轻奇特核结构中的核心激发--以11Be为例

近年来,越来越多的实验表明,很多轻奇特核结构中都有核心激发成分。本研究以丰中子晕核11Be为例,介绍核心激发成分的实验和理论研究进展,重点阐述核心激发成分对直接核反应微分截面的影响。实验上,1n移除反应及11Be（p,d）和10Be（d,p）转移反应是测量11Be核心激发成分比例的典型实验类型。理论上,发展了能够包括11Be核心激发成分的Faddeev AGS方法,XDWBA方法以及XCDCC方法。加入核心激发成分后,这些模型的计算结果可以更加合理地描述11Be在各种靶上的弹性散射和碎裂微分截面。通过对比是否包含核心激发成分的计算结果,发现其影响主要体现在弹散微分截面的大质心系角度,以及（p,d）转移反应角分布的小质心系角度。另外,对E_x=0:5s3 MeV的激发能区的碎裂反应,核心激发的影响不可忽略;对E_x=3s5:5 MeV的碎裂反应,核心激发的贡献非常重要。It was found that many light exotic nuclei have the core-excitation components. In this paper, taking one-neutron halo nucleus 11Be for example, the experimental and theoretical research progress, as well as the influences on the direct nuclear reaction differential cross sections of this exotic component were reviewed. The 1n removal, 11Be(p, d) and 10Be(d, p) transfer reactions are typical experimental methods to investigate this component. The Faddeev AGS, the XDWBA, and the XCDCC methods are developed to include this constituent in various theoretical models. With the core-excitation component, the calculated results can more reasonably describe the elastic scattering and breakup differential cross sections of 11Be impinging on various targets. Comparing the full XCDCC calculation with that omitting core-excitation effect, we found that this component mainly affects the elastic scattering differential cross sections at large center-of-mass angles, and the (p, d) transfer reaction angular distributions at small center-of-mass angles. In addition, its effect is non-negligible for the breakup reaction within the excitation energy interval of E_x = 0:5~3 MeV, and is remarkable for E_x =3 5:5 MeV.     

相对论Hartree-Fock研究奇特核的性质

采用相对论Hartree-Fock(RHF)理论来描述奇特核的性质.为了研究Fock项和矢量介子对奇特核性质的贡献和避免有效相互作用的不惟一性,本文推广应用没有自由参数的密度有关的相对论Hartree(RDH)和Hartree-Fock(RDHF)理论来描述奇特核的性质.在RDH和RDHF近似下,计算了钙同位素链的性质,特别研究了Fock交换项和矢量介子的贡献.研究表明交换项和矢量介子对非常丰中子核的性质,如结合能,中子均方根半径,中子密度分布的影响是非常不同于对稳定线附近核性质的影响.同时,对研究滴线奇特核性质的重要性及其理论模型做了简单的讨论.     

奇特核和超核中的晕现象

讨论奇特核和超核中的各种晕现象. 根据密度相关零程对力的相对论连续谱Hartree Bogoliubov理论给出的计算结果， 预言了中子滴线附近的Ca原子核中可能存在着巨晕， 并简要介绍了O， Ni， Zr， Sn和Pb等一些质子幻数核从质子滴线到中子滴线之间的原子核基态性质. 随后给出超核内的晕现象研究， 如Ca超核内的中子晕和153ΛC内的单Λ超子晕. Halos in the relativistic continuum Hartree Bogoliubov (RCHB) theory are investigated，including giant halo in the even N Ca isotope near neutron drip line，halos in hypernuclei and the hyperon halos in 153ΛC.     

经式8-羟基喹啉铝的光谱与激发性质密度泛函

经式8-羟基喹啉铝(mer-Alq3)是一种光电性能优良的小分子有机半导体发光材料.本文采用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP/6-31G*方法和基组对其进行结构优化,计算并研究了该分子的红外光谱、拉曼光谱和前线轨道.计算得到的红外光谱、拉曼光谱均与实验相符.前线轨道表明基态最高占据轨道(HOMO)的电子云主要集中在苯酚环,最低未占据轨道(LUMO)的电子云主要集中在吡啶环.用含时密度泛函理论(TDDFT)计算得到紫外-可见吸收光谱,采用空穴-电子分析法研究了电子激发特征.结果表明:电子从基态到激发态的跃迁,主要是8-羟基喹啉环内或环间的电荷转移,以π-π*跃迁为主,包括局域激发和电荷转移激发两种类型.本工作对mer-Alq3分子发光机理提出更深入的认识,能为进一步提高该分子发光效率和调控分子的发光范围提供一定的理论指导.     

高激发核的多极巨共振

本文讨论了高激发核中的同位旋标量表面巨共振和偶极巨共振.利用能量权重求和规则的概念在一个简化的模型中计算了²⁰⁸Pb的巨共振能量,而有限温度下的推广的Thomas-Fermi近似则被用于描写有限温度平衡态.结果表明,能量权重求和规则和巨共振能量对体系温度的依赖都很弱.这一微弱的温度依赖可以归因于由温度引起的剩余相互作用的减弱以及参与跃迁的组态数增加这两个效应之间的相互抵消.     

不同外电场下对二甲苯结构和光谱特性研究

本文采用密度泛函B3LYP 方法在 6-311G++(d, p)基组上优化了不同外电场下（-0.025～0.025a.u）的对二甲苯分子,得到了不同外电场下的键长,能量,电偶极矩,前线轨道等构型参数并分析了上述参数随外电场的变化情况。之后在优化后基态的基础上,采用TDDFT/B3LYP/6-311++G(d, p)方法得出了不同外电场下（0～0.02a.u.）对二甲苯分子的紫外可见吸收光谱,并探讨了外电场变化对对二甲苯分子前9个激发态的激发能,波长和振子强度的影响规律。这些计算结果为利用强电场降解有毒物质对二甲苯提供理论依据。     

四碘甲状腺素团簇结构与光谱性质的密度泛函理论研究

在B3LYP/Lanl2mb基组水平上,利用密度泛函理论(DFT)优化了四碘甲状腺素团簇的几何结构.基于该团簇的几何结构下,其吸收和发射光谱的研究使用相同的基组水平并采用极化连续介质模型(PCM)下用含时密度泛函理论(TDDFT).研究结果表明,优化所得甲状腺素团簇的几何结构对称性为C_1;在基态稳定结构基础上,得出其输运性质,即甲状腺素团簇为p型输运材料;通过含时密度泛函理论,在优化好的基态结构基础上,又计算了它的溶剂效应,进一步得出该分子在水溶剂中的吸收光谱和发射光谱特性.     

三碘甲状腺素团簇结构与光谱性质的密度泛函理论研究

我们利用密度泛函理论(DFT),在B3LYP/Lan12mb基组水平上,得到了三碘甲状腺素团簇的几何和电子结构.在此基础上,利用含时密度泛函理论(TDDFT),使用相同的基组和采用极化连续介质模型(PCM),对其溶剂效应下的吸收光谱进行研究．研究结果表明,优化所得三碘甲状腺素团簇的对称性为C₁;在基态稳定结构基础上,研究了该分子的红外和拉曼分子振动谱特性,同时研究了其输运性质,即三碘甲状腺素团簇为p型输运材料;通过含时密度泛函理论,在优化好的基态结构基础上,又计算了它的溶剂效应,进一步得出该分子在水溶剂中的吸收光谱特性.     

强外电场作用下BN分子的结构与激发特性

采用密度泛函理论的B3LYP方法在6-311++g(d.p)水平上优化得到了BN分子轴向加不同外电场时的基态结构参数,包括键长、电偶极矩、电荷分布、前线轨道、红外光谱.计算结果表明,随着正向电场增加,分子结构参数与外电场强度有明显关联,并呈现不对称性.另外,在同样的基组下利用合时密度泛函理论方法研究了外电场对BN分子激发能和振子强度的影响.结果表明,电子跃迁光谱随正向电压的增加而呈现蓝移现象,但振子的强度与电场关联较为复杂,说明光谱强度易受外电场影响.     

高能核核碰撞中反应系统的纵向扩展与横向激发

考虑到高能核核碰撞中反应系统的纵向扩展与横向激发，用热化柱图像对簇射粒子的赝快度分布和横动量分布进行了描述，计算结果与ＣＥＲＮＳＰＳＣ能区的实验数据符合。     

Study of Exotic Nuclei

A high-sensitive fluorescence cell has been developed with an aim to perform laser spectroscopy of exotic nuclei. This fluorescence cell has been tested off-line for stable isotope ¹³³Cs. Also, an investigation of the nuclear root mean square (r.m.s.) charge and neutron radii, and of the binding energies of the cesium long isotopic chain has been carried out in the relativistic mean field (RMF) and relativistic Hartree–Bogoliubov (RHB) formalisms. The RMF/RHB calculations are compared with the experimental data and are found to be in good agreement.     

Exotic Isomers in Deformed Atomic Nuclei

Excited states of atomic nuclei can have long half lives, due to the angular-momentum couplings of unpaired nucleons. Such isomeric states provide opportunities for exploring novel nuclear physics, astrophysics and physics at the atomic/nuclear interface. This review focuses on the properties of isomers in deformed nuclei, and emphasises the importance of axial symmetry in preserving the integrity of the K quantum number. A region of neutron-rich nuclei around ¹⁸⁸Hf (Z=72, N=116) is predicted to have exceptional isomer properties, and experimental advances are now opening up this region to detailed investigation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Schottky Mass Measurements of Cooled Exotic Nuclei

Projectile fragments of a ²⁰⁹Bi beam were separated in flight with the fragment separator FRS and injected into the experimental storage ring ESR. In the ESR a beam containing up to about 100 different isotopes was cooled to a relative velocity spread of δv/v=10⁻⁶ by means of the electron cooler. The image currents of the ions induced in a Schottky pick-up probe at each turn were recorded. A subsequent Fast Fourier Transformation of these signals yields the revolution frequencies of the different isotopes stored in the ESR. Unknown masses of more than 150 neutron-deficient nuclides in the element range of 52≤Z≤85 have been measured directly by Schottky Mass Spectrometry and in addition more than 60 new masses have been obtained from α-decay chains. These new mass data allow the location of the one-proton dripline and the prediction of the two-proton dripline for heavy nuclides. The experimental masses are compared with different theoretical predictions. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

相对论和非相对论理论模型研究奇异核的性质

采用相对论和非相对论理论模型可描述奇异核的性质 .相对论平均场理论预言了2 6,2 7,2 8P存在一个质子晕 ,而27,28,29S存在两个质子晕 .最近 ,MSU的最新的实验发现了2 6,2 7,2 8P核存在一个质子晕.采用相对论 Hartree- Fock理论研究了 Fock项和矢量介子对奇异核性质的贡献,研究表明交换项和矢量介子对非常丰中子核性质的影响非常不同于对稳定线附近核性质的影响.同时,采用形变的Hartree- Fock- Bogoliubov理论研究了某些轻核同位素链的性质和形变.     

Pro duction of Exotic Nuclei in Low-Energy Multi-Nucleon Transfer Reactions

Multinucleon transfer processes in low-energy heavy ion collisions open a new field of research in nuclear physics, namely, production and studying properties of heavy neutron rich nuclei. This not-yet-explored area of the nuclear map is extremely important for understanding the astrophysical nucleosynthesis and the origin of heavy elements. Beams of very heavy U-like ions are needed to produce new long-living isotopes of transfermium and superheavy elements located very close to the island of stability.The calculated cross sections are high enough to perform the experiments at available accelerators.Beams of medium-mass ions (such as 136Xe, 192Os, 198Pt) can be used for the production of neutron rich nuclei located along the neutron closed shell N = 126 (the last waiting point) having the largest impact on the astrophysical r-process. The Low-energy multinucleon transfer reactions is a very efficient tool also for the production and spectroscopic study of light exotic nuclei. The corresponding cross sections are 2 or 3 orders of magnitude larger as compared with high energy fragmentation reactions.     

基于RIBLL2的奇特原子核电荷改变截面实验测量进展

电荷半径是原子核最基本的物理观测量之一,反映了原子核内的质子分布。精确的电荷半径测量是研究奇特原子核结构的重要手段。在相对论能区,通过高精度测量原子核的电荷改变截面来提取电荷半径是近年来发展起来的一种新方法,这种方法尤其适于探索产额很低的奇特原子核。自2013年以来,北京航空航天大学-中国科学院近代物理研究所课题组基于兰州第二条次级束流线（RIBLL2）,提出并建成原子核电荷改变截面测量平台,研制了相关的TOF-△E探测器系统,开展了轻核区二十余个原子核的电荷改变截面的实验测量工作。介绍了实验平台研制情况、初步结果以及下一步计划。Charge radius is one of the most fundamental observables of atomic nuclei, reflecting the proton distributions in nuclei. Their precision measurements have severed as a key tool to study nuclear structure. Recently, a novel method to deduce charge radii has been developed via precise measurements of charge-changing cross sections(CCCS) of exotic nuclei at relativistic energies. This method is in particular suitable for investigation of exotic nuclei with low production yield. In 2013, we proposed to make such measurements for exotic nuclei lighter than oxygen based on the RIBLL2 beam line. Since then, the TOF-△E detector system for particleidentification(PID) and the CCCS platform have been constructed, continuously optimized and tested. So far CCCS measurements on a carbon target have been performed for more than 20 isotopes. In this contribution, we will introduce the progress of detector development, the progress in PID, and our experimental progress and plan.     

Mass Measurements of Exotic Nuclei around N=Z=40 with CSS2

Mass measurements of the N=Z nuclei ⁸⁰Zr, ⁷⁶Sr, ⁶⁸Se were performed for the first time and a new measurement was obtained for ⁸⁰Y, using the second cyclotron CSS2 of GANIL as a high-resolution spectrometer. Ions around N=Z were produced by fusion-evaporation in the inverse ⁵⁸Ni (4.32MeVA) + ²⁴Mg and ¹²C reactions. New masses were measured by a time-of-flight method, with a precision of 2⋅10⁻⁶, by using well-known masses as references. Study of the double binding energy difference δV _np is then performed leading to a strong N=Z Wigner effect around N=Z=40. Knowledge of new masses in this region also plays a crucial role in the modelling of the astrophysical rp process. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.