酰基过氧化物的化学 Ⅶ.过氧化环丙基甲酰与硝基烷烃阴离子的单电子转移反应

过氧化环丙基甲酰(CPP)能将硝基仲烷烃阴离子氧化成相应的酮.产物分析和ESR研究揭示该反应经过由硝基烷烃阴离子向CPP的单电子转移引发步骤及随后的一系列自由基反应步骤,生成主要产物酮和典型的自由基副产物,如双环丙基、硝基烷基二聚体和能被ESR直接检测的双环丙基氮氧自由基等.     

酰基过氧化物的化学 VI:过氧化苯甲酰与硝基烷烃阴离子间的单电子转移反应一种合成醛、酮的新反应

在50℃乙腈溶液中,用苯甲酰过氧化物(BPO)能顺利地转化硝基烷烃钠盐为相应的醛和酮.用ESR和IR研究的结果表明反应包含一个从碳阴离子到BPO的电子转移过程.主要产品醛、酮以及苯甲酰亚硝酸酯均来自不稳定的苯甲酸硝基烷基酯的碎裂反应,后者是在离子-自由基对分裂时产生的硝烷基和过氧化苯甲酰基自由基的笼形复合过程中形成的,这些新反应可用于从硝基烷烃合成醛和酮.     

酰基过氧化物的化学 Ⅳ.全氟酰基过氧化物与硝基烷烃阴离子间的单电子转移反应——一种合成醛、酮的新反应

标题反应于室温在F_(113)(CClF_2CCl_2F)溶液中瞬间完成,产物经分析确定,该反应由硝基烷烃阴离子(R~1R~2CNO_2)向全氟酰基过氧化物(R_FCO_2)_2的单电子转移的决速步骤,生成全氟羧酸盐,全氟酰氧基自由基之脱羧偶合产物R_F—R_F(1)及硝基烷烃自由基偶合产物DN(2);但主要的产物是自由基笼内结合所生成的中间体立即发生1,2-消除得到的醛或酮.本文提供了一个由硝基烷烃合成相应醛和酮的新反应。     

酰基过氧化物的化学IV.全氟酰基过氧化物与硝基烷烃阴离子间的单电子转移反应-一种合成醛,酮的新反应

标题反应于室温在F113(CC1F2CCl2F)溶液中瞬间完成。产物经分析确定,该反应由硝基烷烃阴离子(R[1]R[2]CNO2)向全氟酰基过氧化物(RfCO2)2的单电子转移的决速步骤,生成全氟羧酸盐,全氟酰氧基自由基之脱羧偶合产物RF-RF(1)及硝基烷烃自由基偶合产物DN(2);但主要的产物是自由基笼内结合所生成的中间体立即发生1,2-消除得到的醛或酮,本文提供了一个由硝基烷烃合成相应醛和酮的新反应。     

酰基过氧化物的化学 X: 取代苯甲酰过氧化物与硝基仲烷烃的单电子氧化反应: 由硝基仲烷烃制备酮的新反应

研究了采用带有强拉电子取代基(p-NO2和m-Cl)的苯甲酰过氧物作氧化剂, 在60°时在乙腈中, 从仲硝基烷烃中得到的碳阴离子可以方便地氧化成酮, 这些单电子氧化反应可以用作从硝基烷烃合成酮的实用方法, 反应具有条件温和, 得率高的特点.     

硝基苯甲酸酯水解反应单电子转移机理的证据: ESR和自旋捕获的研究

对-硝基苯甲酸甲酯(1),对-硝基苯甲酸正丁酯(2),对-硝基苯甲酸叔丁酯(3),对-硝基苯甲酸苄酯(4),对-硝基苯甲酸苯酯(5),对-硝基苯甲酸(对-硝基)苯酯(6),间-硝基苯甲酸甲酯(7),间-硝基苯甲酸乙酯(8),间-硝基苯甲酸苯酯(9)和3,5-二硝基苯甲酸甲酯(10)与氢氧化钾在二甲亚砜中反应,反应产物分别为相应的对-硝基苯甲酸和间-硝基苯甲酸.反应液用 ESR 检测,得到1—10自由基负离子的 ESR 谱.用自旋捕获技术证明反应过程中有·OH 自由基生成.自由基捕获剂亚硝基叔丁烷(TNB),苯基叔丁基硝酮(PBN)和氧气使产物硝基苯甲酸的产率降低.结果表明,1—10与 KOH 在 DMSO 中反应存在单电子转移机理.     

硝基苯甲酸酯水解反应单电子转移机理的证据: ESR和自旋捕获的研究

对-硝基苯甲酸甲酯(1), 对-硝基苯甲酸正丁酯(2), 对-硝基苯甲酸叔丁酯(3), 对-硝基苯甲酸苄酯(4), 对-硝基苯甲酸苯酯(5), 对-硝基苯甲酸(对-硝基)苯酯(6), 间-硝基苯甲酸甲酯(7), 间-硝基苯甲酸乙酯(8), 间-硝基苯甲酸苯酯(9)和3,5-二硝基苯甲酸甲酯(10)与氢氧化钾在二甲亚砜中反应, 反应产物分别为相应的对-硝基苯甲酸和间-硝基苯甲酸。反应液用ESR检测, 得到1-10自由基负离子的ESR谱。用自旋捕获技术证明反应过程中有OH自由基生成, 自由基捕获剂亚硝基叔丁烷(TNB), 苯基叔丁基硝酮(PBN)和氧气使产物硝基苯甲酸的产率降低, 结果表明, 1-10与KOH与DMSO中反应存在单电子转移机理。     

芳香族硝基化合物与苯硫酚钠盐的亲核取代反应: 自由基IPSO取代机理

化合物1,2,4和5与苯硫酚钠盐在二甲亚砜中反应,得到硝基被苯硫基取代的化合物和二苯基二硫化物.反应液用ESR检测,观察到化合物1,2,3和4自由基负离子的ESR信号.用自旋捕获(Spin trapping)技术得到苯硫基自由基PhS·与自由基捕获剂亚硝基叔丁烷(TNB)的加成物t-BuN(O)SPh,由ESR谱证实,表明在反应过程中有苯硫基自由基PhS·生成.提出自由基IPSO亲核取代反应机理.     

p-硝基氯苯与α氰基乙酸乙酯-α-碳负离子的电子转移反应动力学研究: 非链式的自由基机理

在ρ-硝基氯苯(1)与α-氰基乙酸乙酯-α-碳负离子(2)的反应过程中,测得了反应中间体ρ-硝基氯苯负离子自由基(3)的ESR谱.用ESR场/频联锁技术测定了(3)的ESR吸收强度-时间曲线,当[1]<<[2]时,其结果与连续一级反应动力学相吻合.测得了从2向1的电子转移和3的分解反应速率常数和活化参数.反应产物为α-氰基α-(ρ-硝基苯基)乙酸乙酯和微量的硝基苯.为该反应提出了非链式的电子转移-负离子自由基分解-自由基偶合机理.     

正戊烷与SO2气相光化学反应自由基机理的ESR验证

烷烃与SO2的气相光化学作用为自由基反应[1].Penzhorn等[2]对C4以下的气相烷烃与SO2光化学反应产物的复杂性和多样性进行了推测,此后对该光化学反应机理的研究均以反应产物(特别是凝聚态产物)为基础进行的[3].为验证烷烃与SO2光化学反应体系中确实存在自由基,Makarov等[4]向正戊烷与SOz光化学反应体系中引入NO,通过对反应起始阶段的产物的光谱分析和反应动力学研究,论证了该反应的自由基过程.ESR技术是检测自由基的有效方法,Stokes等[5]利用自旋捕集-ESR技术成功地测得了气相羟基自由基的存在.     

过氧化环丙基甲酰在不同类型溶剂中的热分解

本文报道过氧化环丙基甲酰(1)在不同类型溶剂中的化学行为。首先,我们建立了五个热解主要产物:环丙基甲酸环丙酯(4)、环丙基甲酸(5)、双环丙烷(6)、环丙烷(7)及二氧化碳的色谱定量分析方法,然后在不同类型的溶剂中测定1热分解产物的分布。结果表明,在非极性碳氢溶剂中,以自由基型的单分子均裂过程为主;在极性溶剂中则可能伴有诱导分解。我们的结果还表明,产物4,6,7主要生成于笼外,与文献报道的不同。更有趣的发现是,在HMPA中,1的分解可能主要是通过它与溶剂间的电子转移来实现的.     

Inverse solvent effects in carbocation carbanion combination reactions: the unique behavior of trifluoromethylsulfonyl stabilized carbanions

Second-order rate constants for the reactions of the trifluoromethylsulfonyl substituted benzyl anions 1a-e (CF3SO2CH(-)-C6H4-X) with the benzhydrylium ions 2f-j and structurally related quinone methides 2a-e have been determined by UV-vis spectroscopy. The reactions proceed approximately 10-40 times faster in methanol than in DMSO leading to the unique situation that these carbocation carbanion combinations are faster in protic than in dipolar aprotic media. The pK(a) values of some benzyl trifluoromethylsulfones were determined in methanol (1c-H, 17.1; 1d-H, 16.0; 1e-H, 15.0) and found to be 5 units larger than the corresponding values in DMSO. Rate and equilibrium measurements thus agree that the trifluoromethylsulfonyl substituted benzyl anions 1a-e are more effectively solvated by ion-dipole interactions in DMSO than by hydrogen bonding in methanol. Br?nsted correlations show that in DMSO the trifluoromethylsulfonyl substituted carbanions 1 are less nucleophilic than most other types of carbanions of similar basicity, indicating that in DMSO the intrinsic barriers for the reactions of the localized carbanions 1 are higher than those of delocalized carbanions, including nitroalkyl anions. The situation is reversed in methanol, where the reactions of the localized carbanions 1 possess lower intrinsic barriers than those of delocalized carbanions as commonly found for proton-transfer processes. As a consequence, the relative magnitudes of intrinsic barriers are strongly dependent on the solvent.     

Iridium‐Catalyzed Reductive Nitro‐Mannich Cyclization

A new chemoselective reductive nitro‐Mannich cyclization reaction sequence of nitroalkyl‐tethered lactams has been developed. Relying on the rapid and chemoselective iridium(I)‐catalyzed reduction of lactams to the corresponding enamine, subsequent nitro‐Mannich cyclization of tethered nitroalkyl functionality provides direct access to important alkaloid natural‐product‐like structures in yields up to 81 % and in diastereoselectivities that are typically good to excellent. An in‐depth understanding of the reaction mechanism has been gained through NMR studies and characterization of reaction intermediates. The new methodology has been applied to the total synthesis of (±)‐epi‐epiquinamide in four steps.     

Palladium-catalyzed reaction of nucleophiles with diacetates of allylic 1,1-diols

The reactions of allylic 1,1-diol diacetates (I) with carbanions under the catalysis of Pd(PPh₃)₄ were studied. Sodium diethyl malonate reacted with I to form an abnormal product resulting from the attack of the diethyl malonate carbanion on the carbonyl carbon of the acetoxy group, while sodium diethyl acetylmalonate gave the normal reaction products with high regioselectivity. The mechanisms of these reactions are discussed.     

Product ion spectral simplification using time-delayed fragment ion capture with tandem linear ion traps

A new technique to generate product ion spectra as the internal energy of a collisionally activated precursor ion evolves is described. The precursor ion is activated by acceleration into a mass-selective linear ion trap under conditions whereby some of the fragment ions formed are unstable within the trap. After a time delay the stability parameters of the ion trap are changed to allow capture of fragments that that were previously unstable. The result is a product ion spectrum that originates from precursor ions with a modified internal energy distribution. It is possible to follow the evolution of the precursor internal energy distribution for many milliseconds after admittance of the precursor ions into the linear ion trap. Time-delayed fragmentation product ion spectra typically display reduced sequential fragmentation products leading to spectra that are more easily interpreted. Several important experimental parameters important to time-delayed fragmentation have been identified and are discussed. The technique has applications for both small precursor ions and multiply charged peptides.     

SNH-Reactions of triazolo[4,3-b]- and tetrazolo[1,5-b]-1,2,4-triazines with methylene-active carbonyl compounds

Unsubstituted triazolo[4,3-b]- and tetrazolo[1,5-b]-1,2,4-triazines react with carbanions generated from dimedone and barbituric acid to give adducts of a C-nucleophile with the heterocyclic system through the C=N double bond. The adducts can be oxidized under mild conditions into products of nucleophilic hydrogen substitution. Analogous adducts with carbanions produced in the reactions of ethyl cyanoacetate and ethyl malonate with Bu^tOK proved to be unstable; in this case, the title azolotriazines immediately yield products of nucleophilic hydrogen substitution in position 7. Tautomerism of the S _N ^H products obtained is discussed.     

Fragmentation study of short-chain products derived from oxidation of diacylphosphatidylcholines by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry: identification of novel short-chain products

Lineloyl-palmitoyl (PLPC) and arachidonoyl-palmitoyl (PAPC) phosphatidylcholine were oxidized under Fenton reaction conditions (H2O2 and Fe2+), and the short-chain products formed were identified by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The short-chain products resulted from beta-cleavage of oxygen-centered radicals and comprised aldehydes, hydroxyaldehydes and dicarboxylic acids that yielded both [MH]+ and [MNa]+ ions. The fragmentation of the [MH]+ and [MNa]+ ions of the peroxidation products was studied by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The MS/MS spectra of both ions showed ions resulting from characteristic losses of glycerophosphatidylcholine. Other product ions, resulting from C-C cleavages occurring in the vicinity of the functional group, and fragmentations involving the hydroxy groups, were the most informative since they allowed us to obtain structural information relating to the sn-2 acyl residue. Both fragmentation pathways are due to charge-remote fragmentation occurring by a 1,4-hydrogen elimination mechanism and/or by homolytic cleavage. Furthermore, the fragmentation pathway of some ions observed in the ESI-MS spectrum was not consistent with the fragmentation behavior expected for some of the short-chain species identified in the literature and allowed the reassignment of the ions as different structures. Isobaric ions were observed in the ESI-MS spectra of both oxidized phospholipids, and were differentiated based on distinct fragmentation. The detailed knowledge of lipid peroxidation degradation products is of major importance and should be very valuable in providing new markers for oxidative stress signaling and for disease states monitoring.     

Oxygen acidity of ring methoxylated 1,1-diarylalkanol radical cations bearing alpha-cyclopropyl groups. The competition between O-neophyl shift and C-cyclopropyl beta-scission in the intermediate 1,1-diarylalkoxyl radicals

A product and time-resolved kinetic study on the reactivity of the radical cations generated from cyclopropyl(4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethanol (1) and cyclopropyl[bis(4-methoxyphenyl)]methanol (2) has been carried out in aqueous solution. In acidic solution, 1*+ and 2*+ display very low reactivities toward fragmentation, consistent with the presence of groups at Calpha (aryl and cyclopropyl) that after Calpha-Cbeta bond cleavage would produce relatively unstable carbon-centered radicals. In basic solution, 1*+ and 2*+ display oxygen acidity, undergoing -OH-induced deprotonation from the alpha-OH group, leading to the corresponding 1,1-diarylalkoxyl radicals 1r* and 2r*, respectively, as directly observed by time-resolved spectroscopy. The product distributions observed in the reactions of 1*+ and 2*+ under these conditions (cyclopropyl phenyl ketone, cyclopropyl(4-methoxyphenyl) ketone, and 4-methoxybenzophenone from 1*+; cyclopropyl(4-methoxyphenyl) ketone and 4,4'-dimethoxybenzophenone from 2*+) have been rationalized in terms of a water-induced competition between O-neophyl shift and C-cyclopropyl beta-scission in the intermediate 1,1-diarylalkoxyl radicals 1r* and 2r*.     

N-苯乙烯基糖精的质谱研究

本文对N-苯乙烯基糖精在70eV电子束轰击下质谱的裂解规律进行了研究.这类化合物都有较强的分子离子峰,大部分是基锋,[M-HSO~2]^+是它们的特征碎片.实验证明,糖精母体的SO~2有可能和苯环邻位H或取代基苯环上的H络合而消去HSO~2.当苯乙烯基邻位取代基为NO~2时,由于硝基氧的迁移,使质谱上的m/z119成为基峰.     

Synthesis and properties of azoles and their derivatives. 25. Electron-impact mass spectra of nitro- and nitroalkyl-substituted 3-aryl-δ2-isoxazolines

The fragmentation of nitro and nitroalkyl derivatives of 3-aryl-²-isoxazolines under the influence of electron impact was investigated. It was established that the fragmentation of the molecular ions of these compounds takes place primarily through the nitro- and halogen-containing groups; other pathways of dissociative ionization include the most important pathways of the fragmentation of arylisoxazoles.See [1] for Communication 24.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 7, pp. 980–983, July, 1990.