储存环HIAF-SRing等时性模式的非线性磁场影响研究

高精度环形谱仪SRing（Spectrometer Ring）是强流重离子加速器装置（HIAF）的重要组成部分,其等时性模式为远离β稳定线的短寿命原子核质量和寿命的精确测量提供国际领先的科研条件。为了扩大短寿命原子核质量测量精度和范围,SRing等时性模式设计了两种光学:γ_t=1.43和1.67。质量分辨是衡量等时性储存环的最重要参数。二极磁铁的高阶场以及磁铁的边缘场能强烈地引起束流光学高阶畸变,对质量分辨产生影响,因此需要高极磁铁对其进行校正。介绍了SRing等时性模式的线性计算,对非线性磁场的影响进行了详细研究。应用六极磁铁和八极磁铁对非线性场和发射度的影响进行了校正后,离子的循环时间标准偏差σ（T）/T达到3.5×10-7,质量分辨△m/m达到1×106。The isochronous mode of the Spectrometer Ring at the High Intensity heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) project in China offers the capacity of measuring the mass and half-life of short-lived nuclides. The transition energy settings of the SRing are 1.43 and 1.67, which have been calculated in the same injection scheme. The resolution of mass or revolution time is the most important parameter of the isochronous mode design of a storage ring. The nonlinear magnetic field errors, including high-order magnet field of dipole, fringe field of magnets, have strongly effect to the resolution of revolution time. High-order corrections are required to improve the resolution of revolution time and mass. In this paper, the SRing linear isochronous optical were shown. The influence of nonlinear magnetic field errors on the revolution time resolving power were investigated. With 3 sextupole families and 1 octupole family corrections, the relative variation of revolution time reaches 4.6×10-7 with the momentum spread of ±0.2%. The relation of the relative standard revolution time deviation σ(T)/T and revolution turns was researched. With corrections of high-order isochronous condition and emittance influence by 3 sextupole families and 1 octupole family, one can reach a resolution of up to σ(T)/T=3.5×10-7, which corresponds to the mass resolution of △m/m=1×106.     

SHER-HIAF ring lattice design

The Super Heavy Experimental Ring (SHER), which is one of the rings of the next accelerator complex High Intensity Heavy Ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) at IMP, has to be optimized for e-cooling. Its lattice is designed for two modes: the first is the isochronous mode, which is a time-of-flight mass spectrometer for short-lived secondary nuclei, the second is the storage ring mode, which is used for collecting and cooling the secondary rare isotope beams from the transport line. In order to fulfil its purpose, the ion optics can be set to different ion optical modes.     

高精度环形谱仪等时性模式的闭轨校正模拟

高精度环形谱仪（SRing）是HIAF装置的重要组成部分,闭轨校正设计是该同步加速器设计的关键部分。由于等时性模式（γ_t=1.43）线性光学水平β函数很大,磁铁场误差及安装误差会引起较大的闭轨畸变,并导致线性光学发生变化。模拟过程采用奇异值分解（SVD）算法,通过多次计算响应矩阵并计算校正铁校正量实现闭轨校正。同时考虑BPM误差的影响,并通过减少特征值使用个数降低校正铁校正量。校正后全环最大闭轨小于0.8 mm,线性光学也得到明显优化。     

SHER-HIAF ring lattice design

The Super Heavy Experimental Ring （SHER）, which is one of the rings of the next accelerator complex High Intensity Heavy Ion Accelerator Facility （HIAF） at IMP, has to be optimized for e-cooling. Its lattice is designed for two modes： the first is the isochronous mode, which is a time-of-flight mass spectrometer for short-lived secondary nuclei, the second is the storage ring mode, which is used for collecting and cooling the secondary rare isotope beams from the transport line. In order to fulfil its purpose, the ion optics can be set to different ion optical modes.     

High-Order Temporal Corrected Fields of Ultra-Short Laser Pulses and Laser-Driven Acceleration

Up to third-order temporal correction in terms of a small dimensionless temporal parameter ε=1/（ωoto） （ω0=ck0 the central oscillatory frequency, to the pulse duration of half period）, the field expressions of ultra-short focused laser pulses are explicitly presented. To evaluate the correction efficacy, electric amplitudes of zeroth-order and higher-order corrected fields are compared for different pulse durations. Furthermore, electron interaction with ultra-short laser pulses is simulated using both the zeroth-order and higher-order corrected field equations. Our simulation results show that the third-order correction terms should be considered for investigating the interaction if the laser pulse duration decreases to a few optical periods.     

HIRFL-CSR commissioning in 2006 and 2007

HIRFL-CSR, a new heavy ion cooler-storage-ring system at IMP, had been in commissioning since the beginning of 2006. In the two years of 2006 and 2007 the CSR commissioning was finished, including the stripping injection (STI), electron-cooling with hollow electron beam, C-beam stacking with the combination of STI and e-cooling, the wide energy-range synchrotron ramping from 7 MeV/u to 1000 MeV/u by changing the RF harmonic-number at mid-energy, the multiple multi-turn injection (MMI), the beam accumulation with MMI and e-cooling for heavy-ion beams of Ar, Kr and Xe, the fast extraction from CSRm and single-turn injection to CSRe, beam stacking in CSRe and the RIBs mass-spectrometer test with the isochronous mode in CSRe by using the time-of-flight method.     

HIRFL-CSR commissioning in 2006 and 2007

HIRFL-CSR, a new heavy ion cooler-storage-ring system at IMP, had been in commissioning since the beginning of 2006. In the two years of 2006 and 2007 the CSR commissioning was finished, including the stripping injection (STI), electron-cooling with hollow electron beam, C-beam stacking with the combination of STI and e-cooling, the wide energy-range synchrotron ramping from 7 MeV/u to 1000 MeV/u by changing the RF harmonic-number at mid-energy, the multiple multi-turn injection (MMI), the beam accumulation with MMI and e-cooling for heavy-ion beams of Ar, Kr and Xe, the fast extraction from CSRm and single-turn injection to CSRe, beam stacking in CSRe and the RIBs mass-spectrometer test with the isochronous mode in CSRe by using the time-of-flight method.     

Numerical Simulation Multicomponent Ion Beam Transport form ECR Ion Source

In order to simulate the transport of multi-components ion beam extracted from an ECR ion source, we have developed a multi-charged ion beam transport program named MCIBS 1.0. The program is dedicated to numerical simulation of the behavior of highly-charged ion beam and optimization of beam optics in transport lines and is realized on a PC with Windows user interface of Microsoft Visual Basic. Among all the ions with different charge states in the beam, the exchanges of electrons between highly charged ions and low charged ions or neutral,atoms of residual gas are taken into account by using classical Molecular Over-barrier Model and Monte Carlo method. An advanced Windows graphical interface makes it; comfortable and friendly for the user to operate in an interactive mode. The present program is used for the numerical calculation and optimization of beam optics in a transport line consisting of various magnetic elements, such as dipole magnet, quadrupole and so on. It is possible to simultaneously simulate 200,000 particles, in a transport line of 340 m at most, and show every particle orbit. Beam cross section graphics and emittance phase pictures can be also shown at any position in the transport line.     

Design of the IMP microbeam irradiation system for 100 MeV/u heavy ions

A state-of-the-art high energy heavy ion microbeam irradiation system is constructed at the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. This microbeam system operates in both full current intensity mode and single ion mode. It delivers a predefined number of ions to pre-selected targets for research in biology and material science. The characteristic of this microbeam system is high energy and vertical irradiation. A quadrupole focusing system, in combination with a series of slits, has been designed to optimize the spatial resolution. A symmetrically achromatic system leads the beam downwards and serves simultaneously as an energy analyzer. A high gradient quadrupole triplet finally focuses a C^6＋ ion beam to 1 μm in the vacuum chamber within the energy range from 10 MeV/u to 100 MeV/u. In this paper, the IMP microbeam system is described in detail. A systematic investigation of the ion beam optics of this microbeam system is presented together with the associated aberrations. Comparison is made between the IMP microbeam system and the other existing systems to further discuss the performance of this microbeam. Then the optimized initial beam parameters are given for high resolution and high hitting efficiency. At last, the experiment platform is briefly introduced.     

Technical Improvements in the Experiment of Isochronous Mass Measurement of 58Ni Projectile Fragments

 The combination of in-flight fragment separator and the isochronous mass spectrometry(IMS) in storage rings have been proven to be a powerful tool for the precision mass measurements of shortlived exotic nuclei. In IMS, the mass-over-charge ratio is only related to the revolution period of stored ions, and the relative mass resolution can reach up to the order of 10−6. However, the instability of the magnetic field of storage ring deteriorates the resolution of revolution period, making it very difficult to distinguish the ions with very close mass-over-charge ratio via their revolution periods. To improve the resolution of revolution periods, a new method of weighted shift correction (WSC) has been developed to accurately correct the influence of the magnetic field instabilities in the isochronous mass measurements of 58Ni projectile fragments. By using the new method, the influence of unstable magnetic fields can be greatly reduced, and the mass resolution can be improved by a factor up to 1.7. Moreover, for the ions that still cannot be distinguished after correcting the magnetic field instabilities, we developed a new method of pulse height analysis for particle identification. By analyzing the mean pulse amplitude of each ion from the timing detector, the stored ions with close mass-over-charge ratios but different charge states such as 34Ar and 51Co can be identified, and thus the mass of 51Co can be determined. The charge-resolved IMS may be helpful in the future experiments of isochronous mass measurement even for N =Z nuclei.     

HIAF中环形质量谱仪SRing的线性设计

为了精确测量短寿命原子核质量,提出了在强流重离子加速器装置(HIAF)上建造高精度环形质量谱仪SRing。SRing长188.7 m,最大设计磁刚度为1 3 T·m,主要由磁聚焦结构、注入系统、引出系统、随机冷却以及探测系统等组成。SRing将运行在等时性模式和收集模式下用于短寿命原子核质量的精确测量和放射性次级束流收集并纯化。详细介绍了SRing的线性光学设计,并给出两种模式下的光学设计、注入及引出系统的设计等,设计参数优化完毕后,机器测量精度有望提高到10~6。     

The Two-Nucleon Mechanism for the Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay and the BCS Nuclear Wave Function

A method of using the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) nuclear wave function to treat the two-nucleon mechanism for neutiinoless double beta decay process 0⁺ → 0⁺ is proposed.The neutrinoless decay mode and the neutrinoless decay accompanied by a Majoron emission mode of ⁸²Se are studikd. Our cdculated results show that to reproduce the experimental value of γ^(ov) > 1.8 × 10²² yr for neutrinoless double beta decai of ⁸²Se the Majorana neutrino mass m_v < 6.2 eV and the mixing parameter of right-handed current η < 7.0 × 10^-6 In the emission with a Majoron mode the effective Majoron coupling to neutrino is deduced from the experimental value of γ^(ov,H) > 4.4 × 10²⁰ yr for ⁸²Se with the result H0> < 6.2 × 10^-4.     

Analysis of proton and γ-ray radiation effects on CMOS active pixel sensors

Radiation effects on complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS) active pixel sensors(APS) induced by proton and γ-ray are presented. The samples are manufactured with the standards of 0.35 μm CMOS technology. Two samples have been irradiated un-biased by 23 MeV protons with fluences of 1.43 × 10~(11) protons/cm~2 and 2.14 × 10~(11) protons/cm~2,respectively, while another sample has been exposed un-biased to 65 krad(Si) ~(60)Co γ-ray. The influences of radiation on the dark current, fixed-pattern noise under illumination, quantum efficiency, and conversion gain of the samples are investigated. The dark current, which increases drastically, is obtained by the theory based on thermal generation and the trap induced upon the irradiation. Both γ-ray and proton irradiation increase the non-uniformity of the signal, but the nonuniformity induced by protons is even worse. The degradation mechanisms of CMOS APS image sensors are analyzed,especially for the interaction induced by proton displacement damage and total ion dose(TID) damage.     

利用强流ISOL束研究20Na的奇异衰变模式(英文)

北京放射性离子束装置（Beijing Radioactive Ion-beam Facility,BRIF）是基于在线同位素分离器技术的国家大科学平台。在BRIF装置上利用100 MeV的质子束轰击较厚的反应靶产生放射性核素;反应产物经离子源电离和在线分离,在线同位素分离段可引出100~300 keV的放射性核束,质量分辨率达20 000。在基金委科学仪器基础研究专项的支持下,建成了多用途的衰变实验终端,包括束流传输管道、通用靶室、带电粒子和γ探测器、集成电子学和数据获取系统等。利用100 MeV的质子束轰击MgO厚靶产生了流强高达1×105 pps的20Na放射性核束。通过高效率地同时测量β,γ和α,第一次直接观测到20Na非常稀有的β-γ-α衰变模式。Beijing Radioactive Ion-beam Facility(BRIF) has been commissioned as the national Radioactive Ion Beam(RIB) facility based on the Isotope Separator On Line(ISOL) technique since 2016. At BRIF, the radioactive nuclides are produced by the proton beam of 100 MeV bombarding a thick-target, the reaction products diffusing out of the target are ionized by an ion source and delivered to the online mass separator. In addition to the post-accelerated radioactive ion beams, BRIF can provide low-energy ISOL beams of 100 to 300 keV with a mass resolution of 20 000. A general-purpose decay station has been built including the ISOL beam transport line, a conventional reaction chamber, charge-particle and γ detectors with integrated electronics and data acquisition system. An intense 20Na ISOL beam up to 1×105 pps was produced by using the 100 MeV proton beam bombarding a MgO thick target. With high-efficiency measurements of β, γ and α simultaneously, very rare β-γ-α decay mode in 20Na has been directly observed for the first time in the present work.     

Small-size systems for separation of primary ion beams in microprobe equipment

The ion-optical properties and other characteristics of various versions of a double-focusing mass separator are studied. In these designs, the ion transit path is shortened by appropriately selecting the geometry of the ion-optical system. The resolving power of the separating systems is determined with allowance for second-order aberrations.     

Microscopical Studies of the Energy Staggering in γ-Soft Nuclei

The energy staggering in γ-or quasi γ-band of γ-soft even-even nuclei is studied with the approximate angular moment um projection of the deformed Hartree-Fock (DHF) states. In the calculations of DHF states the modified surface &interaction matrix elements are used. It is found that in the K = 2 band produced by the angular momentum projection of DHF state the energy staggering appears only in certain conditions. Some points concerning with the angular momentum projection of K = 2 DHF states are discussed. The energy spectra of nuclei ⁷⁴Se and ⁷⁶Kr are calculated and compared with the experimental data, which show the staggering pattern of γ-soft rotor, the coincidence between them are fairly good.     

放射性次级束流分离器真空系统的压力分布

放射性次级束流分离器是强流重离子加速器装置中,连接增强器和高精度环形谱仪的束流输运线,用于传输重离子束流以及放射性次级束流。为了满足束流传输的要求,并维持相连增强器和高精度环形谱仪的极高真空,放射性次级束流分离器真空系统的平均压强应低于5×10-7 Pa。因此,需要验证真空系统设计方案的可行性,以及设计方案能否满足要求的压强范围。通过现有的同步储存环CSRm中的真空计监测数据以及软件BOLIDE的模拟结果对比,对真空压力计算软件VAKTRAK的使用方法和计算结果进行验证;采用VAKTRAK模拟计算不同真空参数下（流导、出气率以及泵速）放射性次级束流分离器真空系统的压力分布。根据计算结果,放射性次级束流分离器真空系统的平均压强可以达到1.79×10-7 Pa （H₂）,满足物理实验和工程设计的要求。通过模拟计算结果,放射性次级束流分离器真空系统的设计方案的可行性得到验证,系统设计的真空度满足要求。HIAF Fragment Separator(HFRS) is connected with Booster Ring(BRing) and Spectrometer Ring (SRing) in the HIAF and used to transfer the ion beams and radioactive secondary beams. To satisfy the requirements of beam transmission and maintain the extremely high vacuum of BRing and SRing, the average pressure of HFRS vacuum system should be lower than 5×10-7 Pa. Therefore, the feasibility of the design scheme and whether the design scheme would fulfill the required vacuum range or not should be verified. Based on the measured data on the current sychrontron CSRm and the simulation results of BOLIDE, the calculation results of VAKTRAK are verified and then VAKTRAK is used to calculate the pressure profiles of different parameters(such as the conductance, out-gassing and pumping speed) for HFRS. According to the calculation results, the average pressure of HFRS vacuum system could be 1.79×10-7(H₂) which achieves the required pressure for physics experiments and engineering design. According the calculation results of this paper, the feasibility of the designed HFRS vacuum system has been verified and the design of system satisfies the vacuum requirements.     

HIRFL-CSR上等时性质量测量进展

基于兰州重离子研究装置冷却储存环(HIRFL-CSR)发展了等时性质谱术(Isochronous mass spectrometry,IMS),高精度测量了一批短寿命原子核的质量并研究了核结构和核天体领域的相关物理问题。本文综述了IMS实验的原理和步骤,重点介绍了目前正在发展的双TOF探测器谱仪。利用双TOF质量谱仪在测量离子回旋周期的同时测量了离子的速度,用来修正实验结果,可以在很宽的动量接收度内实现高质量分辨,并消除离子动量分散带来的系统误差。双TOF等时性质谱术是全新的概念,需要针对性开发相关实验技术。我们建立了基于CSRe的模拟平台,研制了高性能TOF探测器并安装在CSRe直线段,进行了在线束流测试,发展了新的束流光学设置并进行优化,开发了实验数据处理方法并在做进一步优化,并对下一步工作进行了展望。