水下超疏油性壳聚糖-SiO_2复合膜的制备与性能

利用壳聚糖和亲水性SiO2纳米颗粒,通过浸渍提拉法在玻璃表面制备了水下超疏油壳聚糖-SiO2复合膜.采用扫描电镜、原子力显微镜和接触角仪,研究了组分配比、浸泡时间对复合膜表面形貌、粗糙度、水下油滴接触角(OCA)和滚动角(SA)的影响.结果表明,随着亲水性SiO2含量的增加,复合膜表面聚集的亲水性SiO2纳米颗粒增多,水下疏油性提高;随着浸泡时间延长,复合膜的水下油滴OCA逐渐增大,浸泡168 h时略有减小,SA也受到浸泡时间的影响.当SiO2乙醇悬浮液和壳聚糖溶液的体积比为1∶10和1∶5时,复合膜呈现疏油性;当SiO2乙醇悬浮液和壳聚糖溶液的体积比大于等于1∶2时,复合膜的水下油滴接触角OCA大于150°.当SiO2乙醇悬浮液和壳聚糖溶液的体积比为1∶1、浸泡24 h时,复合膜水下疏油性最好,水下油滴接触角OCA达157.8°,滚动角SA为1.9°.复合膜可用于水下油滴的操控,实现了溴(Br2)和苯乙烯在油滴微反应器中的加成反应.     

聚乳酸/二氧化硅超疏水材料的制备及其性能研究

本研究采用硅烷偶联剂KH570化学接枝与硬脂酸(SA)物理包覆相结合的方法对纳米二氧化硅(SiO_2)进行有效改性,得到具有一定疏水效果并能在聚合物基体中有效分散的纳米填料,以聚乳酸(PLLA)为聚合物基体,通过非溶剂诱导相分离法制得了超疏水PLLA/SiO_2复合膜,其表观接触角由纯PLLA的120°提高到153°。研究还发现,填料含量不同,基体的结晶性能也不同,随着改性纳米SiO_2填料含量的增加,膜的结晶度从9.8%提高到17.19%,结晶度对材料表面粗糙结构的构建有重要作用,粗糙结构有助于表面疏水性能的提升。     

二氧化硅接枝聚合磷酸胆碱/聚醚砜复合膜的制备及性能

以2-甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基磷酰胆碱(MPC)为两性离子单体,采用反向原子转移自由基聚合(RATRP)技术,在纳米二氧化硅表面接枝聚合磷酸胆碱,合成了两性离子材料二氧化硅-聚磷酸胆碱(SiO_2-PMPC);将其与聚醚砜(PES)共混,利用相转化方法制备了聚醚砜基杂化荷电复合膜(SiO_2-PMPC/PES).采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、接触角、原子力显微镜(AFM)及膜性能测试等研究了杂化荷电复合膜的结构与分离性能,考察了SiO_2-PMPC含量对杂化荷电复合膜性能的影响.研究结果表明,SiO_2-PMPC的添加有助于提高PES复合膜的亲水性;杂化荷电复合膜对染料活性黑5和活性绿19的截留率较高,分别达到82.6%和92.4%,而杂化荷电复合膜对无机盐的截留率则保持在8%以下,在保持较高水通量的同时,杂化荷电复合膜能够有效分离活性染料与无机盐.     

聚乙烯醇/半纤维素/纤维素纳米晶复合膜的制备和性能

通过碱解醇沉法从玉米芯中提取半纤维素,进而采用溶液共混流延法制备出不同比例的聚乙烯醇(PVA)/半纤维素共混膜,在此基础上加入通过硫酸水解脱脂棉制备的纤维素纳米晶(NCC),制备了NCC增强的复合膜.DSC、TGA、FTIR、SEM和薄膜拉伸等研究表明,复合膜的各组分间形成了氢键作用,相容性良好.在PVA/半纤维素共混膜中,半纤维素的加入大幅度提高了复合膜的断裂伸长率:当PVA与半纤维素质量比为3∶1时,复合膜的断裂伸长率高达380%,比纯PVA的140%增加了1.7倍,而拉伸强度仍能保持在较高的水平;纤维素纳米晶的加入,还可改善复合膜的韧性;半纤维素对PVA组分的结晶性能产生了影响,而刚性结构的NCC则对PVA的结晶起抑制作用.此外半纤维素和NCC的引入也提高了复合膜的热性能,使第二阶段分解速率峰的温度提高了约50℃.     

碳纳米管对聚偏氟乙烯膜的共混改性研究

用相转化法制备了聚偏氟乙烯/碳纳米管共混膜,研究了共混膜的表面结构、水通量、孔隙率、接触角和机械性能。结果显示碳纳米管的加入提高了聚偏氟乙烯膜的亲水性和水通量,当聚偏氟乙烯浓度为10wt.%,碳纳米管含量为1.5wt.%时,共混膜的水通量和孔隙率最高,从243 L/m2·h和86.2%提高到365 L/m2·h和91.4%;接触角也由82°减小为67°;同时,共混膜的机械性能也得到显著提高。     

多孔碳基复合膜的真空冷冻干燥制备及高效太阳能水蒸发性能

以多壁碳纳米管(CNTs)和聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)为原料, 通过相转化法形成均匀共混的胶体, 利用真空冷冻干燥(冻干)技术使胶体固化, 并在真空状态下使部分溶剂挥发, 制备了具有多孔结构的CNTs/PVDF复合膜. 实验结果表明, 冻干CNTs/PVDF复合膜具有优异的光吸收能力、 极佳的表面亲水性能. 在1 kW/m²光照强度下, 其水蒸发速率可达1.95 kg·m^-2·h^-1、 光热转化效率为92.9%. 搭载了冻干CNTs/PVDF复合膜的蒸发器在处理模拟海水和染料废水时, 均表现出良好的抗盐污染性、 显著的稳定性和优异的太阳能蒸发性能.     

碳纳米管的加入对聚偏氟乙烯/丙烯酸酯共混物形状记忆性能的影响

利用聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)微小结晶的物理交联点作用,制备了形状记忆性能优异的聚偏氟乙烯/丙烯酸酯聚合物(PVDF/ACM)共混材料。为提高其形状回复应力,又将碳纳米管(CNT)引入该共混体系中,系统研究了PVDF/ACM/CNT三元体系纳米复合材料的制备、结构及性能。结果表明,碳纳米管在PVDF/ACM体系中分散均匀;在基本保持其形状记忆性能的前提下,加入质量分数为4%的CNT,材料在25℃时的储能模量由2000 MPa提高至3130 MPa。     

聚偏氟乙烯-磺化聚醚砜相容性及其成膜性能

研究了聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)-磺化聚醚砜(SPES)的相容性及其成膜性能.首先通过溶解度参数、粘度法和目测法研究共混溶液的相容性,接着采用浊度法测定了共混溶液的热力学性质,最后采用浸没沉淀法制备了共混膜并探讨了成膜性能.结果显示,PVDF和SPES为部分相容体系,随着SPES含量的增加,共混溶液相容性逐渐减小,当SPES含量增加到50wt%时,体系发生分相.共混溶液的成膜性能良好,SPES含量增加有利于体系发生液液分相,生成高孔隙率膜,并且极大的提高了PVDF膜的亲水性和水通量.     

PVA/HDPE/HDPE-g-MAH共混物的相形貌与动态流变性能

采用熔融共混法制备了聚乙烯醇(PVA)/高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)共混物,引入马来酸酐接枝高密度聚乙烯(HDPE-g-MAH)对体系进行增容。利用SEM、小振幅震荡剪切、溶剂提取、拉伸测试考察组成和增容剂含量对共混物相形貌、动态流变性质、相连续性和力学性能的影响。结果表明,当HDPE质量分数达到20%~30%时,PVA/HDPE/HDPE-g-MAH共混物呈现接近共连续的结构;储能模量-频率图中观察到较为明显的第二平台;PVA相的连续度达到98%;共混物的断裂伸长率由5%显著提高到25%左右。另外,当HDPE-g-MAH的含量增大时,共混物的相界面变得模糊,力学性能也随之提高。     

PDA/PVDF紫外线屏蔽复合膜的制备及性能表征

利用多巴胺在溶液中自聚得到聚多巴胺(PDA)颗粒, 然后将其作为填料加入聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)中, 采用溶液成膜法制备具有紫外线屏蔽功能的PDA/PVDF复合膜. 通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和紫外可见分光光度计(UV-Vis)对制备的PDA颗粒的结构、 形貌以及吸光度进行表征, 并且进一步利用X 射线衍射仪(XRD)、 差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、 热失重分析仪(TGA)、 接触角测量仪(CA)以及紫外老化箱等对PDA/PVDF复合膜的结构、 热性能、 润湿性能与紫外线屏蔽性能进行测试. 结果表明, 制备的PDA颗粒的粒径约为160 nm; 掺杂PDA之后的PVDF膜的结晶度以及接触角均减小; 并且PDA质量分数为5%时得到的PDA/PVDF复合膜在200400 nm范围内的透过率均低于1%, 能够吸收所有的紫外线, 表现出优异的紫外线屏蔽功能.     

Antibacterial photocatalytic self‐cleaning poly(vinylidene fluoride) membrane for dye wastewater treatment

Membrane technology has been successfully applied for the removal of dyes from wastewater in the textile industry. A novel poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane was prepared via blending with different dosages of Ag‐TiO₂‐APTES composite for dyeing waste water treatment in our study. And the effect of Ag‐TiO₂‐APTES blended into the PVDF membrane was discussed, including the rejection rate of methylene blue (MB) dye, membrane morphology, surface hydrophilicity, antibacterial activity, and a certain photocatalytic self‐cleaning performance. X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared characterization confirmed that Ag‐TiO₂ was functionalized by amount of hydroxyl group (−OH) and amino group (NH−), which provided by APTES. Contact angle measurement certified that the hydrophilicity of the membrane surface increased, with the contact angle decrease to 61.4° compared with 81.8° of original PVDF membrane. MB rejection rate was also increased to 90.1% after addition of Ag‐TiO₂‐APTES, and the rejection of original membrane was only 74.3%. The morphologies of membranes were observed by scanning electron microscope, which indicated that Ag‐TiO₂‐APTES had a good dispersion in membrane matrix and also improved the microstructure of membranes. Besides, UV irradiation experiments were performed on the composite films contaminated by MB, and the result showed that Ag‐TiO₂‐APTES nanoparticle provided PVDF membrane with a certain photodegradation capacity under UV irradiation. Moreover, antibacterial activity of the composite membrane was also demonstrated through antibacterial experiment, Escherichia coli as the representative bacteria. Perhaps, this research may provide a new way for PVDF blending modification.     

Enhanced antifouling performance of ZnS/GO/PVDF hybrid membrane by improving hydrophilicity and photocatalysis

In order to improve the antifouling performance of PVDF membrane, a novel zinc sulfide/graphene oxide/polyvinylidene fluoride (ZnS/GO/PVDF) composite membrane was prepared by immersed phase inversion method. The surface morphology, crystal structure, photocatalytic activity, and antifouling property of the as‐prepared membranes were systematically studied. Results showed that the ZnS/GO/PVDF hybrid membranes were successfully fabricated with uniform surface. The hybrid membrane surface possessed higher hydrophilicity with water contact angle decreasing from 77.1° to 62.2°. The permeability of the hybrid membrane was therefore enhanced from 222.9 to 326.1 L/(m² hour). Moreover, bovine serum albumin (BSA) retention experiment showed that the hybrid membrane separation was also promoted by 7.2%. The blending of ZnS and GO enhanced the hydrophilic and photocatalytic performances of PVDF membrane, which mitigated the membrane fouling effectively. This novel hybrid membrane could accelerate the practical application of photocatalytic technology in membrane separation process.     

Hydrophilic modification of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) by in situ polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer

The hydrophilicity of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) was first improved by in situ polymerization of polar monomer in PVDF solution. Methyl methacrylate was adopted as the reaction monomer, and the polymerization occurred in a solution of PVDF in N,N-dimethylformamide. PVDF/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blend was obtained after in situ polymerization. The relative hydrophilicity of the in situ blend was characterized by contact angle measurement. At the same time, the hydrophilicity of the PVDF/PMMA blends prepared by solution blending was compared with that of the in situ blend. The contact angle measurements indicated that in situ polymerization has a stronger modifying effect on the hydrophilicity of PVDF than solution blending.     

HBPE-g-PVDF/PVDF blend nanofiltration membrane: preparation and characterization

Hyperbranched polyester-grafted poly(vinylidene fluoride) (HBPE-g-PVDF) was synthesized and used as additive in preparation of PVDF blend membranes. HBPE-g-PVDF copolymer was characterized with FTIR and TGA techniques. The prepared membranes were also characterized with SEM, AFM and contact angle measurement. The performance of prepared membranes as nanofiltration membrane was studied by pure water flux (PWF), salt rejection, dynamic and static fouling tests. The results showed that hydrophilicity of prepared membranes greatly increased after blending, and their pore size and pore size distribution and so PWF of blend membranes increased.     

Porous membranes modified by hyperbranched polymers: I. Preparation and characterization of PVDF membrane using hyperbranched polyglycerol as additive

Porous membranes were prepared via phase inversion process from casting solution composed of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), and hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG). The membranes were characterized in terms of surface and bulk chemical compositions, morphology, water contact angle, porosity, and water flux. The effects of HPG content on membrane structures and properties were investigated. The effect of HPG addition on the hydrophilicity was discussed as well when the compositions of coagulation bath were changed. To better understand the special effects of HPG on the structures and properties of the membranes, PVDF membranes prepared using HPG as the additive were compared with those prepared using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the additive.     

Porous poly(vinylidene fluoride) membrane modified with hyperbranched poly(amine‐ester)

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes were hydrophilic modified with hydroxyl group terminated hyperbranched poly(amine‐ester) (HPAE). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) was used to study the chemical change of PVDF membranes. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicated that some HPAE molecules were retained in PVDF membrane through polymer chain coiling. The presence of HPAE would improve the hydrophilicity of PVDF membrane. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to characterize the morphology of different membranes. The thermodynamic stability for PVDF/DMAc/HPAE/Water system was characterized by the determination of the gelation values. Precipitation kinetics for PVDF/DMAc/HPAE/Water system was studied by precipitation time measurement. The water contact angle indicated that the hydrophilicity and the biocompatibility corresponding to protein adsorption of PVDF membrane were improved significantly after blending with hydrophilic HPAE molecules. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Excellent hydrophilic and anti-bacterial fouling PVDF membrane based on ag nanoparticle self-assembled PCBMA polymer brush

A silver nanoparticles-poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate)(AgNPs-PCBMA) nanocomposite was prepared on poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF) membrane surface to improve its hydrophilicity and antifouling properties. Firstly, the PVDF membranes were grafted by PCBMA via physisorbed free radical grafting technique. Then Ag+ coordinated to the carbonyl group on PCBMA andsubsequently was reduced to silver nanoparticles. The hydrophilicity of the PVDF-gPCBMA/Ag membrane wasenhanced with the increasing fixed degree(FD) of AgNPs, and the original water contact angle of membrane was reduced to 33.97°. Additionally, water flux recovery ratio(FRR) andbovine serum albumin(BSA) rejection ratio of PVDF-g-PCBMA/AgNPs membrane wereimproved from 52% to 93.32% and 28.12% to 91.12%, respectively. Further, the PVDF-g-PCBMA/AgNPs membranes exhibited the more pronounced inhibition zone. The study demonstrated that compared with pure AgNPs or the PCBMA polymer brush, the synergistic effect of PCBMA and AgNPs made PVDF membranes havebetter hydrophilicity and anti-bacterialperformances.     

Surface characteristics and hemocompatibility of PAN/PVDF blend membranes

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was blended with polyvinylidine fluoride (PVDF) at various ratios and made into membranes. The hemocompatibility of the resulting membranes was evaluated based on human plasma proteins adsorption, platelet adhesion, thrombus formation, and blood coagulation time. The PAN/PVDF blends exhibited partial miscibility according to the inward shifting of their two glass transition temperatures. The microstructures of blend membranes examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicated that the roughness increased with the PVDF content, and the phase separation was too severe to form a membrane when the PVDF content was more than 30%. The water contact angle of PAN/PVDF blend membranes increased with the PVDF content. By blending with 20 wt% apolar PVDF the adsorption of blood proteins could be reduced, and hence the platelet adhesion and thrombus formation was also reduced. However, when the PVDF content was 30 wt%, severe thrombogenicity was observed due probably to the more porous structure of blend membrane. These results demonstrated that the hemocompatibility would be improved for PAN/PVDF blend membranes with appropriate hydrophilicity and roughness. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

应用于膜蒸馏过程的F26微孔膜的初步研究

以N-甲基吡咯酮作为溶剂 ,丙酮为溶胀剂 ,聚乙二醇 4 0 0为添加剂利用相转换法制备出偏氟乙烯 六氟丙烯共聚物 (F2 6 )的疏水微孔膜并且应用在膜蒸馏过程中 .研究了丙酮以及N 甲基吡咯酮 丙酮体系对膜参数以及结构的影响 .通过SEM观察了膜的微观结构 ,发现用N 甲基吡咯酮 丙酮体系制得的微孔膜兼具指状孔和海绵状孔结构 .无添加剂条件下制得的F2 6膜其对蒸馏水的接触角比相同条件下制备的PVDF膜大 .在用相转换法制备的F2 6和PVDF的疏水膜中 ,选择具有适当孔径结构的微孔膜用于膜蒸馏实验 ,F2 6膜的膜蒸馏系数比PVDF膜来得大 ,相同操作条件下的膜蒸馏通量也比PVDF膜高 .     

抗污染PVA/PVDF电纺纳米纤维复合超滤膜的制备及过滤性能

以聚对苯二甲酸二醇酯(PET)无纺布为基底,聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)纳米纤维为支撑层,聚乙烯醇(PVA)纳米纤维膜为分离层,采用静电纺丝法制备超滤膜,并用水/丙酮混合溶液对复合纳米纤维膜表面进行溶液处理,再加入戊二醛交联改性得到致密分离层.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和红外光谱(FTIR)表征了复合超滤膜的表面,用水接触角(WCA)表征复合超滤膜的亲水性.在0.02 MPa恒压下死端过滤油/水乳液,测试复合超滤膜的过滤性能.结果表明,最优条件下制备的复合超滤膜死端过滤油/水乳液的通量为(42.50±4.78)L/(m~2·h),截留率达到(95.72±0.33)%;循环使用5次后,依然具有较好的过滤性能,常压下死端过滤复合超滤膜的纯水通量为(3469±28)L/(m~2·h).