氢化物发生原子荧光检测人发中的砷

目的建立一种简单快速的发砷含量测定方法。方法选取人后脑末端头发作为样品,采用硝酸-硫酸-高氯酸湿法消化分解,在盐酸介质中用硫脲-抗坏血酸将As(Ⅴ)还原为As(Ⅲ),应用氢化物发生原子荧光法对人发中的砷含量进行分析。采集广西某矿区144名常住居民的发样,在选定工作条件下用原子荧光光谱法检测其人发中砷含量。结果在优化实验条件下,砷质量浓度在0.0~50.0μg/L的线性关系较好,相关系数为0.999 8;最低检出限为0.003μg/g;发样中砷加标回收率为96.3%~105.4%,RSD为1.80%;对地球物理地球化学勘察研究所的人发标准物质(GBW07601a)进行平行测定,结果均在规定范围内。应用该法对144名广西某矿区长住居民进行发砷含量测定,检测结果为0.02~12.43μg/g,平均值为1.08μg/g。与秦俊法所提出的中国居民头发砷正常上限值为1.03μg/g相比较,被检测人群发砷含量超正常上限值占总人数的29.2%。结论应用该法测定发砷含量,具有精密度好,检出限低,检测速度快,线性范围宽等优点,适用于大批量发样的快速测定。     

乳腺疾病患者发中微量元素含量分析

用原子吸收法对 765名乳腺疾病患者发中的Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Zn、Se含量进行了测定。结果表明 ,患者头发中Zn、Fe、Cu、Mg的含量均在正常范围内 (P >0 0 5 ) ;而头发中Ca含量明显高于正常值 (P >0 0 1 ) ,发Se含量明显低于正常值。提示乳腺疾病与硒低钙高有明显关系     

检测微量元素使用什么方法最好

检测人体微量元素有尿检、乳检、发检等多种。比较常用的有血检和发检两种。下面将这两种常用方法对比如下:(一)头发检测1·头发中的微量元素与体内含量有平衡关系,体内含量有多少,头发中就有多少。据文献报道,从幼儿开始,将头发按1 cm长分段剪下化验,可像“录像带”和“履历表”一样反映不同时期人体对微量元素摄取和代谢的变化情况。头发是直接反映人体微量元素状态的最理想的活体检测材料。2·头发活性低,微量元素含量较稳定,可反映元素的积累代谢过程。头发中微量无素含量比血清和尿液高10到1 000倍以上,因此头发微量元素检测准确度高。…     

发铅与成人疾病

许多疾病的发生或发展影响头发中的铅含量 ,大多数疾病患者发铅含量升高 ,少数疾病发铅含量降低。对于同一种疾病 ,文献报道也有不一致的结果 ,例如 ,肺心病患者发铅含量虽均比冠心病低 ,但陈祥友报道前者比对照组高约 8倍 ,而梁国荣报道则比对照组低 3 5 % ;不同年龄鼻咽黏膜病变患者发铅均显著高于对照组 ,但鼻咽癌患者 2 0岁组比对照组低 (OR =0 3 3 ) ,40岁组比对照组高 (OR =3 85 ) ;孔聘颜报道高血脂患者发铅比对照组高 (OR =1 47) ,但秦俊法曾在长寿老人中观察到发铅与低密度脂蛋白 -胆固醇、β脂蛋白、总胆固醇、甘油三酯和 …     

氢化物发生—无色散原子荧光法测定人发中微量砷

测定人发中微量砷对医学和环境科学具有重要意义。氢化物发生-无色散原子荧光法具有灵敏度高、干扰少等优点,已报道该法用于土壤、废水及半导体材料中微量砷的测定。本文研究了氢化物发生-无色散原子荧光法测定人发中微量砷的适宜条件。方法快速、简便,样品分析的准确度、精密度良好。     

日本遗弃化学武器污染土壤中砷的形态分析方法研究

土壤中无机砷的污染比较普遍,有机砷的污染情况比较特殊,处理日本遗弃在华化学武器(JACW)过程中与化学武器接触的土壤往往有机砷的污染比较严重,有时总砷含量超过国家标准的数十倍.为了查明污染的来源,必须砷的形态进行分析研究.本文在总砷含量测定的基础上,使用气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)法对污染土壤砷的形态分析进行了研究,查明了东北某地被JACW污染的土壤中砷化合物的形态,主要含砷化合物为2-氯乙烯胂酸、双(2-氯乙烯基)胂酸、三(2-氯乙烯基)胂、三苯胂、笨胂酸和二苯胂酸等,为这些污染土壤的修复提供了技术数据.     

水浴浸提-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定土壤污染普查样品中砷和汞

正土壤中砷、汞可通过食物链富集,危害食品安全和人体健康。为贯彻国务院《土壤污染防冶行动计划》(简称"土十条")的要求,摸清土壤污染状况,环保、国土、农业等有关部门相继开展土壤污染普查工作。准确测定土壤样品中砷、汞含量是土壤污染普查工作的关键环节之一。原子荧光光谱分析技术(AFS)由于对砷、汞具有分析灵敏度高、检测范围宽等优点[1],被广泛应用于测定土壤中砷、汞。文献     

微量元素影响幼儿智力发育多因素分析

研究了3609名1～岁儿童头发中微量元素与儿童智力发育不全的关系.结果表明,智力发育不全(IQ值55～69)儿童的发Zn为(68.24±16.56)×10-6、Pb为(14.73±8.68)×10-6;高智商(IQ值109～131)儿童的发Zn为(98.62±20.47)×10-6、Pb为(7.92±6.31)×10-6.正常儿童头发中Zn含量[(83.16±19.35)×10-6]显著高于智力发育不全儿童[(80.08±18.47×10)-6,P＜0.05].而正常儿童头发中Pb含量[(12.67±7.48)×10-6则明显低于智力发育不全儿童[(13.25±7.57)×10-6,P＜0.05].正常女童发Zn明显高于智力发育不全儿童的发Zn(P＜0.05).正常女童发Mn、Pb明显低于智力发育不全儿童的发Mn(P＜0.05)、Pb(P＜0.05).正常男童的发Zn、Cu明显高于智力发育不全儿童的发Zn(P＜0.05)、Cu(P＜0.05).正常男童的发Pb明显低于智力发育不全儿童的发Pb(P＜0.05).低锌高铅可能是儿童智力发育不全的重要致病原因.     

阳江市幼儿头发中微量元素含量分析

测定了阳江市4449名1～7岁儿童头发中6种元素含量.结果表明,该市儿童头发中的 Zn为(82.15±19.00)×10-6 ,Ca为(511.56±93.55)×10-6 ,Mn为(1.81±0.86)×10-6 ,均低于国内报道的正常儿童发中元素含量低限值 Zn 87.75×10-6,Ca 603.25×10-6,Mn 2.14×10-6.该市儿童发 Pb平均值为(12.82±7.43)×10-6,显著高于国内报道的正常儿童发 Pb高限值10.43×10-6.     

糖尿病人头发中微量元素Cu、Zn、Cr的极谱测定

用Cu,Zn-乙二胺-8-羟基喹啉极谱体系测定糖尿病人发中的微量元素Cu,Zn,用NH2OH·HCl-一氯乙酸-乙酸钠-5-Br-PADAP极谱体系测定糖尿病人发中Cr(Ⅲ),结果良好.糖尿病人头发中铜、铬含量高于健康人,而锌含量较健康人低.     

Arsenic, antimony and bismuth in human hair from potentially exposed individuals in the vicinity of antimony mines in Southwest China

To study the effect of the environmental pollution in exposed population, human hair samples of residents were collected from two typical antimony mines (Xikuangshan antimony mine and Qinglong antimony mine, Southwest China) and one non-mining city (Guiyang, Southwest China), and the concentrations of arsenic, antimony and bismuth in these samples were analyzed by hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Arsenic concentrations for Xikuangshan, Qinglong, and Guiyang ranged 0.236-48.4 (mean 4.21), 0.130-16.1 (mean 2.96), and 0.104-0.796 (mean 0.280) μg/g, respectively. Antimony concentrations for Xikuangshan, Qinglong, and Guiyang ranged 0.250-82.4 (mean 15.9), 0.060-45.9 (mean 5.15), and 0.065-2.87 (mean 0.532) μg/g, respectively. Bismuth contents were found to be greater than the limit of detection (LOD > 0.016 μg/g) in all the human hair samples collected from residents from Qinglong antimony mine, 95.5% samples from Xikuangshan mine and only 22.7% samples from Guiyang. There were no significant differences in both arsenic and antimony concentrations between hair samples from male and female individuals in the same area (P > 0.05). Arsenic and bismuth were mainly present in samples from children (5-9 years) and adults aged 41-51 years. Relatively high antimony contents (≥ 3 μg/g) were detected mainly in samples from children and adults aged ≥ 41 years. Significant correlation was found between the concentrations of arsenic and antimony in the human hair samples (r = 0.523, P < 0.05). The results indicate that arsenic and antimony in antimony mining area may significantly affect human health.     

Historical cohort studies in three arsenic poisoning areas in japan

The results of historical cohort studies of three arsenic poisoning incidents in Japan are presented. The first episode was in a small mountainous community near an arsenic mine and refinery, at Toroku, where patients with chronic arsenism were certified by application of the Pollution Health Damage Compensation Law. The second area was in a small town, Namiki-cho, near Nakajo-machi, where wells were poisoned by arsenic produced in an arsenic(III) sulfide factory. As to the third cohort, eight residents of Nishikawa-machi who ingested well-water suffered arsenic poisoning about 35 years ago. The standardized mortality ratios were used in analyzing these data. Excesses of cancer mortality, especially lung cancer, were observed among the subjects in these areas. In Japan, there are many arsenic poisoning episodes, involving for example soy-sauce poisoning, powdered-milk poisoning and other incidents associated with arsenic mines. Thus it is necessary to clarify the chronic effects of arsenic in these areas.     

Speciation analysis of arsenic in groundwater from Inner Mongolia with an emphasis on acid-leachable particulate arsenic

Arsenic in drinking water affects millions of people around the world. While soluble arsenic is commonly measured, the amount of particulate arsenic in drinking water has often been overlooked. We report here determination of the acid-leachable particulate arsenic and soluble arsenicals in well water from an arsenic-poisoning endemic area in Inner Mongolia, China. Water samples (583) were collected from 120 wells in Ba Men, Inner Mongolia, where well water was the primary drinking water source. Two methods were demonstrated for the determination of soluble arsenic species (primarily inorganic arsenate and arsenite) and total particulate arsenic. The first method used solid phase extraction cartridges and membrane filters to separate arsenic species on-site, followed by analysis of the individual arsenic species eluted from the cartridges and filters. The other method uses liquid chromatography separation with hydride generation atomic fluorescence detection to determine soluble arsenic species. Analysis of acidified water samples using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry provided the total arsenic concentration. Arsenic concentrations in water samples from the 120 wells ranged from <1 to ∼1000 μg L⁻¹. On average, particulate arsenic accounted for 39 ± 38% (median 36%) of the total arsenic. In some wells, particulate arsenic was six times higher than the soluble arsenic concentration. Particulate arsenic can be effectively removed using membrane filtration. The information on particulate and soluble arsenic in water is useful for optimizing treatment options and for understanding the geochemical behavior of arsenic in groundwater.     

Factors affecting arsenic speciation in environmental samples: sample drying and storage

Arsenic is a ubiquitous element. Its toxicity, mobility, and bioaccumulation depend usually on its chemical form, and therefore, arsenic speciation is indispensable for the assessment of environmental risk and human hazard. Little is known about the effect of sample preparation procedures, such as drying and storage, on the resulting arsenic speciation. In this study, we investigated the influence of different drying methods and storage conditions on the arsenic speciation in mineral soils, organic soils, and plants. Drying soils and plants using different methods may change the concentrations of the total methanol–water (20%,?v/v) extractable arsenic, the proportion of organic arsenic and the ratio of arsenite-to-arsenate. Loss of methanol–water extractable arsenic compounds (up to 63%) was observed particularly in the samples rich in water. Following drying, the speciation of organic arsenic changed less than that of inorganic arsenic. Drying showed little influence on the total arsenic determination. None of the storage methods tested could preserve the arsenic speciation in organic soils and plants, although arsenic speciation after one-month storage varied less in freeze-dried samples than wet samples. Storage of the samples at low temperatures (2 or??20°C) had the largest impact on the samples rich in organic matters, leading to less arsenic being extractable by methanol–water. Both drying and storage of the soil and plant samples changed apparently the arsenic speciation. Therefore, we recommend conducting the arsenic speciation possibly with fresh and wet samples, so that the results of arsenic speciation may be more approaching the original states.     

The study of human nails as an intake monitor for arsenic using neutron activation analysis

Arsenic is toxic to humans with the lethal dose being approximately 1 mg/kg/day. At much lower long-term exposures, arsenic is hypothesized to increase the risk of certain cancers. We have developed an irradiation position for the neutron activation analysis (NAA) of nail specimens for arsenic, in support of a case-control study involving New Hampshire residents consuming well water above the EPA Safe Drinking Water Standard of 0.050 ppm. Arsenic is bound to nail keratin through sulfhydryl groups proportional to intake providing a convenient means of integrating arsenic intake in population-based studies. Our objective was to develop the necessary facilities and procedures by which relatively small samples (i.e. 20 to 100 mg) could be accurately analyzed for arsenic, so that affordable nutritional epidemiology investigations, requiring large numbers of samples (>1000 in this case), could be undertaken. A high-flux reflector position, with minimal axial variation throughout the fuel cycle, suitable for pneumatic-tube irradiations, was characterized by measurement of the neutron flux distribution (thermal and epithermal) within the irradiation capsule over time. Results from application of the method to a case-control study of basal and squamous cell skin cancer will be presented.     

Microwave sample-digestion procedure for determination of arsenic in moss samples using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Arsenic in moss samples was determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) after microwave-assisted sample digestion. Two different sample masses (500 mg and 1000 mg) and three different microwave ovens were used in the digestion. There was a slight difference in the digestion efficiency, as determined by the residual carbon concentrations of 500 mg digested samples, between the microwave ovens. The arsenic results obtained for moss reference samples were, in most cases, satisfactory. However, phosphorus was found to have a reducing influence on the arsenic peak area in the ETAAS determination. According to the results, it was not possible to reduce the phosphorus interference by increasing the amount of Mg(NO(3))(2) in the Pd-Mg chemical modifier. The arsenic results obtained by ETAAS were compared to those obtained by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).     

Analytical artefacts in the speciation of arsenic in clinical samples

Urine and blood samples of cancer patients, treated with high doses of arsenic trioxide were analysed for arsenic species using HPLC-HGAFS and, in some cases, HPLC-ICPMS. Total arsenic was determined with either flow injection-HGAFS in urine or radiochemical neutron activation analysis in blood fractions (in serum/plasma, blood cells). The total arsenic concentrations (during prolonged, daily/weekly arsenic trioxide therapy) were in the μg mL⁻¹ range for urine and in the ng g⁻¹ range for blood fractions. The main arsenic species found in urine were As(III), MA and DMA and in blood As(V), MA and DMA.With proper sample preparation and storage of urine (no preservation agents/storage in liquid nitrogen) no analytical artefacts were observed and absence of significant amounts of alleged trivalent metabolites was proven. On the contrary, in blood samples a certain amount of arsenic can get lost in the speciation procedure what was especially noticeable for the blood cells although also plasma/serum gave rise to some disappearance of arsenic. The latter losses may be attributed to precipitation of As(III)-containing proteins/peptides during the methanol/water extraction procedure whereas the former losses were due to loss of specific As(III)-complexing proteins/peptides (e.g. cysteine, metallothionein, reduced GSH, ferritin) on the column (Hamilton PRP-X100) during the separation procedure. Contemporary analytical protocols are not able to completely avoid artefacts due to losses from the sampling to the detection stage so that it is recommended to be careful with the explanation of results, particularly regarding metabolic and pharmacokinetic interpretations, and always aim to compare the sum of species with the total arsenic concentration determined independently.     

Speciation of Arsenic in Environmental and Biological Samples

A novel arsine generator glass assembly is constructed and reported for the spectrophotometric determination and speciation of arsenic in real samples. In an arsine generator, sodium borohydride is added dropwise to the acidic sample solution and arsine thus formed is reacted with silver diethyldithiocarbamate (Ag‐DDTC) ‐ Tritron‐X (TX‐100) solution in pyridine to form a red coloured complex. The complex showed the absorption maximum at λ_max 540 nm. The molar absorptivity of the method was found to be (1.55) × 10⁴ L mole^?1 cm^?1 at this wavelength. The presence of non‐ionic surfactant, i.e. TX‐100 in the Ag‐DDTC solution, makes the method ≈ 3 times more sensitive than the conventional Ag‐DDTC method. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range of 0.05–2.80 mg L^?1 of arsenic. The detection limit of the method was calculated to be 20 μg L^?1 As. Speciation of arsenite from other forms of arsenic in sample solutions was carried out by extraction of arsenite with Pb‐DDTC in chloroform, followed by spectrophotometric determination. After arsenite separation the sample is used for the arsenate determination. Total arsenic was determined by acid decomposition of the same sample. The speciation data were found to be comparable (±2%) with ICP‐MS, with better precision (< 1%). The method has been successfully applied for the speciation of arsenic in drinking water and dust samples of arsenic affecting the Rajnandgaon district of Chhattisgarh, India, and urine and blood samples of patients with arsenical diseases. Concentration of total arsenic in tube‐well water of this area was 3–6 times more than the permissible limit. Dust samples contained less amounts of arsenic than the ground water.     

Selenite Downregulates STAT3 Expression and Provokes Lymphocytosis in the Liver of Chronically Exposed Syrian Golden Hamsters

Arsenic is considered a worldwide pollutant that can be present in drinking water. Arsenic exposure is associated with various diseases, including cancer. Antioxidants as selenite and α-tocopherol-succinate have been shown to modulate arsenic toxic effects. Since changes in STAT3 and PSMD10 gene expression have been associated with carcinogenesis, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of arsenic exposure and co-treatments with selenite or α-tocopherol-succinate on the expression of these genes, in the livers of chronically exposed Syrian golden hamsters. Animals were divided into six groups: (i) control, (ii) chronically treated with 100 ppm arsenic, (iii) treated with 6 ppm α-tocopherol-succinate (α-TOS), (iv) treated with 8.5 ppm selenite, (v) treated with arsenic + α-TOS, and (vi) treated with arsenic + selenite. Urine samples and livers were collected after 20 weeks of continuous exposure. The urine samples were analyzed for arsenic species by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and real-time RT-qPCR analysis was performed for gene expression evaluation. A reduction in STAT3 expression was observed in the selenite-treated group. No differences in PSMD10 expression were found among groups. Histopathological analysis revealed hepatic lymphocytosis in selenite-treated animals. As a conclusion, long-term exposure to arsenic does not significantly alter the expression of STAT3 and PSMD10 oncogenes in the livers of hamsters; however, selenite down-regulates STAT3 expression and provokes lymphocytosis.     

Arsenic concentrations and distribution in Chautauqua Lake sediments

In order to describe the occurrence and to investigate the sources of arsenic found in Chautauqua Lake sediments, 98 grab samples have been analyzed by neutron activation analysis. The arsenic concentrations were found to range from <0.5 to 58.75 ppm for 96 of the 98 samples with an overall average value of 22.10 ppm. The two other samples had concentrations of 140.0 and 306.0 ppm. High arsenic concentrations have been positively correlated with a decrease in the sediment particle size. Natural arsenic concentrations found in the soil and bedrock in the area do not explaint the observed concentrations in the lake sediment. The increase in arsenic appears to be related to the spraying of sodium arsenite as an aquatic pesticide during the period 1955–1963.