Transmission noise identification using two-dimensional dynamic signal analysis

This study aims at identifying transmission noise of two types of electrical vehicles with different transmission systems using the developed two-dimensional dynamic signal analysis (2DSA). Two electrical scooters, more specifically, with a gear transmission system and a continuous variable transmission (CVT) system, respectively, have been taken as test benches due to the whistle-like noise emitting from their transmission systems. To effectively process dynamic signatures measured from rotary machinery with varying speed, and even varying orders during operation, such as a machine with a CVT system or gear-shifting operation, the 2DSA approaches including the order analysis (OA) and the time-frequency analysis have been developed and implemented as processing tools. The specifications of vehicle transmission systems, especially the ratio of each speed reduction, and the tooth (cog, blade, etc.) number of transmission elements, i.e., geometric analysis, are firstly to be examined. After the 2DSA processes the noise measured from test vehicles during wide-open-throttle operation, dominant annoying transmission noise components can be extracted, and their sources can be identified through comparing feature orders obtained from geometric analysis. The procedure can not only identify noise sources but conclude transmission components to be further modified in respect of annoying noise.     

Phase noise suppression in a DPSK transmission system by the use of an attenuation-imbalanced NOLM

A nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM) imbalanced by attenuation has been used for the suppression of nonlinear phase noise in a DPSK transmission system. It has been experimentally shown that such a passive, NOLM-based regenerator can significantly improve the performance of a phase-encoded transmission when it is limited by nonlinear phase noise. A brief overview over the advantages und limitations of different NOLM-based phase-preserving amplitude regenerators is also given.     

Range formulation for a staring electro-optical and imaging system incorporating the effects of atmospheric transmission, focal plane 1/f noise and fixed pattern noise

To increase the detection range in staring FPAs, commonly the integration time T_i is increased, as the range is assumed to increase as one-fourth power of T_i, (T_i^1/4). It is shown here that the range dependence on T_i is weaker than T_i^1/4, because of the effect of atmosphere. Since the atmospheric transmission coefficient decreases with increasing range, the effect of increasing T_i on the range is considerably reduced. It is also shown that when detector 1/f noise dominates over other noise sources, the dependence of range on T_i is much weaker than T_i^1/4, having a logarithmic dependence Calculations have been done by integrating equations involving spectral functions—photon flux, atmospheric transmission coefficient, optics transmission coefficient and responsivity—over wavelength, in the spectral range from 8 μm to 12 μm. LOWTRAN2 has been used for spectral atmospheric transmission coefficients, for different conditions of ambient temperature (−30°C to 55°C) and relative humidity (50–85%). The range formulation also distinguishes between distant targets (point sources) and nearby targets (extended sources). The analysis is applicable for terrestrial imaging, where the temperature difference of the target and the background is small. The effect of fixed pattern noise (FPN) in mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) FPAs has also been considered by modeling FPN in terms of a composition variation in the MCT. It is seen that range, both in the point source and the extended source cases, is not a sensitive function of FPN.     

Vibration damping material as a means to reduce steel noise barrier cost

A preliminary analysis has been made of the use of vibration damping material as a means to reduce the cost of steel noise barriers in primarily highway applications. For cost-effective barriers, the sound transmission through, as well as over, a noise barrier must be considered. The through-barrier sound transmission characteristics of sample panels from a Toronto noise barrier were measured with and without damping material. It was found that a given through-barrier sound transmission performance could be achieved at less cost with the damping material than without it. Further study is recommended.     

Influence of phase noise on OFDM data transmission systems

We discuss the influence of the phase noise on OFDM data transmission systems. It is shown that intercarrier interference appearing due to the influence of the phase fluctuations on the OFDM communication system can be represented as two components, one of which has a uniform distribution across all the subcarriers, while the other has a nonuniform frequency-selective distribution determined by the transmission function of the communication channel. Therefore, the total distribution of intercarrier interference is frequency-selective with a higher power concentrated at stronger subcarriers. It is shown that the phase-noise influence on the OFDM communication system in frequency-selective communication channels is relatively weaker than that in frequency-flat channels without time dispersion.     

Development and validation of preliminary analytical models for aircraft interior noise prediction

A preliminary version of an airplane interior noise prediction model has been developed. This model is based on a power flow type of analysis. For validation of the model, predictions are made of the sound transmission into a simple unpressured, unstiffened cylinder under random and harmonic excitations. These are compared against experimental results and statistically significant differences between predictions and measurements are identified. It is concluded that these differences are related primarily to input data deficiencies.     

SOI微环谐振腔测试信号纹波噪声的分析

基于绝缘体上硅材料（SOI）的微环谐振腔作为各种集成微光学器件的核心部件,其传输特性的好坏直接决定微光学器件的性能优劣。结合微环谐振腔理论和多光束干涉原理对微环谐振腔测试信号中纹波的产生原因和影响因素进行了分析,通过耦合实验测试得到了纹波信号的特征参数并进行了分析,实验结果与仿真分析吻合。进一步分析了耦合光栅刻蚀深度对纹波幅值的影响及原因,为微环谐振腔结构参数的进一步优化和微环谐振腔传感系统误差分析提供了依据。     

Comparison of various decentralised structural and cavity feedback control strategies for transmitted noise reduction through a double panel structure

This paper compares various decentralised control strategies, including structural and acoustic actuator–sensor configuration designs, to reduce noise transmission through a double panel structure. The comparison is based on identical control stability indexes. The double panel structure consists of two panels with air in between and offers the advantages of low sound transmission at high frequencies, low heat transmission, and low weight. The double panel structure is widely used, such as in the aerospace and automotive industries. Nevertheless, the resonance of the cavity and the poor sound transmission loss at low frequencies limit the double panel's noise control performance. Applying active structural acoustic control to the panels or active noise control to the cavity has been discussed in many papers. In this paper, the resonances of the panels and the cavity are considered simultaneously to further reduce the transmitted noise through an existing double panel structure. A structural–acoustic coupled model is developed to investigate and compare various structural control and cavity control methods. Numerical analysis and real-time control results show that structural control should be applied to both panels. Three types of cavity control sources are presented and compared. The results indicate that the largest noise reduction is obtained with cavity control by loudspeakers modified to operate as incident pressure sources.     

Multi-focus design of underwater noise control linings based on finite element analysis

Varied, counter-demanding objectives in designing the underwater noise control linings are addressed using a finite element model based methodology. Four different kinds of designs are proposed to attend to diverse and conflicting requirements concerning echo reduction (ER) and transmission loss (TL) performance of these linings. In this regard a slightly modified hybrid type finite element based on the Pian and Tong (PT) formulation has been used to make the computational efforts less demanding as compared to the original one. The adequacy of this formulation has been shown by comparing its results with the analytical, finite element analysis based, and experimental results. Different unit cell representations for different types of distributions of air cavities on the linings are discussed with respect to their limitations and applicability. Effect of static pressure is studied by using a simplified technique which can be used to simulate deep sea testing environment. Performance variation of different designs is investigated under different water depths to study their applicability in such situations.     

The identification of tyre induced vehicle interior noise

Sound transmission into a vehicle is classified as either airborne or structure borne sound. From the point view of noise control, the reduction of noise transferred by different paths requires different solutions. Coherence function analysis is often used to identify transmission paths. However it can be difficult to separate the airborne from structure borne components. The principle of acoustic reciprocity offers a convenient method for overcoming this difficulty. The principal states that the transfer function between an acoustic volume velocity source and an acoustic receiver is independent of a reversal of the position of source and receiver. The work done on this study involves exciting a stationary tyre and measuring the surface velocity of the tyre at a number of discrete points. The acoustic transfer functions between each point on the tyre and a receiver point are measured reciprocally. Two sets of measurements are then combined to yield a measure of the sound pressure due to a point force on the tyre via the acoustic transmission path only. This technique also provides information on the relative contributions of various regions of the tyre wall to the resultant noise. Also the sound radiation characteristics, the horn effect, and resonance at the wheel housing are identified through the reciprocal measurement.     

Flexible polarization demultiplexing method based on an adaptive process noise covariance Kalman filter

A flexible polarization demultiplexing method based on an adaptive Kalman filter(AKF) is proposed in which the process noise covariance has been estimated adaptively. The proposed method may significantly improve the adaptive capability of an extended Kalman filter(EKF) by adaptively estimating the unknown process noise covariance. Compared to the conventional EKF, the proposed method can avoid the tedious and time consuming parameter-by-parameter tuning operations. The effectiveness of this method is confirmed experimentally in 128 Gb/s 16 QAM polarization-division-multiplexing(PDM) coherent optical transmission systems. The results illustrate that our proposed AKF has a better tracking accuracy and a faster convergence(about 4 times quicker)compared to a conventional algorithm with optimal process noise covariance.     

Quantum error rejection for faithful quantum communication over noise channels

Quantum state transmission is a prerequisite for various quantum communication networks. The channel noise inevitably introduces distortion of quantum states passing through either a free-space channel or a fibre channel, which leads to errors or decreases the security of a practical quantum communication network. Quantum error rejection is a useful technology to faithfully transmit quantum states over large-scale quantum channels. It provides the communication parties with an uncorrupted quantum state by rejecting error states. Usually, additional photons or degrees of freedom are required to overcome the adverse effects of channel noise. As quantum error rejection method consumes less quantum resource than other anti-noise methods, it is more convenient to perform error-rejection quantum state transmission with current technology. In this review, several typical quantum errorrejection schemes for single-photon state transmission are introduced in brief and some error-rejection schemes for entanglement distribution are also briefly presented.     

A theoretical study of passive control of duct noise using panels of varying compliance.

It is theoretically demonstrated that, in a duct, a substantial amount of sound energy can be transferred to flexural waves on a finite wall panel when the upstream portion of the panel is made to couple strongly with sound. The flexural wave then loses its energy either through radiating reflection sound waves or by internal friction. The effectiveness of the energy transfer and damping is greatly enhanced if the panel has a gradually decreasing in vacuo wave speed, which, in this study, is achieved by using a tapered membrane under tension. A high noise attenuation rate is possible with the usual viscoelastic materials such as rubber. The transmission loss has a broadband spectrum, and it offers an alternative to conventional duct lining where a smooth air passage is desired and nonacoustical considerations, such as chemical contamination or cost of operation maintenance, are important. Another advantage of the tapered panel is that, at very low frequencies, typically 5% of the first cut-on frequency of the duct, sound reflection occurs over the entire panel length. This supplements the inevitable drop in sound absorption coefficient, and a high transmission loss may still be obtained at very low frequencies.     

Motorway noise modelling based on perpendicular propagation analysis of traffic noise

A model for motorway traffic noise has been obtained from measurements along the the Bangkok-Chonburi motorway. The model’s parameters include traffic volume and combination, the average spot speed of each type of vehicle and the physical conditions of the motorway in terms of right-of-way width, number of lanes, lane width, shoulder width, and median width for both of the main carriageways and frontage roads. The noise level that is generated by each type of vehicle has been analyzed according to the propagation in the direction perpendicular to the center line of motorway’s carriageway. The total traffic noise is then analyzed from traffic volume of all vehicle types on both sides of carriageways and frontage roads. The basic noise levels used in the motorway traffic noise model are modified according to the effective ground effect along the propagation path. The final result of this study is that a motorway traffic noise model based on the perpendicular propagation analysis technique performs well in a statistical goodness-of-fit test against the field data, and therefore, can be used effectively in traffic noise prediction for related or similar motorway projects.     

Characteristics of low noise hybrid fiber amplifier

The characteristics of hybrid fiber amplifier (HFA) are investigated. HFA is composed of three stages: short-length EDFA pre-stage, DCF Raman amplifier, and power boosting EDFA. HFA has low noise figure, high output power, and also wide input power dynamic range. Gain control method of HFA is presented experimentally, and the transient gain excursion is suppressed to less than 0.5 dB at 3 dB channel add-drop. HFA can be used as line amplifier in optical transmission link even combined with distributed Raman amplifier due to wide input power dynamic range. The transmission performance of HFA is better than EDFA by more than 1.0 dB of Q-factor in 720 km SMF transmission.     

非均匀海洋环境噪声中的匹配场处理舰船辐射噪声级估计方法

在实际舰船辐射噪声测量过程中,受非均匀海洋环境噪声的影响,导致常规测量方法的性能急剧下降,基于此,提出了一种非均匀海洋环境噪声背景中的垂直阵舰船辐射噪声测量方法。根据水声信道传播理论,建立了由海面多个空时独立均匀分布噪声源构成的非均匀背景噪声场模型,推导了非均匀海洋环境噪声场中垂直阵舰船辐射噪声估计的理论公式。针对典型的浅海水声信道,进行计算机仿真实验,分析了该方法的测量性能并与常规匹配场测量方法进行对比,结果表明:(1)该方法能有效克服非均匀海洋环境噪声对测量结果的影响,测量误差较小;(2)相同测量条件下,该方法测量性能优于常规匹配场舰船辐射噪声级测量方法;(3)当信噪比满足一定要求时,测量得到的声源级与实际声源级相比,误差小于1 dB。      

Commercial road vehicle noise

A survey of the characteristics of the noise emitted by commercial vehicles has been made. The most important single parameter determining the noise of a modern diesel-engined vehicle is the engine speed. All of the other parameters such as load, road speed, etc., have only a secondary effect.The sources of noise on the vehicle are reviewed and it is shown how the characteristics of these sources determine the overall noise characteristics of the vehicle. It has been found that a simple model of the vehicle as a number of coincident point sources predicts the overall noise characteristics of the vehicle to ±2 dB(A). It is shown that there are two extremes of behaviour, the rolling noise controlled vehicle and the power unit noise controlled vehicle; the engine is currently the controlling noise source.Tyre noise has been investigated in some detail as comparatively little has been published previously on this source. Empirical relationships between the tyre noise and speed, tyre size and road surface roughness are given. It is concluded that tyre noise is generated by impacting between elements of the tyre tread and elements of the road surface.Modifications have been made to the engine, exhaust, intake and cooling fan of a 9 ton, 6 litre diesel engined truck which have reduced its ISO test noise level from 88 dB(A) to 80 dB(A). However, it is concluded that 80 dB(A) commercial vehicles are not yet feasible for production. In particular insufficient is known about cooling fan design.Finally cab noise has been investigated and it has been found to originate from the same source as the exterior noise, power unit airborne noise. Therefore any modifications to the power unit to reduce exterior noise will have a similar effect on interior noise. This is confirmed by the vehicle modifications mentioned above which reduced the maximum cab noise from 87 dB(A) to 79 dB(A).     

Effect of phase noise on optical minimum-shift keying transmission systems

Phase-modulated (PM) signals have recently been used in long-haul lightwave communication systems to reach record distances. Added directly to the signal phase, linear and nonlinear phase noise cause performance degradation in PM systems. Minimum-shift keying (MSK), as a special format of PM signals, presents some different features of phase noise tolerance. This paper investigates the effect of phase noise on the performance degradation in the 10 Gb/s optical MSK systems and analyzes the contribution of phase noise to the bit error rate (BER), compared with the conventional PM format, 50% duty cycle optical return-to-zero differential phase-shift keying (RZ-DPSK) signals, in several typical local fiber dispersion transmission systems. The effect of intensity noise on the performance degradation in the corresponding transmission systems is also investigated.     

Signal synchronous transmission of current-modulated semiconductor laser under bounded noise

The synchronous transmission problem of chaotic signal between current-modulated semiconductor lasers is investigated using variable coupling method. The theoretical analysis about characteristics of current-modulated semiconductor lasers is derived. According to Lyapunov theory, the condition which can realize synchronous transmission between semiconductor lasers is derived through determining maximum Lyapunov exponent of the coupling system. Further study the synchronization performance between semiconductor lasers under the influence of bounded noise, the results show that it has a strong anti-interference ability.     

The correlation between intrinsic noise and extrinsic noise

The correlation between intrinsic noise and extrinsic noise in a stochastic system is reviewed in this paper. And the contribution of the correlation between intrinsic noise and extrinsic noise to the power spectrum is quantified by simulation through a model in a stochastic system. In addition, the effects of the correlations between intrinsic noise and extrinsic noise to the power spectrum are analyzed clearly. Finally, it is shown that our results can be used to describe the transmission of the noise in modules in more complex stochastic systems.