On the adjustment of Helmholtz resonators

A Helmholtz resonator is placed in a room with distinct acoustic modes, and is tuned to one of the corresponding resonant frequencies. The optimal resonator damping ratio is investigated, as a goal-dependent value. For example, minimizing reverberation time requires a different damping ratio from minimizing the sound pressure level. The optimum damping values for a Helmholtz resonator are analytically computed, and then verified by means of experimentation. Furthermore, a construction is introduced which allows for a fine adjustable setting for the eigenfrequency and the damping ratio of the resonator.     

Low-frequency sound field in a room with a Helmholtz resonator

The sound field generated by a point source of volume velocity in a room with a Helmholtz resonator is determined. The shift produced by the resonator in the natural frequencies of the room is calculated.     

Improving low-frequency sound absorption of micro-perforated panel absorbers by using mechanical impedance plate combined with Helmholtz resonators

The traditional Micro-perforated plate (MPP) is a kind of clean and non-polluting absorption structure in the middle and high frequency and has been widely used in the field of noise control. However, the sound absorption performance is dissatisfied at low frequencies when the air-cavity depth is restricted. In this paper, a mechanical impedance plate (MIP) is introduced into the traditional MPP structure and a Helmholtz resonator is attached to the MIP. Mechanical impedance plate (MIP) provides a good absorption at low frequency by using mechanism of mechanical resonance and the acoustic energy is dissipated in the form of heat with viscoelastic material. Helmholtz resonator can fill in the defect of the poor absorption effect between the Micro-perforated plate (MPP) and the mechanical impedance plate (MIP). The acoustic impedance of the proposed sound absorber is investigated by using acoustic electric analogy method and impedance transfer method. The influence of the tube’s length of Helmholtz resonator and the number of Helmholtz resonator on the sound absorption is studied. The corresponding results are in agreement with the theoretical calculation and prove that the composite structure has the characteristics of improving the low frequency sound absorption property.     

基于气流调制的封闭空间高声强次声产生方法研究

基于气流调制技术研究了封闭空间高强度次声产生方法。设计了大流量气流调制器,对调制器和赫尔姆霍兹共振腔组成的高声强次声产生装置的声场特性进行了数值仿真,制作出原理装置,并进行了实验测试。从理论上分析了不同调制频率和不同供气压力下调制器出口的声压幅度,分析了次声产生装置不同调制频率的声压幅度,分析了舱内声场的空间分布特性。实验结果表明:气流调制器设计合理、运行平稳,次声产生装置最大能产生161 dB的次声,测试舱声场均匀、声波信噪比较高,实验结果与数值仿真结果基本一致。      

封闭腔体噪声控制中亥姆霍兹共振器的优化设计方法

提出用亥姆霍兹共振器控制声腔内噪声时计算共振器最优阻尼比和最优工作带宽的理论公式,并进行实验验证。首先,建立共振器与待控腔体的声学耦合方程,以最小化腔体内目标声压幅值为参考,对共振器的阻尼比和工作带宽进行理论分析,求出最优阻尼比和最优工作带宽的计算公式。接着,提出在声腔噪声控制中使用最优亥姆霍兹共振器的实施步骤。最后,以一维声学腔体内的噪声为控制对象,通过对比控制前后的理论结果与实测数据,验证最优阻尼比和最优工作带宽的理论公式。结果表明,本文开发的亥姆霍兹共振器优化设计方法能准确地预报共振器的最优阻尼比与最优工作带宽,在声腔中低频噪声控制中有广泛的应用前景。      

Experimental investigation of the sound absorption performance of compartmented Helmholtz resonators

An experiment was derived in the present study to investigate the effects of coupling up two Helmholtz resonators on their overall sound absorption performance. The effect of compartmenting the cavity of a resonator on its sound absorption property was also discussed. Such cavity compartmentation in fact creates a coupled resonator with a front and a rear resonator. The results show that the coupling in many cases can improve the sound absorption capacity and widen the working bandwidth of the resonators provided that the uncoupled resonance frequency of the front resonator is larger than or equal to that of the rear resonator. Results also suggest that the best compartmentation is that with these uncoupled resonance frequencies very close to each other. It is also found that the undamped plane wave approach is sufficient to predict the resonance frequencies of the coupled resonators within engineering tolerance.     

Helmholtz腔与弹性振子耦合结构带隙

为提高Helmholtz型声子晶体低频隔声性能,设计了一种Helmholtz腔与弹性振子的耦合结构,通过声压场及固体振型对其带隙产生机理进行了详细分析,建立了相应的弹簧-振子系统等效模型,并采用理论计算和有限元计算两种方法研究了各结构参数对其带隙的影响情况.研究表明,该结构可等效为双自由度系统振动,在低频范围内具有两个带隙;在6 cm的尺寸下,其第一带隙下限可低至24.5 Hz,而同尺寸无弹性振子结构只能达到42.1 Hz,带隙下限降低了40%,较传统Helmholtz结构具有更为优良的低频隔声特性.另外,在框体尺寸一定的情况下,降低结构间距、增大开口空气通道长度及振子质量、增大左侧腔体体积等方式,是增大带隙宽度、提高低频隔声效果的主要手段.     

基于可调频亥姆霍兹共振器的封闭空间噪声自适应半主动控制

针对实际中声场激励频率可能发生变化的情况,研究采用自适应频率可调的亥姆霍兹共振器吸声器来跟踪激扰频率从而控制封闭空间噪声。建立了封闭声腔与亥姆霍兹共振器耦合的频域模型与时域控制模型,并给出了三种频率调谐控制算法,即亥姆霍兹共振器开口处声压幅值最小和内部声压幅值最大,以及判断内部声压幅值和开口处声压幅值的点积值趋零(点积值法)。理论分析和数值计算结果表明点积值法调频效果明显优于其它两种算法。采用并设计一种颈部面积可调的可调频亥姆霍兹共振器,利用点积值调频算法进行了单频和带宽信号激励下封闭空间噪声控制仿真和单频激励下实验研究,结果表明:点积值调频算法具有较好的频率调节性能和调节精度,并取得了理想的噪声控制效果,验证了理论模型正确性及调频算法的有效性。      

Sound absorption of microperforated panel mounted with helmholtz resonators

Microperforated panel (MPP) absorbers have been widely used in noise reduction and are regarded as a promising alternative to the traditional porous materials. However, the absorption bandwidth of a single-layer MPP is insufficient to compete with the porous materials. In order to improve the sound absorption ability of the single-layer MPP, MPP mounted with Helmholtz resonators (MPPHR) is introduced. Based on the MPP, Helmholtz resonators theory and electro-acoustical equivalent circuit principle, sound absorption properties of MPPHR are studied. Simulation and experimental results show that MPPHR have two peak frequencies and one anti-resonant frequency. The low-frequency peak is dependent on the Helmholtz resonators, while the high frequency peak is close to the peak of the single-layer MPP. The low-frequency sound absorption peaks move to low frequency with the neck length and the volume of Helmholtz resonators increasing. The high-frequency sound absorption peaks move to high frequency with the volume of Helmholtz resonators cavity increasing. Multiple Helmholtz resonator parallel MPP structure can provide more sound absorption than single MPPHR at low frequency range due to the introduction of more additional sound absorption peaks.     

The effect of an air flow on a single side branch helmholtz resonator in a circular duct

A single side branch Helmholtz resonator has been tested in a circular duct in which both sound and an air flow could be passed in the same direction. The sound input was broad band and the transfer function across the resonator was determined by using two microphones and a cross-correlation analysis technique in which the broad band sound input was cross-correlated with each microphone signal in turn. The fundamental resonant frequency, as obtained from the transfer function of the resonator, was found to increase with increasing flow velocities in the duct. It was possible for the entire mass end correction of the orifice of the resonator to be eliminated by the flow. The higher natural frequencies of the resonator were not affected as much by the air flow.     

A note on the interaction between a Helmholtz resonator and an acoustic mode of an enclosure

A single Helmholtz resonator is coupled to an enclosure and tuned to the natural frequency of one of its low order acoustic modes. The effect on the free, and forced, vibrations of the fluid in the enclosure is analyzed. The conditions necessary for the resonator to increase the damping of the two resultant modes, and to control the room response to excitation at frequencies within the range embracing both natural frequencies, are investigated. A simple design graph is presented.     

Acoustic impedance at the interface between a plain and a perforated pipe

This paper considers the effective impedance that pertains as low frequency sound in a plain pipe radiates into a general perforated pipe of equal diameter. A previous theory that considered only the reactance is extended to also include resistance. Experimental measurements are made of the response of a Helmholtz resonator to an external sound field, where the neck of the Helmholtz resonator has both plain and perforated pipe sections. A complete theoretical model of this resonator allows for comparison between measured and predicted results of transfer functions from the external to internal sound fields of the resonator. The Nyquist plot of the admittance transfer function is extremely sensitive to the small resistance values, whereas the pressure transfer function gives more accurate results for resonant frequency and hence reactance than the usual method. In particular the results for resistance are so sensitive that it becomes possible to infer which of the current models for aperture resistance within the perforate is the most appropriate.     

The impact of the neck material on the sound absorption performance of Helmholtz resonators

Helmholtz resonators with sound absorption materials filling the neck may have an improved sound absorption capacity. In this work, parallel perforated ceramics with different perforation diameters were installed into the neck of a Helmholtz resonator to improve its acoustic impedance to simultaneously achieve a better acoustic absorption coefficient and a wider absorption bandwidth. An experimental system was built to investigate the effect of the perforation diameters on the sound absorption performance of the resonator. It is found that nonlinear effects near the resonance frequency affect the resonator?s neck mouth impedance and further its sound absorption performance significantly. For frequency range 50–500 Hz, a model of the neck mouth impedance is developed based on a revised Forchheimer relationship. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical model.     

Maximum Sound Absorption by a Helmholtz Resonator in a Room at Low Frequencies

Acoustical Physics - The paper considers the problem of sound absorption by a Helmholtz resonator in a room with perfectly hard walls. The resonator parameters are determined that yield the maximum...     

Suppression of Helmholtz resonance using inside acoustic liner

When a Helmholtz resonator is exposed to grazing flow, an unstable shear layer at the opening can cause the occurrence of acoustic resonance under appropriate conditions. In this paper, in order to suppress the flow-induced resonance, the effects of inside acoustic liners placed on the side wall or the bottom of a Helmholtz resonator are investigated. Based on the one-dimensional sound propagation theory, the time domain impedance model of a Helmholtz resonator with inside acoustic liner is derived, and then combined with a discrete vortex model the resonant behavior of the resonator under grazing flow is simulated. Besides, an experiment is conducted to validate the present model, showing significant reduction of the peak sound pressure level achieved by the use of the side-wall liners. And the simulation results match reasonably well with the experimental data. The present results reveal that the inside acoustic liner can not only absorb the resonant sound pressure, but also suppress the fluctuation motion of the shear layer over the opening of the resonator. In all, the impact of the acoustic liners is to dampen the instability of the flow-acoustic coupled system. This demonstrates that it is a convenient and effective method for suppressing Helmholtz resonance by using inside acoustic liner.     

Air-ground interaction in long range propagation of low frequency sound and vibration—field tests and model verification

An extensive program of intermediate and long range impulsive sound propagation field tests have been conducted. The test program and the performed measurements are presented. Particular focus is given on the air-ground interaction and its effect on low frequency sound and vibration propagation. It is found that the pressure wave interaction with the viscoelastic Rayleigh wave in the ground may have a significant effect on the ground impedance and the sound and vibration propagation. This introduces an important mechanism not covered in commonly used ground impedance models. Numerical simulation models have been developed and verified against the test data. The ground impedance does not only effect the sound pressure propagation. If either acoustically induced ground vibration, or ground to building transmitted vibration, is to be considered, the acousto-seismic impedance has a dramatic effect on the level of ground vibration induced by a given sound pressure. For a site where Rayleigh wave interaction appears at the dominant frequencies of the sound pressure, the ground vibration may be greater than a factor 100 (40 dB) than at a site with ground conditions not making the interaction happen.     

磁致伸缩换能器辐射板形状对声场分布的影响

磁致伸缩换能器可作为热声制冷机的声源装置,辐射板的形状直接影响声压输出效率,从而影响制冷效果。为提高换能器工作效率、减小换能器体积,辐射板需在Terfenol-D棒的激励下产生大振幅、高频率的活塞振型。针对这一问题,应用ATILA软件分析了磁致伸缩换能器辐射板形状对谐振腔振动幅频特性的影响以及对谐振腔内声场分布的影响。结果表明:相同激励条件下,凹球面辐射板出现活塞振型时振幅最大,对应谐振腔中声压幅值最高;谐振腔端面形状为凹球面时,具有聚焦声压幅值的作用;端面形状为凹发射端-凸反射端组合的谐振腔内声压幅值最高。以上结论为合理设计辐射板、谐振腔两端面组合形状提供了参考。     

A Helmholtz resonator buried in the ground as a source of seismic waves and low-frequency sound in the atmosphere

The procedure is given for calculating the total power of low-frequency sound and seismic waves produced by a Helmholtz resonator in the form of an air-filled spherical cavity buried in the ground and supplied with a hole through which it is connected with the atmosphere. The sound is generated by air oscillations in the resonator’s neck section that is open to the atmosphere, while the compression and shear elastic waves are generated in the bulk of the ground by cyclic pressure fluctuations that act on the spherical walls of the cavity. Calculations show that the coincidence of the resonance frequencies (within approximately ten to hundred hertz), at which both the sound radiation to the atmosphere and the elastic seismic radiation in the form of longitudinal and transverse bulk waves are maximum, can occur only when the resonator is placed in a loose ground characterized by reduced elastic characteristics. In these conditions, the power of transverse waves exceeds the sound power by a factor of two and the power of longitudinal waves is smaller than the sound power by a factor of several tens.     

Parameters influencing low frequency impact sound transmission in dwellings

As sound and vibration fields in dwellings exhibit modal behaviour at frequencies below 200 Hz, a systematic investigation of measurement and prediction uncertainty associated with impact sound transmission at low frequencies must include the effects of: location of the impact, type of floor, edge conditions, floor and room dimensions, room absorption and position of the receiver. Experimentally validated analytical models, described in a companion paper, have been used in an extensive investigation of impact sound transmission through rectangular homogeneous concrete floors and floating floors. The models were used to describe the effect of modal coupling and then to perform parametric and statistical studies aimed to identify the main factors affecting low frequency impact sound transmission.     

Vibration characteristics of pipe organ reed tongues and the effect of the shallot, resonator, and reed curvature

Pipe organ reed pipes sound when a fixed-free curved brass reed mounted on a shallot connected to a resonator is forced to vibrate by an impressed static air pressure. Five sets of experiments were performed in order to investigate the influence of the most important parameters which could affect the tone of a reed pipe. First, the phase difference between the pressure variation in the shallot and the boot, and its relationship to the motion of the reed tongue were analyzed to compare their phases and their spectra. Next, the frequency dependence of the reed on three basic parameters (reed thickness, its vibrating length, and the imposed static air pressure) was investigated in an attempt to determine an empirical equation for the frequency. For each trial, two of the variables were kept constant while the third was altered in order to construct an equation giving frequency as a function of the three variables. Third, experiments were conducted using three different types of shallots: the American (or English) style, the French style, and the German style. The results show that for each shallot, the frequency increases linearly with thickness and linearly with air pressure (over the normal operating range of the reed). For each of the shallots, frequency varies inversely with length when the other variables are held constant. The effect on the reed spectrum of using the three different types of shallot was also investigated, as was the effect of reducing the interior volume of each type. Progressively filling the shallot interior generally decreases the frequency of the vibrating reed. The effect of the resonators on frequency and spectrum was studied because the resonator is an integral part of the resulting tone; virtually every reed stop has some type of resonator. The resonator tends to raise the Q of the impedance peaks and reduce the fundamental frequency. Finally, the influence of the type and degree of curvature on reed vibration was briefly examined; increasing the reed curvature tends to decrease the vibration frequency and increase the sound intensity by creating a richer spectrum.