IB金属对Ni/SiO2催化剂乙炔选择性加氢反应性能的影响

乙烯是合成聚乙烯的原料,其主要来源是石油裂解气,其中少量的乙炔杂质会严重毒化生产聚乙烯的催化剂,因此需要将其去除.对于乙炔选择加氢反应,传统工业上使用的是Pd基催化剂,尽管其乙炔转化率很高,但对乙烯的选择性很低.我们前期的研究发现,IB族金属(Au,Ag和Cu)与Pd形成的合金单原子催化剂可以有效地提高乙烯的选择性.作为与Pd同组的非贵金属,Ni催化剂在多种催化加氢反应中显示出优异活性,而在乙炔选择加氢反应中,Ni是否能够替代贵金属Pd尚无定论.本文系统地研究了IB金属对Ni/SiO2催化剂乙炔选择性加氢性能的影响.与Pd/SiO2催化剂不同,单金属Ni/SiO2催化剂在低温下不具有活性.将IB金属添加到Ni/SiO2催化剂中,可以显著提高其催化活性以及对乙烯的选择性.其中,AuNix/SiO2和CuNix/SiO2催化剂的催化活性随还原温度升高而提高,而AgNix/SiO2催化剂对预处理温度不敏感.通过调变IB/Ni原子比和还原温度优化了催化剂的催化性能,发现优化后的三种催化剂(CuNi0.125/SiO2、AgNi0.5/SiO2和AuNi0.5/SiO2)的活性和选择性随反应温度升高表现出相似的变化趋势.催化稳定性考察结果显示,CuNi0.125/SiO2催化剂表现出最高选择性和稳定性;尽管AuNi0.5/SiO2的初始活性最高,但是稳定性最低.采用XRD、TPR和微量吸附量热等表征手段对不同IB金属对Ni基催化剂性质的影响进行了系统考察.以Cu-Nix/SiO2催化剂为例,H2-TPR测试结果表明,Cu-Ni双金属纳米颗粒的形成使得还原温度低于相应的单金属催化剂,表明铜和镍之间存在明显的相互作用.此外,通过TPR获得的CuNix/SiO2催化剂上的氢气消耗量与理论耗氢量相吻合,表明在还原处理的过程中双金属催化剂中的CuO和NiO可以被完全还原.乙炔的微量吸附量热结果表明,在CuNi0.125/SiO2,AgNi0.5/SiO2,AuNi0.5/SiO2和Ni0.5/SiO2催化剂上的初始吸附热分别为187,196,304和103 kJ/mol,即它们的初始乙炔吸附强度顺序为AuNi0.5/SiO2>AgNi0.5/SiO2>CuNi0.125/SiO2>Ni0.5/SiO2.该结果与三者的初始催化活性顺序一致,表明IB金属的加入可以增强乙炔在催化剂表面的吸附,从而提高催化活性.     

Microemulsion-templated synthesis of carbon nanotube-supported pd and rh nanoparticles for catalytic applications

Palladium, rhodium, and bimetallic Pd/Rh nanoparticles synthesized in a water-in-hexane microemulsion can be deposited directly on surfaces of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes with high yields. The CNT-supported Pd nanoparticles are active catalysts for hydrogenation of olefins, for carbon-carbon bond formation, and for carbon-oxygen bond cleavage reactions. The CNT-supported Rh nanoparticles are active catalysts for hydrogenation of arenes, and the CNT-supported bimetallic Pd/Rh nanoparticles show an unusually high catalytic activity for hydrogenation of anthracene. This simple and novel synthetic technique for making CNT-supported monometallic and bimetallic nanoparticles may have a wide range of catalytic applications for chemical syntheses.     

Pt- and Pd-containing nanodiamonds in hydrogenation and hydroamination reactions

The catalytic activity of platinum- and palladium-containing nanodiamonds has been investigated in liquid-phase nitrobenzene, allyl alcohol, and cyclohexene hydrogenation and propanal hydroamination with 4-aminobenzoic acid as model reactions. The catalysts suggested are significantly more active than commercial Pd/C. The catalysts with a low metal weight content are the most effective in liquid phase catalytic hydrogenation.     

Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation and Hydrogenolysis in Ionic Liquids with Pd/MgLa Mixed Oxide and Pd/MgAl Hydrotalcite as Recyclable Catalysts

A new Pd/MgLa mixed oxide and the known Pd/MgAl hydrotalcite catalysts were applied and recycled successfully in catalytic transfer hydrogenation reactions in ionic liquids. Some α,β‐unsaturated carboxylic acid derivatives were hydrogenated in excellent yields. The catalysts were recycled without significant loss of activity. Besides that, a number of halogenated aromatic compounds were dehalogenated under similar catalytic transfer conditions.     

Bimetallic PdAu nanoparticles as hydrogenation catalysts in imidazolium ionic liquids

Metallic and bimetallic PdAu nanoparticles were solubilized in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ionic liquid (IL) by a phase-transfer method using poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) as a stabilizer. Nanoparticles were characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The bimetallic PdAu nanoparticles in the IL-phase were examined as catalysts for hydrogenation reactions; both the activity and selectivity of the hydrogenation reactions could be tuned by varying the composition of the bimetallic nanoparticles, with maximum activities seen at 1:3 Au:Pd ratios. These nanoparticles/IL catalysts were recycled and then reused for further catalytic reactions with minimal loss in activity.     

Liquid-phase hydrogenation of alkenes and aromatic compounds with Pd-loaded oxidized diamond catalyst

Hydrogenation reactions of alkenes (cyclohexene, ethyl acrylate, styrene and 1,5-cyclooctadiene) and aromatic compounds (o-, m- and p-xylene) were carried out in order to examine the activity of palladium-loaded surface-oxidized diamond (Pd/O-Dia) catalyst in liquid-phase hydrogenation. The catalytic performance was compared to commercial palladium-loaded activated carbon (Pd/C) catalyst. The catalyst activities were evaluated by conversions of reactants and H₂ uptake rates in the early stage of the reaction. In all the hydrogenation reactions of alkenes and aromatic compounds, the activity of Pd/O-Dia was almost the same as or slightly higher than that of Pd/C. Dispersion of Pd metal was measured by a CO-pulsed adsorption technique and TEM observations of the catalysts. Pd dispersions were on the same order of magnitude according to the CO-pulsed adsorption technique, although the Pd/C catalyst had a higher surface area (718 m²/g) than that of Pd/O-Dia (23 m²/g). The Pd particle sizes on O-Dia measured by TEM observation were slightly smaller than those on the activated carbon. Such highly dispersed Pd particles on O-Dia would contribute to higher activity for the hydrogenation reaction of alkenes and aromatic compounds.     

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Pd-SnO_2/D_(3520) CATALYSTS

ＳＴＲＵＣＴＵＲＡＬＣＨＡＲＡＣＴＥＲＩＺＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＰｄ－ＳｎＯ_２／Ｄ_（３５２０）ＣＡＴＡＬＹＳＴＳＨｕＷｅｉｂｉｎｇ（ＨｕｂｅｉｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｆｏｒＮａｔｉｏｎａｌｉｔｉｅｓ，Ｅｎｓｈｉ，４４５０００）ＺｈｏｕＺｈｏｎｇｘｉｎ；Ｚｈａｎｇ...     

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Pd—SnO2／D3520 CATALYSTS

Distribution of metals on Pd-SnO2/D3520 catalysts and state of the catalysts were studied with SEM,XRD.The interaction between metals and support or between Pd and Sn or Pb were studied by IR,XPS.In addition,the relationship of the activity for catalytic hydrogenation of the olefins and outer layer valence electron density of Pd wasdiscussed. The results showed that these catalysts had suitable surface state,the metals were uniformly dispersed on the surface layer of the support.There were not obvious interaction between the metals and the support.There was strong interaction between Pd and Sn (or Pb) in the catalysts.The catalytic activity for hydrogenation was related to outer layer valence electron density of Pd.     

硝基芳烃氢化还原反应中高分子负载催化剂的双金属协同效应

制备了聚Ｎ－乙烯基－２－吡咯烷酮ＰＶＰ负载钯催化剂Ｐｄ／ＰＶＰ及各种双金属催化剂（１－ｍ）Ｐｄ－ｍＭ／ＰＶＰ，并用于硝基芳烃的加氢还原中，其中Ｐｄ／ＰＶＰ中加入Ｈ２ＰｔＣｌ６的效果最佳，碱的用量、溶剂和Ｐｄ、Ｐｔ的比例都对催化剂的活性有明显的影响，双金属催化剂０．８０Ｐｄ－０．２０Ｐｔ／ＰＶＰ在温和条件下能高活性，高选择性地催化硝基芳烃还原，得到相应的芳胺。     

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Pd—SnO2／D3520 CATALYSTS

Distribution of metals on Pd-SnO2/D3520 catalysts and state of the catalysts wrer studied with SEM,XRD.The interaction between metals and support or between Pd and Sn or Pb were studied by IR,XPS.In addition,the relationship of the activity for catalytic hydrogenation of the olefins and outer layer valence electron density of Pd was discussed.The results showed that these catalysts had suitable surface state,the metals were uniformly dispersed on the surface layer of the support.There were not obvious interaction between the metals and the support.There was strong interaction between Pd and Sn(or Pb) in the catalysts.The catalytic activity for hydrogenation was related to outer layer valence electron density of Pd.     

Polydimethylsiloxane Coating for a Palladium/MOF Composite: Highly Improved Catalytic Performance by Surface Hydrophobization

Surface wettability of active sites plays a crucial role in the activity and selectivity of catalysts. This report describes modification of surface hydrophobicity of Pd/UiO‐66, a composite comprising a metal–organic framework (MOF) and stabilized palladium nanoparticles (NPs), using a simple polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coating. The modified catalyst demonstrated significantly improved catalytic efficiency. The approach can be extended to various Pd nanoparticulate catalysts for enhanced activity in reactions involving hydrophobic reactants, as the hydrophobic surface facilitates the enrichment of hydrophobic substrates around the catalytic site. PDMS encapsulation of Pd NPs prevents aggregation of NPs and thus results in superior catalytic recyclability. Additionally, PDMS coating is applicable to a diverse range of catalysts, endowing them with additional selectivity in sieving reactants with different wettability.     

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Pd-SnO_2/D3520 CATALYSTS

ＳＴＲＵＣＴＵＲＡＬＣＨＡＲＡＣＴＥＲＩＺＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＰｄ－ＳｎＯ_２／Ｄ３５２０　ＣＡＴＡＬＹＳＴＳＨｕＷｅｉｂｉｎｇ（ＨｕｂｅｉＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｆｏｒＮａｔｉｏｎａｌｉｔｉｅｓ，Ｅｎｓｈｉ，４４５０００）ＺｈｏｕＺｈｏｎｇｘｉｎ；ＺｈａｎｇＭ?..     

Catalytic Performance of Carbon Materials Supported Pd Nanoparticles in Selective Hydrogenation of Acetylene

Pd/C catalysts were prepared by deposited Pd nanoparticles (NPs) on different carbon supports including activated carbon (AC), graphite oxide (GO), and reduced graphite oxide (rGO) using sol-immobilization method. Through transmission electron microscopy, powder X-ray di raction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the role of the carbon supports for the catalytic performances of Pd/C catalysts was examined in selective hydrogenation of acetylene. The results indicate that Pd/AC exhibited higher activity and selectivity than Pd/GO and Pd/rGO in the gas phase selective hydrogenation of acetylene. Thermal and chemical treatment of AC supports also have some effect on the catalytic performance of Pd/AC catalysts. The differences in the activity and selectivity of various Pd/C catalysts were partly attributed to the metal-support interaction.     

膦化聚2,6—二甲基1,4—苯醚负载钯催化剂的表征及其催化性能

报道了四种不同P/Pd摩尔比的膦化聚2,6-二甲基1,4-苯醚负载把催化剂的加氢和异构化性能;通过XPS、电镜和远红外对催化剂进行了表征;并考察了溶剂和温度对催化剂活性的影响.     

Pd@tetrahedral hollow magnetic nanoparticles coated with N‐doped porous carbon as an efficient catalyst for hydrogenation of nitroarenes

Hollow magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with tetrahedral morphology were synthesized and then covered by a shell prepared by coating with melamine–formaldehyde followed by the introduction of glucose‐derived carbon. Subsequently, Pd nanoparticles were immobilized and the core–shell nanocomposite was carbonized. The obtained magnetic catalyst was successfully applied for the hydrogenation of nitroarenes in aqueous media. To investigate the effects of the morphology of MNPs, the nature of carbon shell, and the order of incorporation of Pd nanoparticles, several control catalysts, including the MNPs with different morphologies (disc‐like and cylinder); MNPs coated with different shells (sole glucose‐derived carbon or melamine–formaldehyde carbon shell); and a nanocomposite, in which Pd was immobilized after carbonization, were prepared and examined as catalyst for the model reaction. To justify the observed different catalytic activities of the catalysts, their Pd loadings, leaching, and specific surface areas were compared. The results confirmed that tetrahedral MNPs coated with porous N‐rich carbon shell exhibited the best catalytic activity. The high catalytic activity of this catalyst was attributed to its high surface area and the interaction of N‐rich shell with Pd nanoparticles that led to the higher Pd loading and suppressed Pd leaching.     

结晶度对ZGDMP-Pd催化剂加氢活性的影响

首次制得不同结晶度的晶态,半晶态和无定形甘氨酸－Ｎ－Ｎ双亚甲基磷酸锆载体和相庆的钯催化剂ＺＧＤＭＰ－ＤＰｄ,用ＩＲ,ＸＲＤ,ＸＰＳ对它们进行了表征。测定了三种催化剂在常压下进行加氢反应的催化活性。     

Role of polyaniline morphology in Pd particles dispersion. Hydrogenation of alkynes in the presence of Pd-polyaniline catalysts

Two polyaniline (PANI) samples of various molecular masses were used for the preparation of palladium catalysts (with 2 mass % of Pd). The physicochemical features of starting polyanilines were found to substantially affect the size and extent of palladium nanoparticles aggregation. Strongly aggregated large palladium particles appeared in the PANI sample of more compact morphology (PANI-H), higher crystallinity and lower specific surface area. Pd nanoparticles of a definitively smaller size were formed in the more amorphous PANI sample of looser morphology (PANI-L) and the extent of particles aggregation was markedly lower. The catalytic properties of Pd/PANI samples were studied in a liquid phase hydrogenation of unsaturated triple bond (C≡C) in alkynes reactants, phenylacetylene, and cyclohexylacetylene. The 2 mass % Pd/PANI-L catalyst prepared using polymer of less compact texture exhibited much higher activity in both reactions. In the presence of the 2 mass % Pd/PANI-L catalyst, alkene products were formed with a high selectivity (approximately 90 %) attained at the almost complete conversion of alkynes. This highly selective hydrogenation of the C≡C to the C=C bond was related to the presence of an electroactive polymer, PANI, in close proximity with Pd active sites. Polyaniline could have a role in a steric effect as well as in a modification of adsorptive properties of Pd centres.     

通过FeOx修饰Pd/Al2O3催化剂提高催化1,3-丁二烯加氢活性和选择性

石油脑裂解制备的烯烃流中通常含有 ～1％ 二烯烃或者炔烃,其含量必须降低到10 ppm以下以避免其对下游聚合催化剂的毒化作用.对这些副产物选择性加氢生成单烯烃是降低其含量最有前景的方法.Pd基催化剂具有高的加氢活性和选择性,是目前最为常用的加氢催化剂,但是它也存在高转化率下选择性较低和容易因积碳而失活的问题.合成Pd基双金属催化剂和对Pd催化剂进行氧化物包裹是目前最为常用的方法,但是这两种方法往往在提高选择性的同时,降低了Pd催化剂的加氢活性.本文利用原子层沉积(ALD)FeOx修饰Pd/Al2O3催化剂,在提高Pd催化剂选择性的同时,1,3-丁二烯选择性加氢活性也得到提高.表征结果发现,该样品中Pd负载量为1％,Fe负载量则随着原子层沉积FeOx周期增加而逐渐增加;催化剂中Pd颗粒大小约为7 nm,其表面并未观察到FeOx覆盖层;Pd,Fe元素分布表明FeOx在Pd颗粒表面生长.CO红外漫反射光谱也发现,随着ALD FeOx周期的增加,CO在Pd颗粒表面的吸附特征峰强度逐渐降低,表明FeOx逐渐覆盖Pd颗粒表面;与此同时,随着FeOx包裹周期的增加,CO吸附在Pd(111)面的特征吸收峰相对于其吸附在边角位的特征峰,降低得更为明显.这表明FeOx优先覆盖Pd(111)面,而选择性地将Pd低配位点暴露,与ALD Al2O3包裹Pd颗粒的结果恰恰相反.X射线光电子能谱分析表明,在所有催化剂中Fe均以+3价形式存在;同时,因为Pd-FeOx间存在强相互作用,所以随着FeOx包裹周期的增加,金属态Pd逐渐向高结合能方向移动,使表面Pd处于缺电子状态.随后,我们对不同FeOx周期包裹Pd催化剂进行了1,3-丁二烯加氢活性测试.在25 oC时Pd/Al2O3催化1,3-丁二烯转化率为6.7％;随着温度升高,转化率逐渐上升,至43 oC时达100％.相反,在26 oC时,30Fe/Pd/Al2O3对1,3-丁二烯的转化率为45％,远高于Pd/Al2O3催化剂;这可能是因为缺电子的Pd或Pd-FeOx界面存在所致.Pd/Al2O3催化剂在较低的转化率(<75％)下,1-丁烯、反式-2-丁烯和顺式-2-丁烯选择性分别为74％,20％和6％;随着转化率的增加(75％～90％),1-丁烯选择性急剧下降,丁烷选择性快速上升,反/顺-2-丁烯选择性也略有增加,表明此时次级反应1-丁烯加氢占主导,同时伴随着1-丁烯异构化反应;当转化率继续增加(>90％),1-丁烯,反/顺-2-丁烯加氢生成丁烷为主要反应,此时丁烷选择性急剧上升,至转化率为99％时,丁烯选择性仅为52％.而当Pd催化剂表面存在FeOx时,丁烯选择性随着FeOx周期增加而逐渐增加,尤其是在较高转化率下(>75％);对于30Fe/Pd/Al2O3催化剂,转化率为99％时,丁烯选择性高达95％.这主要是因为在高转化率下,FeOx将Pd颗粒表面分割成较小的Pd团簇,降低了Pd颗粒表面吸附氢气浓度,抑制了丁烯加氢反应,而次级反应1-丁烯异构化占主导,使得丁烯选择性不变.     

非晶态合金作催化材料的研究IV. 超细非晶态Ni-B催化剂的制备及催化性能研究

采用化学还原法制备了非晶态Ni-B超细粒子催化剂, 所含两种粒子的粒径分别为5~20nm和150nm左右。对环戊二烯常压液相加氢反应的活性测试结果表明, 该催化剂具有很高的活性和选择性, 并且在加氢反应中具有替代Raney Ni和Pd/C催化剂的工业应用潜力。动力学测量表明, 在该催化剂上, 环戊二烯选择加氢生成环戊烯的反应为零级, 环戊烯生成环戊烷的反应为近似一级。     

Chemoselective hydrogenation method catalyzed by Pd/C using diphenylsulfide as a reasonable catalyst poison

While Pd/C is one of the most useful catalysts for hydrogenation, the high catalyst activity of Pd/C causes difficulty in its application to chemoselective hydrogenation between different types of reducible functionalities. In order to achieve chemoselective hydrogenation using Pd/C, we investigated catalyst poison as a controller of the catalyst activity. We found that the addition of Ph₂S (diphenylsulfide) to the Pd/C-catalyzed hydrogenation reaction mixture led to reasonable deactivation of Pd/C. By the use of the Pd/C-Ph₂S catalytic system, olefins, acetylenes, and azides can be selectively reduced in the coexistence of aromatic carbonyls, aromatic halides, cyano groups, benzyl esters, and N-Cbz (benzyloxycarbonyl) protecting groups. The present method is promising as a general and practical chemoselective hydrogenation process in synthetic organic chemistry.