。     

特洛伊木马方法及其应用最新进展

特洛伊木马方法是实验核天体物理中一种重要的间接测量方法,特别适合极低能区带电粒子裸核反应截面测量。在介绍特洛伊木马方法基本原理的基础上,重点讨论该方法近期在核天体物理应用中的一些重要实验结果,以及对未来研究的展望。主要介绍:AGB星s-过程关键中子源反应$ ^{{\rm{13}}}{\rm{C(\alpha ,n}}{{\rm{)}}^{{\rm{16}}}}{\rm{O}}$的间接测量,AGB星氟丰度超常现象相关核反应间接测量,以及最近热点–中等以上质量恒星碳燃烧核反应间接测量结果及相关争议。     

低能带电粒子聚变反应中的静电屏蔽效应

系统地评述了天体物理感兴趣能区带电粒子核反应中电子屏蔽效应的实验及理论研究的进展 ,简要地介绍了恒星热核反应中等离子体静电屏蔽效应理论探讨的概况 .着重说明深入研究天体物理环境对核过程的影响是核天体物理学的重要课题之一.     

Experimental nuclear astrophysics with radioactive ion beams

Reactions involving unstable nuclei play an important role in many astrophysical sites. Radioactive ion beams provide a unique tool to investigate the structure of such unstable nuclei as well as the cross sections for many reactions of astrophysical relevance. This paper provides a brief survey of some recent results in experimental nuclear astrophysics with Radioactive Ion Beams, particularly for processes which take place during explosive hydrogen burning in novae and X-ray bursts. Some prospects for future studies at next generation facilities are also briefly discussed.     

Twenty years of LUNA

One of the main ingredients of nuclear astrophysics is the knowledge of the thermonuclear reactions responsible for the stellar luminosity and for the synthesis of the chemical elements. Deep underground in the Gran Sasso Laboratory the cross sections of the key reactions of the proton-proton chain and of the Carbon-Nitrogen-Oxygen (CNO) cycle have been measured right down to the energies of astrophysical interest. The main results obtained by LUNA are reviewed, and their influence on the comprehension of the properties of the neutrino and of the Sun are discussed.     

Nuclear Astrophysics from View Point of Few-Body Problems

Few-body systems provide very useful tools to solve different problems for nuclear astrophysics. This is the case of indirect techniques, developed to overcome some of the limits of direct measurements at astrophysical energies. Here the Coulomb dissociation, the asymptotic normalization coefficient and the Trojan Horse method are discussed.     

Study of the primordial lithium abundance

Lithium isotopes have attracted an intense interest because the abundance of both ⁶Li and ⁷Li from big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) is one of the puzzles in nuclear astrophysics. Many investigations of both astrophysical observation and nucleosynthesis calculation have been carried out to solve the puzzle, but it is not solved yet. Several nuclear reactions involving lithium have been indirectly measured at China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing. The Standard BBN (SBBN) network calculations are then performed to investigate the primordial Lithium abundance. The result shows that these nuclear reactions have minimal effect on the SBBN abundances of ⁶Li and ⁷Li.     

Gravitational collapse: The story so far

An outstanding problem in gravitation theory and relativistic astrophysics today is to understand the final outcome of an endless gravitational collapse. Such a continual collapse would take place when stars more massive than few times the mass of the sun collapse under their own gravity on exhausting their nuclear fuel. According to the general theory of relativity, this results either in a black hole, or a naked singularity — which can communicate with far away observers in the universe. While black holes are (almost) being detected and are increasingly used to model high energy astrophysical phenomena, naked singularities have turned into a topic of active discussion, aimed at understanding their structure and implications. Recent developments here are reviewed, indicating future directions.     

Evolution of the Plasma Universe: I. Double Radio Galaxies, Quasars, and Extragalactic Jets

Cosmic plasma physics and our concept of the universe is in a state of rapid revision. This change started with in-situ measurements of plasmas in Earth's ionosphere, cometary atmospheres, and planetary magnetospheres; the translation of knowledge from laboratory experiments to astrophysical phenomena; discoveries of helical and filamentary plasma structures in the Galaxy and double radio sources; and the particle simulation of plasmas not accessible to in-situ measurement. Because of these, Birkeland (field-aligned) currents, double layers, and magnetic-field-aligned electric fields are now known to be far more important to the evolution of space plasma, including the acceleration of charged particles to high energies, than previously thought. This paper and its sequel investigate the observational evidence for a plasma universe threaded by Birkeland currents or filaments. This model of the universe was inspired by the advent of three-dimensional fully electromagnetic particle simulations and their application to the study of laboratory z pinches. This study resulted in totally unexpected phenomena in the data post-processed from the simulation particle, field, and history dumps. In particular, when the simulation parameters were scaled to galactic dimensions, the interaction between pinched filaments led to synchrotron radiation whose emission properties were found to share the following characteristics with double radio galaxies and quasars: power magnitude, isophotal morphology, spectra, brightness along source, polarization, and jets. The evolution of these pinched synchrotron emitting plasmas to elliptical, peculiar, and spiral galaxies by continuing the simulation run is addressed in a sequel paper.