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1.
Transition Metal‐substituted Phosphaalkenes. 42 Reactivity of the Ferriophosphaalkenes [(η5‐C5Me5)(CO)2FeP=C(NR )R2] (NR = NMe2, NC5H10, R2 = Ph, t Bu) towards Protic Acids, Alkylation Reagents, and [{( Z )‐Cyclooctene}Cr(CO)5] The reaction of equimolar amounts of [(η5‐C5Me5)(CO)2FeP=C(NR )R2] ( 2 a : NR = NMe2, R2 = Ph; 2 b : NMe2. tBu; 2 c : NC5H10, Ph) and etherial HBF4 gave rise to the formation of [(η5‐C5Me5)(CO)2FeP(H)C(NR )R2] (BF4) ( 3 a – c ) which were isolated as light red powders. Compounds 2 a – c were converted into [(η5‐C5Me5)(CO)2FeP(Me)C(NR )R2] (SO3CF3) ( 4 a – c ) by treatment with methyl trifluoromethane sulfonate. In addition 2 a and Me3SiCH2OSO2CF3 afforded light red [(η5‐C5Me5)(CO)2FeP(CH2SiMe3)C(NMe2)Ph](SO3CF3) ( 5 ). The black complex [(η5‐C5Me5)(CO)2FeP{Cr(CO)5}C(NMe2)Ph] ( 6 ) resulted from the combination of 2 a with [{(Z)‐cyclooctene}Cr(CO)5]. The novel products were characterized by elemental analyses and spectra (IR, 1H‐, 13C‐ und 31P‐NMR).  相似文献   

2.
The living/controlled radical polymerization of styrene was investigated with a new initiating system, DCDPS/FeCl3/PPh3, in which diethyl 2,3‐dicyano‐2,3‐diphenylsuccinate (DCDPS) was a hexa‐substituted ethane thermal iniferter. The polymerization mechanism belonged to a reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) process. The polymerization was controlled closely in bulk (at 100 °C) or in solution (at 110 °C) with a high molecular weight and quite narrow polydispersity (Mw/Mn = 1.18 ∼ 1.28). End‐group analysis results by 1H NMR spectroscopy showed that the polymer was ω‐functionalized by a chlorine atom, which also was confirmed by the result of a chain‐extension reaction in the presence of a FeCl2/PPh3 or CuCl/bipy (2,2′‐bipyridine) catalyst via a conventional ATRP process. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 101–107, 2000  相似文献   

3.
Environmentally friendly iron(II) catalysts for atom‐transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) were synthesized by careful selection of the nitrogen substituents of N,N,N‐trialkylated‐1,4,9‐triazacyclononane (R3TACN) ligands. Two types of structures were confirmed by crystallography: “[(R3TACN)FeX2]” complexes with relatively small R groups have ionic and dinuclear structures including a [(R3TACN)Fe(μ‐X)3Fe(R3TACN)]+ moiety, whereas those with more bulky R groups are neutral and mononuclear. The twelve [(R3TACN)FeX2]n complexes that were synthesized were subjected to bulk ATRP of styrene, methyl methacrylate (MMA), and butyl acrylate (BA). Among the iron complexes examined, [{(cyclopentyl)3TACN}FeBr2] ( 4 b ) was the best catalyst for the well‐controlled ATRP of all three monomers. This species allowed easy catalyst separation and recycling, a lowering of the catalyst concentration needed for the reaction, and the absence of additional reducing reagents. The lowest catalyst loading was accomplished in the ATRP of MMA with 4 b (59 ppm of Fe based on the charged monomer). Catalyst recycling in ATRP with low catalyst loadings was also successful. The ATRP of styrene with 4 b (117 ppm Fe atom) was followed by precipitation from methanol to give polystyrene that contained residual iron below the calculated detection limit (0.28 ppm). Mechanisms that involve equilibria between the multinuclear and mononuclear species were also examined.  相似文献   

4.
The Ni‐catalyzed C(sp2)?H/C(sp3)?H coupling of benzamides with toluene derivatives was recently successfully achieved with mild oxidant iC3F7I. Herein, we employ density functional theory (DFT) methods to resolve the mechanistic controversies. Two previously proposed mechanisms are excluded, and our proposed mechanism involving iodine‐atom transfer (IAT) between iC3F7I and the NiII intermediate was found to be more feasible. With this mechanism, the presence of a carbon radical is consistent with the experimental observation that (2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐yl)oxyl (TEMPO) completely quenches the reaction. Meanwhile, the hydrogen‐atom abstraction of toluene is irreversible and the activation of the C(sp2)?H bond of benzamides is reversible. Both of these conclusions are in good agreement with Chatani's deuterium‐labeling experiments.  相似文献   

5.
An intermolecular C(sp3)? H amination using a Pd0/PAr3 catalyst was developed. The reaction begins with oxidative addition of R2N? OBz to a Pd0/PAr3 catalyst and subsequent cleavage of a C(sp3)? H bond by the generated Pd? NR2 intermediate. The catalytic cycle proceeds without the need for external oxidants in a similar manner to the extensively studied palladium(0)‐catalyzed C? H arylation reactions. The electron‐deficient triarylphosphine ligand is crucial for this C(sp3)? H amination reaction to occur.  相似文献   

6.
Although series of N1, N1‐dimethyl‐N2‐arylformamidines and of 1,1,3,3‐tetraalkyl‐2‐arylguanidines are structurally analogous and similar electron‐ionization mass spectral fragmentation may be expected, they display important differences in the favored routes of fragmentation and consequently in substituent effects on ion abundances. In the case of formamidines, the cyclization‐elimination process (initiated by nucleophilic attack of the N‐amino atom on the 2‐position of the phenyl ring) and formation of the cyclic benzimidazolium [M‐H]+ ions dominates, whereas the loss of the NR2 group is more favored for guanidines. In order to gain information on the most probable structures of the principal fragments, quantum‐chemical calculations were performed on a selected set. A good linear relation between log{I[M‐H]+I [M]+?} and σR+ constants of substituent at para position in the phenyl ring occurs solely for formamidines (r = 0.989). In the case of guanidines, this relation is not significant (r = 0.659). A good linear relation is found between log{I[M‐NMe2]+/I [M]+?} and σp+ constants (r = 0.993). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

7.
In order to explore the existence of α‐effect in gas‐phase SN2@N reactions, and to compare its similarity and difference with its counterpart in SN2@C reactions, we have carried out a theoretical study on the reactivity of six α‐oxy‐Nus (FO?, ClO?, BrO?, HOO?, HSO?, H2NO?) in the SN2 reactions toward NR2Cl (R = H, Me) and RCl (R = Me, i‐Pr) using the G2(+)M theory. An enhanced reactivity induced by the α‐atom is found in all examined systems. The magnitude of the α‐effect in the reactions of NR2Cl (R = H, Me) is generally smaller than that in the corresponding SN2 reaction, but their variation trend with the identity of α‐atom is very similar. The origin of the α‐effect of the SN2@N reactions is discussed in terms of activation strain analysis and thermodynamic analysis, indicating that the α‐effect in the SN2@N reactions largely arises from transition state stabilization, and the “hyper‐reactivity” of these α‐Nus is also accompanied by an enhanced thermodynamic stability of products from the n(N) → σ*(O?Y) negative hyperconjugation. Meanwhile, it is found that the reactivity of oxy‐Nus in the SN2 reactions toward NMe2Cl is lower than toward i‐PrCl, which is different from previous experiments, that is, the SN2 reactions of NH2Cl is more facile than MeCl. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   

8.
The title cocrystal contains two chiral conformational diastereomers, viz. (1S,2R,RN)‐ and (1S,2R,SN)‐, of [2,4‐di‐tert‐butyl‐6‐{[(1‐oxido‐1‐phenylpropan‐2‐yl)(methyl)amino]methyl}phenolato](methanol)‐cis‐dioxidomolybdenum(VI), [Mo(C25H35NO2)O2(CH3OH)], representing the first example of a structurally characterized molybdenum complex with enantiomerically pure ephedrine derivative ligands. The MoVI cations exhibit differently distorted octahedral coordination environments, with two oxide ligands positioned cis to each other. The remainder of the coordination comprises phenoxide, alkoxide and methanol O atoms, with an amine N atom completing the octahedron. The distinct complexes are linked by strong intermolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds, resulting in one‐dimensional molecular chains. Furthermore, the phenyl rings are involved in weak T‐shaped/edge‐to‐face π–π interactions with each other.  相似文献   

9.
The atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) catalyzed by the FeCl2/isophthalic acid system was used for the preparation of novel aromatic polyethersulfone (PSF)‐based graft copolymers in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF), such as aromatic PSF‐graft‐poly(methyl methacrylate), aromatic PSF‐graft‐polymethylacrylate, and aromatic PSF‐graft‐poly(butyl acrylate). The route consisted of two steps. The first step included the chloromethylation of aromatic PSF, and the second step involved the ATRP of acrylate monomers using chloromethylated aromatic PSF as the macroinitiator and FeCl2/isophthalic acid as the catalyst in DMF. Characterization data by gel permeation chromatography, DSC, IR, 1H NMR, and thermogravimetric analysis confirmed that the graft copolymerization was successful. Only one glass‐transition temperature (Tg) was observed for aromatic PSF‐graft‐poly(methyl methacrylate), and two Tg's were detected for aromatic PSF‐graft‐methyl acrylate and aromatic PSF‐graft‐poly(butyl acrylate). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 2943–2950, 2001  相似文献   

10.
The impact of reversible bond formation between a growing radical chain and a metal complex (organometallic‐mediated radical polymerization (OMRP) equilibrium) to generate an organometallic intermediate/dormant species is analyzed with emphasis on the interplay between this and other one‐electron processes involving the metal complex, which include halogen transfer in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), hydrogen‐atom transfer in catalytic chain transfer (CCT), and catalytic radical termination (CRT). The challenges facing the controlled polymerization of “less active monomers” (LAMs) are outlined and, after reviewing the recent achievements of OMRP in this area, the perspectives of this technique are analyzed.  相似文献   

11.
The title complex, [Cd2(C13H9Cl2N2O)2(NCS)2]n, is a novel thio­cyanate‐bridged polynuclear cadmium(II) compound. The CdII atom is six‐coordinated in a distorted octa­hedral configuration, with one O and two N atoms of one Schiff base mol­ecule and one terminal S atom of a bridging thio­cyanate ligand defining the equatorial plane, and one terminal N atom of another bridging thio­cyanate ligand and one O atom of another Schiff base mol­ecule occupying axial positions. Adjacent inversion‐related [2,4‐dichloro‐6‐(2‐pyridylmethyl­imino­meth­yl)phenolato]cadmium(II) moieties utilize bridging phenolate and thio­cyanate groups to form polymeric chains running along the b axis.  相似文献   

12.
Hydrophilic/CO2‐philic poly(ethylene oxide)‐b‐poly(1,1,2,2‐tetrahydroperfluorodecyl acrylate) block copolymers were synthesized via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, iodine transfer polymerization (ITP), and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in the presence of either degenerative transfer agents or a macroinitiator based on poly(ethylene oxide). In this work, both RAFT and ATRP showed higher efficiency than ITP for the preparation of the expected copolymers. More detailed research was carried out on RAFT, and the living character of the polymerization was confirmed by an ultraviolet (UV) analysis of the ? SC(S)Ph or ? SC(S)S? C12H25 end groups in the polymer chains. The quantitative UV analysis of the copolymers indicated a number‐average molecular weight in good agreement with the value determined by 1H NMR analysis. The properties of the macromolecular surfactants were investigated through the determination of the cloud points in neat liquid and supercritical CO2 and through the formation of water‐in‐CO2 emulsions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 2405–2415, 2004  相似文献   

13.
Bis[2‐(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxybenzylideneamino)phenolato‐κO]dimethylsilicon, C30H30N2O6Si, (II), was isolated from the reaction of 2‐(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxybenzylideneamino)phenol, (I), with dichlorodimethylsilane at 339 K. It consists of two ligand molecules and the Me2Si unit forming a dialkoxydimethylsilane with a tetracoordinate Si atom. [2‐(3‐Methoxy‐2‐oxidobenzylideneamino)phenolato‐κ3O,N,O′]dimethylsilicon, C16H17NO3Si, (III), was isolated from the same reaction conducted at 263 K. In this complex, the dianion of (I) is coordinated via two O atoms and an azomethine N atom to the pentacoordinate Si atom. According to quantum chemical calculations, (II) is the thermodynamically stable product and (III) is the kinetically favoured product.  相似文献   

14.
The title complex, [Cu(C13H9Cl2N2O)(NCS)]n, is a novel thio­cyanate‐bridged polynuclear copper(II) compound. The CuII atom is five‐coordinated in a square‐pyramidal configuration, with one O and two N atoms of one Schiff base ligand and one terminal N atom of a bridging thio­cyanate ligand defining the basal plane, and one terminal S atom of another bridging thio­cyanate ligand occupying the axial position. The [2,4‐dichloro‐6‐(pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl­imino­methyl)­phenolato]­copper(II) moieties are linked by the bridging thio­cyanate ligands, forming polymeric chains running along the a axis.  相似文献   

15.
ZrIV and TaV Complexes with Methano‐Bridged Bis(aryloxy) Ligands The bis(aryloxy) ligand precursor compounds bis(2‐trimethylsiloxy‐5‐tbutylphenyl)methane (L–SiMe3) and its bromoderivative (2‐trimethylsiloxy‐3‐bromo‐5‐tbutylphenyl)(2′‐trimethylsiloxy‐5′‐tbutylphenyl)methane (LBr–SiMe3) are prepared in analogy to the corresponding calixarenes in excellent yields. X‐ray structure analysis for LBr–SiMe3: space group P21/c, a = 12.462(7), b = 10.466(6), c = 23.315(14) Å, β = 105.02(4)°, V = 2937(3) Å3, Z = 4. L–SiMe3 and LBr–SiMe3 react with ZrIV and TaV chlorides in very good yields forming di‐ and trinuclear complexes. From the reaction of CpZrCl3 with LBr–SiMe3 in the ratio of 3 : 2 a Zr3 complex ( 7 ) is obtained, with one LBr ligand only, which Zr atoms are bridged by a μ3‐oxygen. The X‐ray structure analysis of 7 (space group R 3, a = 33.23(6), c = 24.47(8) Å, V = 23405(128) Å3, Z = 18) additionally reveals that one phenolato oxygen atom of the LBr ligand is terminally bound to a distorted tetragonal‐pyramidal coordinated Zr atom, while the second phenolato oxygen atom of the LBr ligand forms a bridge to another Zr atom with a distorted octahedral coordination. The third Zr atom is also found in a distorted octahedral coordination mode. The reactions of L–SiMe3 and LBr–SiMe3 with CpTaCl4 and TaCl5 yield dinuclear Ta complexes with a bridging bis(aryloxy) ligand. NMR spectroscopic data point out that the coordination of the bis(aryloxy) ligands in the Ta complexes very much resembles that in the Zr3‐complex with one terminal and one bridging phenolato oxygen atom. The Zr3 and the Ta complexes LBrTa2Cp2Cl6 and LTa2Cl8 were tested with respect to their catalytic properties in olefin polymerisation reactions in the presence of MAO.  相似文献   

16.
A commercially available tris(3,6‐dioxaheptyl)amine (TDA‐1) was used as a novel ligand for activator generated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (AGET ATRP) of styrene in bulk or solution mediated by iron(III) catalyst in the presence of a limited amount of air. FeCl3 · 6H2O and (1‐bromoethyl)benzene (PEBr) were used as the catalyst and initiator, respectively; and environmentally benign ascorbic acid (VC) was used as the reducing agent. The polymerizations show the features of “living”/controlled free‐radical polymerizations and well‐defined polystyrenes with molecular weight Mn = 2400–36,500 g/mol and narrow polydispersity (Mw/Mn = 1.11–1.29) were obtained. The “living” feature of the obtained polymer was further confirmed by a chain‐extension experiment. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 2002–2008, 2009  相似文献   

17.
Depsipeptides and cyclodepsipeptides are analogues of the corresponding peptides in which one or more amide groups are replaced by ester functions. Reports of crystal structures of linear depsipeptides are rare. The crystal structures and conformational analyses of four depsipeptides with an alternating sequence of an α,α‐disubstituted α‐amino acid and an α‐hydroxy acid are reported. The molecules in the linear hexadepsipeptide amide in (S)‐Pms‐Acp‐(S)‐Pms‐Acp‐(S)‐Pms‐Acp‐NMe2 acetonitrile solvate, C47H58N4O9·C2H3N, ( 3b ), as well as in the related linear tetradepsipeptide amide (S)‐Pms‐Aib‐(S)‐Pms‐Aib‐NMe2, C28H37N3O6, ( 5a ), the diastereoisomeric mixture (S,R)‐Pms‐Acp‐(R,S)‐Pms‐Acp‐NMe2/(R,S)‐Pms‐Acp‐(R,S)‐Pms‐Acp‐NMe2 (1:1), C32H41N3O6, ( 5b ), and (R,S)‐Mns‐Acp‐(S,R)‐Mns‐Acp‐NMe2, C30H37N3O6, ( 5c ) (Pms is phenyllactic acid, Acp is 1‐aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid and Mns is mandelic acid), generally adopt a β‐turn conformation in the solid state, which is stabilized by intramolecular N—H…O hydrogen bonds. Whereas β‐turns of type I (or I′) are formed in the cases of ( 3b ), ( 5a ) and ( 5b ), which contain phenyllactic acid, the torsion angles for ( 5c ), which incorporates mandelic acid, indicate a β‐turn in between type I and type III. Intermolecular N—H…O and O—H…O hydrogen bonds link the molecules of ( 3a ) and ( 5b ) into extended chains, and those of ( 5a ) and ( 5c ) into two‐dimensional networks.  相似文献   

18.
A series of well‐defined graft copolymers with a polyallene‐based backbone and polystyrene side chains were synthesized by the combination of living coordination polymerization of 6‐methyl‐1,2‐heptadien‐4‐ol and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene. Poly(alcohol) with polyallene repeating units were prepared via 6‐methyl‐1,2‐heptadien‐4‐ol by living coordination polymerization initiated by [(η3‐allyl)NiOCOCF3]2 firstly, followed by transforming the pendant hydroxyl groups into halogen‐containing ATRP initiation groups. Grafting‐from route was employed in the following step for the synthesis of the well‐defined graft copolymer: polystyrene was grafted to the backbone via ATRP of styrene. The cleaved polystyrene side chains show a narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn = 1.06). This kind of graft copolymer is the first example of graft copolymer via allene derivative and styrenic monomer. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5509–5517, 2007  相似文献   

19.
The potential‐energy surfaces of the reactions of dirhodium tetracarboxylate (Rh2II,II) catalyzed nitrene (NR) insertion into C H bonds were examined by a DFT computational study. A pure Becke exchange functional (B88) rather than a hybrid exchange functional (B3, BHandH) was found to be appropriate for the calculation of the energy difference between the singlet and triplet Rh2II,II–NH nitrene species. Rh2II,II–NR1 (R1=(S)‐2‐methyl‐1‐butylformyl) is thermodynamically more favorable with a free energy lower than that of Rh2II,II–N(PhI)R1. The singlet and triplet states of Rh2II,II–NR1 have similar stability. Singlet Rh2II,II–NR1 undergoes a concerted NR insertion into the C H bond with simultaneous formation of the N H and N C bonds during C H bond cleavage; triplet Rh2II,II–NR1 undergoes H atom abstraction to produce a diradical, followed by subsequent bond formation by diradical recombination. The singlet pathway is favored over the triplet in the context of the free energy of activation and leads to the retention of the chirality of the C atom in the NR insertion product. The reactivities of the C H bonds toward the nitrene‐insertion reaction follow the order tertiary>secondary>primary. Relative reaction rates were calculated for the six reaction pathways examined in this work.  相似文献   

20.
The title complex, [Cu(C11H14BrN2O)(N3)]n, is an inter­esting azide‐bridged polynuclear copper(II) compound. The CuII atom is five‐coordinated in a square‐pyramidal configuration, with one O and two N atoms of one Schiff base and one terminal N atom of a bridging azide ligand defining the basal plane, and another terminal N atom of another bridging azide ligand occupying the axial position. The {4‐bromo‐2‐[2‐(dimethyl­amino)ethyl­imino­meth­yl]phenolato}copper(II) moieties are linked by the bridging azide ligands, forming polymeric chains running along the b axis. Adjacent chains are further linked by weak Br⋯Br inter­actions into a sheet.  相似文献   

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