Submerged fluid-filled cylindrical shell subjected to a shock wave: Fluid–structure interaction effects

A submerged fluid-filled circular cylindrical shell subjected to a shock wave propagating in the external fluid is considered. The study focuses on a number of acoustic and structural effects taking place during the interaction. Specifically, the influence of the acoustic phenomena in the fluid on the stress–strain state of the shell is analysed using two different visualization techniques. The effect that the parameters of the shell have on the internal acoustic field is addressed as well, and the ‘shock transparency’ of various shells is discussed. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the contribution of the terms in the shell equations representing bending stiffness, and the limits of applicability of the membrane theory of thin shells are discussed in the fluid–structure interaction context. The possibility of cavitation in the internal fluid is investigated, and the effect that cavitation could have on the structural dynamics of the shell is discussed. The present paper is a follow-up of the author's earlier study of the interaction between fluid-filled cylindrical shells and external shock waves.     

Surface/interface effects on elastic behavior of a screw dislocation in an eccentric core–shell nanowire

The elastic behavior of a screw dislocation which is positioned inside the shell domain of an eccentric core–shell nanowire is addressed with taking into account the surface/interface stress effect. The complex potential function method in combination with the conformal mapping function is applied to solve the governing non-classical equations. The dislocation stress field and the image force acting on the dislocation are studied in detail and compared with those obtained within the classical theory of elasticity. It is shown that near the free outer surface and the inner core–shell interface, the non-classical solution for the stress field considerably differs from the classical one, while this difference practically vanishes in the bulk regions of the nanowire. It is also demonstrated that the surface with positive (negative) shear modulus applies an extra non-classical repelling (attracting) image force to the dislocation, which can change the nature of the equilibrium positions depending on the system parameters. At the same time, the non-classical solution fails when the dislocation approaches very close to the surface/interface with negative shear modulus. The effects of the core–shell eccentricity and nanowire diameter on dislocation behavior are discussed. It is shown that the non-classical surface/interface effect has a short-range character and becomes more pronounced when the nanowire diameter is smaller than 20 nm.     

A fluid–structure interaction model for stability analysis of shells conveying fluid

In this paper, a fluid–structure interaction model for stability analysis of shells conveying fluid is developed. This model is developed for shells of arbitrary geometry and structure and is based on incompressible potential flow. The boundary element method is applied to model the potential flow. The fluid dynamics model is derived by using an inflow/outflow model along with the impermeability condition at the fluid–shell interface. This model is applied to obtain the flow modes and eigenvalues, which are used for the modal representation of the flow field in the shell. Based on the mode shapes and natural frequencies of the shell obtained from an FEM model, the modal analysis technique is used for structural modeling of the shell. Using the linearized Bernoulli equation for unsteady pressure on the fluid–shell interface in combination with the virtual work principle, the generalized structural forces are obtained in terms of the modal coordinates of the fluid flow and the coupled field equations of the fluid–structure are derived. The obtained model is validated by comparison with results in the literature, and very good agreement is demonstrated. Then, some examples are provided to demonstrate the application of the present model to determining the stability conditions of shells with arbitrary geometries.     

Kinematic and mixing characteristics of vortex interaction induced by a vortex generator model: a numerical study

The underlying effect of vortex interaction characterized by the merging and non-merging on mixing enhancement is of fundamental significance to understand the flow dynamics of strut injectors in scramjets. Starting from a simplified configuration of a vortex generator, this study focuses on the influence of geometric parameters on vortex structures and fluid mixing through compressible Navier-Stokes(NS) simulations.By adjusting the induction of outer vortices, the inner co-rotating vortex pair ...     

Numerical analysis on flutter of Busemann-type supersonic biplane airfoil

The Busemann-type supersonic biplane can effectively reduce the wave drag through shock interference effect between airfoils. However, considering the elastic property of the wing structure, the vibration of the wings can cause the shock oscillation between the biplane, which may result in relative aeroelastic problems of the wing. In this research, fluid–structure interaction characteristics of the Busemann-type supersonic biplane at its design condition have been studied. A theoretical two-dimensional structure model has been established to consider the main elastic characteristics of the wing structure. Coupled with unsteady Navier–Stokes equations, the fluid–structure dynamic system of the supersonic biplane is studied through the two-way computational fluid dynamics/computational structural dynamics (CFD/CSD) coupling method. The biplane system has been simulated at its design Mach number with different nondimensional velocities. Different initial disturbance has been applied to excite the system and the effects of the position of the mass center on the system’s aeroelastic stability is also discussed. The results reveal that the stability of the airfoil in supersonic biplane system is decreased compared with that of the airfoil isolated in supersonic flow and such stability reduction effect should be given due attention in practical design.     

双层旋转壳流固耦合振动有限元分析

本文采用旋转壳体元和流体元分析了双层旋转壳体流固耦合振动特性,基于Novozhilov壳体理论、水弹性理论以及Hamilton变分原理推导出耦合系统运动方程,计算结果与实测值比较表明本分析方法有较好的精度。     

Transmural pressure effects on the stability of clamped cylindrical shells subjected to internal fluid flow: Theory and experiments

An experimental and theoretical parametric study is undertaken to investigate the effect of transmural pressure on the non-linear dynamics and stability of circular cylindrical shells with clamped ends subjected to internal fluid flow. The theoretical structural model is based on the Donnell non-linear shallow shell theory, and potential flow theory is employed to describe the fluid-structure interaction. It is found that, for low transmural pressures in the range investigated, the shell loses stability by static subcritical divergence, while for higher transmural pressures the loss of stability is supercritical. In addition, there are ranges of flow velocity in which the shell exhibits quasi-periodic or even chaotic behaviour.     

Submerged circular cylindrical shell subjected to two consecutive shock waves: Resonance-like phenomena

A submerged evacuated circular cylindrical shell subjected to a sequence of two external shock waves generated at the same source is considered. A semi-analytical model combining the classical methods of mathematical physics with the finite-difference methodology is developed and employed to simulate the interaction. Both the hydrodynamic and structural aspects of the problem are considered, and it is demonstrated that varying the delay between the first and second wavefronts has a very significant effect on the stress–strain state of the structure. In particular, it is shown that for certain values of the delay, the constructive superposition of the elastic waves travelling around the shell results in a ‘resonance-like’ increase of the structural stress in certain regions. The respective stress can be so high that it sometimes exceeds the overall maximum stress observed in the same structure but subjected to a single-front shock wave with the same parameters, in some cases by as much as 50%. A detailed parametric analysis of the observed phenomenon is carried out, and an easy-to-use diagram summarizing the finding is proposed to aim the pre-design analysis of engineering structures.     

45钢柱壳爆炸膨胀断裂的SPH模拟分析

金属柱壳爆炸膨胀断裂存在拉伸、剪切及拉剪混合等多种断裂模式,目前其物理机制及影响因素还不清晰。本文中采用光滑粒子流体动力学方法（smoothed particle hydrodynamics, SPH）对45钢柱壳在JOB-9003及RHT-901不同装药条件下的外爆实验进行了数值模拟,探讨柱壳在不同装药条件下发生的剪切断裂、拉剪混合断裂模式及其演化过程,模拟结果与实验结果一致。SPH数值模拟结果表明:在爆炸加载阶段,随着冲击波在柱壳内、外壁间来回反射形成二次塑性区,沿柱壳壁厚等效塑性应变演化呈凸形分布,壁厚中部区域等效塑性应变较内、外壁大;在较高爆炸压力（JOB-9003）作用下,柱壳断裂发生在爆轰波加载阶段,损伤裂纹从塑性应变积累较大的壁厚中部开始沿剪切方向向内、外壁扩展,形成剪切型断裂模式;而在RHT-901空心炸药加载下,虽然裂纹仍从壁厚中部开始沿剪切方向扩展,但随后柱壳进入自由膨胀阶段,未断区域处于拉伸应力状态,柱壳局部发生结构失稳,形成类似“颈缩”现象,裂纹从剪切方向转向沿颈缩区向外扩展,呈现拉剪混合断裂模式。拉伸裂纹占截面的比例与柱壳结构失稳时刻相关。可见,柱壳断裂演化是一个爆炸冲击波与柱壳结构相互作用的过程,不能简单将其作为一系列膨胀拉伸环处理。     

含裂纹损伤充液圆柱壳的振动响应求解方法

薄壁圆柱壳流体冲击振动响应是一个复杂的流固耦合(FSI)动力学问题,对于薄壳状态监测与缺陷识别具有重要意义。基于Flügge壳体应力理论,得到壳体运动的高阶偏微分方程组(PDE),利用波传播方法获得圆柱壳系统振动响应。将壳体周围流体定义为理想声学介质,通过亥姆霍兹方程描述声压场,得到流固耦合条件下的薄壁圆柱壳受迫振动响应演变规律。针对薄壳裂纹损伤识别问题,基于断裂力学理论建立局部柔度矩阵,结合呼吸型线弹簧模型(LSM),构造裂纹附近应力及位移连续条件,获得含裂纹损伤充液圆柱壳的振动响应,进而给出一种基于振动能量流的裂纹损伤识别方法。研究结果表明：充液圆柱壳耦合系统在非线性激励下,位移响应在沿轴向、周向和径向的传播特性差异明显;裂纹的存在会导致结构局部柔度的降低和耦合系统固有频率下降;归一化输入功率流能够有效地对充液圆柱壳耦合系统进行结构裂纹损伤识别。研究结果可为充液薄壳振动响应方面的研究提供有益参考,也可为流固耦合条件下的结构裂纹损伤识别方面提供技术支持。     

B平面上斜压波热力结构特性的实验研究

首次用转环实验模拟方法研究了β效应对斜压波热力结构的影响,发现β效应有抑制流动的水平混合和垂直混合的作用,使流动趋于正压;β平面上急流随高度降低而减弱,在急流的内外两侧各有一个无量纲温度值分布的突跃区,它们的空间结构与大气环流中的极锋锋区和北极锋锋区的结构相似。     

Small scale effect on flow-induced instability of double-walled carbon nanotubes

Small scale effect on flow-induced instability of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) is investigated using an elastic shell model based on Donnell’s shell theory. The dynamic governing equations of DWCNTs are formulated on the basis of nonlocal elasticity theory, in addition, the van der Waals (vdW) interaction between the inner and outer walls is taken into account in the nonlocal shell modeling. The instability of DWCNTs that is induced by a pressure-driven steady flow is investigated. The numerical computations indicate that as the flow velocity increases, DWCNTs have a destabilizing way to get through multi-bifurcations of the first and second bifurcations in turn. It is concluded that the natural frequency of DWCNTs and the critical flow velocity of the flow-induced instability are strictly related to the ratio of the length to the outer radius of DWCNTs, the pressure of the fluid and the small scale effects. Furthermore, it is interesting to observe that as the small scale effects are considered, the natural frequencies and the critical flow velocities of DWCNTs decrease as compared to the results with the classical (local) continuum mechanics, therefore, the small scale effects play an important role on performing the instability analysis in the fluid-conveying DWCNTs.     

Elastic response of water-filled fiber composite tubes under shock wave loading

We experimentally and numerically investigate the response of fluid-filled filament-wound composite tubes subjected to axial shock wave loading in water. Our study focuses on the fluid–structure interaction occurring when the shock wave in the fluid propagates parallel to the axis of the tube, creating pressure waves in the fluid coupled to flexural waves in the shell. The in-house-developed computational scheme couples an Eulerian fluid solver with a Lagrangian shell solver, which includes a new and simple material model to capture the response of fiber composites in finite kinematics. In the experiments and simulations we examine tubes with fiber winding angles equal to 45° and 60°, and we measure the precursor and primary wave speeds, hoop and longitudinal strains, and pressure. The experimental and computational results are in agreement, showing the validity of the computational scheme in complex fluid–structure interaction problems involving fiber composite materials subjected to shock waves. The analyses of the measured quantities show the strong coupling of axial and hoop deformations and the significant effect of fiber winding angle on the composite tube response, which differs substantially from that of a metal tube in the same configuration.     

Comparison between computational fluid dynamics,fluid–structure interaction and computational structural dynamics predictions of flow-induced wall mechanics in an anatomically realistic cerebral aneurysm model

Haemodynamically induced stress plays an important role in the progression and rupture of cerebral aneurysms. The current work describes computational fluid dynamics (CFD), fluid–structure interaction (FSI) and computational structural dynamics (CSD) simulations in an anatomically realistic model of a carotid artery with two saccular cerebral aneurysms in the ophthalmic region. The model was obtained from three-dimensional (3D) rotational angiographic imaging data. CFD and FSI were studied under a physiologically representative waveform of inflow. The arterial wall was assumed elastic or hyperelastic, as a 3D solid or as a shell depending on the type of modelling used. The flow was assumed to be laminar, non-Newtonian and incompressible. The CFD, FSI and CSD models were solved with the finite elements package ADINA. Predictions of velocity field and wall shear stress (WSS) on the aneurysms made using CFD and FSI were compared. The CSD model of the aneurysms using complete geometry was compared with isolated aneurysm models. Additionally, the effects of hypertensive pressure on CSD aneurysm models are also reported. The vortex structure, WSS, effective stress, strain and displacement of the aneurysm walls showed differences, depending on the type of modelling used.     

Postbuckling prediction of double-walled carbon nanotubes under axial compression

An elastic double-shell model is presented for the buckling and postbuckling of a double-walled carbon nanotube subjected to axial compression. The analysis is based on a continuum mechanics model in which each tube of a double-walled carbon nanotube is described as an individual elastic shell and the interlayer friction is negligible between the inner and outer tubes. The governing equations are based on the Karman–Donnell-type nonlinear differential equations. The van der Waals interaction between the inner and outer nanotubes and the nonlinear prebuckling deformations of the shell are both taken into account. A boundary layer theory of shell buckling is extended to the case of double-walled carbon nanotubes under axial compression. A singular perturbation technique is employed to determine the buckling loads and postbuckling equilibrium paths. Numerical results reveal that the single-walled carbon nanotube and the double-walled carbon nanotube both have an unstable postbuckling behavior.     

Instability in a spherical fluid shell

Summary The model considered is a collapsing or expanding spherical shell of incompressible fluid with constant total energy. The stability of its surfaces is studied by the usual perturbation method. There is a non-uniform acceleration through the shell which satisfies Taylor's criterion for stability at both surfaces. The inner surface however fails to satisfy Birkhoff's condition during collapse and is in general algebraically unstable. The stability of the outer surfaces is found to depend on the ratio of shell thickness to radius. For a thin shell the ratio of the initial perturbation amplitudes on the two surfaces is found to govern the motion at each surface, while for a thick shell, and for harmonics of order higher than the second, the two surfaces are independent, the inner surface being unstable during collapse and the outer surface unstable during expansion.     

Postbuckling of double-walled carbon nanotubes with temperature dependent properties and initial defects under combined axial and radial mechanical loads

Buckling and postbuckling analysis is presented for a double-walled carbon nanotube subjected to combined axial and radial loads in thermal environments. The analysis is based on a continuum mechanics model in which each tube of a double-walled carbon nanotube is described as an individual orthotropic shell with presence of van der Waals interaction forces and the interlayer friction is negligible between the inner and outer tubes. The governing equations are based on higher order shear deformation shell theory with a von Kármán-Donnell-type of kinematic nonlinearity and include thermal effects. Temperature-dependent material properties, which come from molecular dynamics simulations, and initial point defect, which is simulated as a dimple on the tube wall, are both taken into account. A singular perturbation technique is employed to determine the interactive buckling loads and postbuckling equilibrium paths. The numerical illustrations concern the postbuckling response of perfect and imperfect, double-walled carbon nanotubes subjected to combined axial and radial mechanical loads under different sets of thermal environments. The results reveal that temperature change only has a small effect on the postbuckling behavior of the double-walled carbon nanotube. The axially-loaded double-walled carbon nanotube subjected to radial pressure has an unstable postbuckling path, and the structure is imperfection–sensitive. In contrast, the pressure-loaded double-walled carbon nanotube subjected to axial compression has a very weak “snap-through” postbuckling path, and the structure is virtually imperfection–insensitive.     

一种冲击波作用下结构毁伤算法研究

针对爆炸冲击波与建筑物结构相互作用过程,分析了冲击波与结构碎块作用机理,发展了一种能够模拟建筑物结构破坏及冲击波传播过程的计算模型和方法。采用建筑物结构工程毁伤载荷作为判据,处理结构在冲击波作用下的破坏问题;利用流固耦合界面算法处理结构运动引起的泄压效应,利用“虚拟网格通气技术”处理结构碎块对冲击波的阻碍作用,模拟了冲击波作用下典型建筑物的毁伤过程及冲击波传播过程。结果表明,该模型在模拟冲击波与结构的作用过程中,压力计算结果与非结构动网格模拟结果符合较好;在典型建筑物毁伤过程的数值模拟中,计算得到的建筑物毁伤效果和冲击波超压分布与建筑物物理毁伤特点符合。     

近场水下爆炸瞬态强非线性流固耦合无网格数值模拟研究

近场水下爆炸涉及多相流体的掺杂耦合以及结构的大变形、损伤和断裂等瞬态强非线性现象, 传统的网格算法在模拟近场水下爆炸时面临结构网格畸变、多相界面捕捉精度不足等难题, 鉴于此, 本文建立了完全无网格的近场水下爆炸冲击波和气泡全物理过程瞬态强非线性流固耦合动力学模型. 流体采用基于黎曼求解器的光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)方法求解, 结构采用重构核粒子法(RKPM)求解, 并基于法向通量边界条件实现流固耦合. 为提高SPH对流场间断的求解精度, 引入黎曼问题思想并结合MUSCL重构算法, 为解决流场粒子体积变化剧烈导致的精度下降问题, 应用了自适应粒子分割与合并方法. 为模拟水下爆炸对结构造成的损伤断裂, 基于退化实体几何表述, 采用Lemaitre损伤算法, 建立了RKPM壳结构断裂损伤模型. 依据所建立的SPH-RKPM流固耦合模型, 对近场水下爆炸冲击波传播、气泡脉动与射流以及结构毁伤进行了模拟, 将得到的冲击波载荷、气泡演化以及结构响应与实验值和其他数值解对比, 验证了当前建立的SPH-RKPM流固耦合模型的有效性和精度, 并给出了水下爆炸载荷特性及其对结构的流固耦合毁伤机制与规律, 旨在为近场水下爆炸载荷预报提供理论和基础性技术支撑, 为毁伤威力评估和舰船防护结构设计提供参考.      

基于二阶双渐近法的双层圆柱壳在水下爆炸作用下的鞭状运动

针对潜艇在水下爆炸载荷下的鞭状运动,从波动方程出发,推导了二阶双渐近法后期近似,并结合声固耦合法初步解决了双层圆柱壳的内域问题,然后将其与显式有限元耦合形成了圆柱壳结构水下爆炸流固耦合分析方法。通过简单算例验证了本文分析方法的有效性和精度。最后,基于此方法分析了双层圆柱壳结构在水下爆炸载荷下的总体响应特性以及周期比和爆距比对其影响规律。