无有机模板剂体系水热合成Beta沸石中晶种的导向机理(英文)

在无有机模板剂体系中研究了不同硅铝比和晶粒度Beta沸石晶种的结构导向行为,采用X射线衍射、X射线荧光光谱、扫描电镜、透射电镜、紫外-拉曼光谱、红外光谱和N2物理吸附等方法对不同晶化时间固相产物和Beta沸石产物进行了表征.结果表明,不同Beta沸石晶种,包括全硅晶种,均能够导向合成Beta沸石,而且晶种在晶化诱导期都发生溶解.但是,晶种的硅铝比、晶粒度、预处理(焙烧)以及晶种加入的时间对晶种的溶解行为、Beta沸石晶化过程和产物都有重要影响.形貌研究还发现,含铝晶种不仅溶解后的残体通过提供晶核聚集的"固载化"表面导向了新生Beta沸石小晶体的密集生长,而且溶解下来的结构片段也提供了分散的晶核导向形成相对分散的Beta沸石小晶体;全硅晶种则仅通过溶解下来的结构片段提供分散的晶核.在无模板体系中,使用适当高硅铝比、小晶粒和经过焙烧处理的Beta沸石作为晶种有利于合成得到高结晶度的Beta沸石纯相.     

在含乙醇的硅铝凝胶中合成ZSM-5沸石

用含乙醇的硅铝凝胶水热晶化合成ZSM-5沸石.实验表明,乙醇能够促进ZSM-5沸石晶体的成核和生长,具有明显的模板剂作用.向含乙醇的凝胶中加入晶种可以进一步缩短晶化诱导期和晶化时间,并减小分子筛的晶粒度.晶种的粒度与分子筛产物的晶粒度有一定对应关系.采用搅拌晶化也能明显地减小ZSM-5沸石的晶粒度,同时影响晶体形貌.通过优化晶化条件和凝胶组成,成功合成出硅铝比在30～240范围内、结晶度较高的ZSM-5沸石分子筛,所得沸石孔道畅通,热稳定性、水热稳定性高,且具有较强酸性,具有良好的应用前景.     

碱源对低模硅比凝胶水热合成β沸石的影响

以四乙基氢氧化铵为模板剂,研究了低模硅比条件下β沸石的合成规律.发现晶种和模板剂之间存在明显的协同导向作用.但碱源对晶种和模板剂的导向作用以及β沸石产物有明显影响.以NaOH为碱源时,晶种的作用主要是缩短晶化诱导期,而模板剂的作用主要是提高晶体生长速率.以氨水为碱源时,晶种和模板剂对缩短诱导期和提高晶体生长速率都有贡献.总的来说,以NaOH为碱源时凝胶的晶化速率较快.但是β沸石产物的硅铝比很低,且晶粒度较大,团聚体比较紧密.相比之下,以氨水为碱源有利于提高β沸石的硅铝比.同时,所合成的β沸石晶粒度小,外表面积大,团聚体中介孔较多.     

纳米富铝β沸石的合成与表征

以低硅铝比焙烧后的硅铝胶固体为初始原料,在含F-近中性与低含水量体系下晶化合成出相对高结晶度的纳米富铝β沸石。实验考察了合成条件、硅铝胶焙烧对晶化产物的影响和晶化过程中Al配位状况变化,并采用XRD、XRF、SEM/TEM2、7AlMAS NMR物化方法对晶化产物进行表征。结果表明,含F-离子、H2O/SiO2摩尔比为2.4～6.0以及高温焙烧硅铝胶有利于合成高结晶度的纳米富铝β沸石;硅铝胶固体焙烧后能产生易于转化为β沸石晶核的Al四配位结构,而部分六配位Al在晶化过程中缓慢溶入β沸石晶核中而最终生成纳米富铝β沸石。     

ZSM-5、ZSM-57分子筛和丝光沸石间的转晶规律

考察了硅铝比、碱度、有机胺模板剂、晶化时间及温度等合成条件对ZSM-5、ZSM-57 分子筛和丝光沸石之间相互转晶的影响. 发现较高的碱度、较长的晶化时间有利于合成丝光沸石；较低的碱度、较高的诱导晶化温度、较长的晶化时间有利于合成低硅铝比的ZSM-57 分子筛；合成低硅铝比的ZSM-5分子筛则需要在能合成丝光沸石和ZSM-57 分子筛的碱度区间内精确调节碱度, 缩短晶化时间、降低诱导晶化温度、加入适当晶种, 有利于合成低硅铝比的ZSM-5 分子筛. 合成条件稍微改变, 会导致各种沸石之间发生转晶, 晶化产物出现两种或两种以上的晶型.     

Beta分子筛晶种法合成及其加氢脱氧性能

采用晶种法制备一系列Beta分子筛,考察了晶化温度和时间等因素对合成Beta分子筛的影响,并采用XRD、XRF、SEM、N₂物理吸附、TG-DSC等手段对产物进行表征,结果显示合成的Beta分子筛具有良好的结晶度、孔道结构、热稳定性和相近的硅铝比;通过对初始凝胶进行老化处理可加快Beta分子筛的晶化速率,产物晶粒尺寸变小、比表面积和孔容变大;在晶种-凝胶体系中加入少量有机模板剂,Beta分子筛的收率和热稳定性均有提升.NH₃-TPD和Pyridine-FTIR分析结果表明不存在有机模板剂的晶种-凝胶体系中合成的Beta分子筛催化剂有更多的总酸量和Brønsted酸的数量,使其在苯甲醚加氢脱氧反应中表现出高活性和环己烷选择性.     

硅铝沸石分子筛晶化过程再思考

目前针对沸石分子筛的晶化过程已经进行了大量研究, 但是近年来硅铝分子筛的合成显示其晶化过程超出了传统的沸石分子筛晶化理论, 特别表现在硅铝沸石分子筛的模板作用、 水的作用以及沸石晶体之间的转化等. 本文讨论了上述作用的本质, 并通过研究模板法作用提出了无有机模板法合成硅铝沸石的策略, 通过了解水的作用提出了无溶剂法合成沸石分子筛, 通过表征沸石之间的转化过程发现不仅低骨架密度可以向高骨架密度晶体转化, 而且高骨架密度也可以向低骨架密度晶体转化.     

以四乙基溴化铵为模板剂气相传输法合成β沸石

以廉价的四乙基溴化铵为模板剂,采用原料直接混合气相传输法合成β沸石.利用X射线衍射、红外光谱和扫描电镜等手段对产物进行了表征,考察了合成条件对β沸石晶化的影响.结果表明,在硅铝比为15～200,钠硅比为0.35～0.55,模硅比大于0.12时都可以得到结晶度良好的β沸石.该方法合成β沸石需要较高的碱硅比,投料硅铝比范围宽,晶体生长速度快,423 K时10 h生长期已基本结束.过高的晶化温度和过长的晶化时间均易导致杂品生成.合成的β沸石形貌随晶化时间变化,由晶化初期的椭球形转变为晶化结束时的不规则多面体.     

小晶粒ZSM-5沸石的绿色、经济性合成

通过添加少量silicalite-1做为活性晶种在较宽的SiO₂/Al₂O₃比范围内制备得到了小晶粒ZSM-5沸石,对所得样品进行X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),透射电子显微镜(TEM),N₂吸附-脱附,氨程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)以及吡啶吸附红外(Py-IR)表征。研究结果表明活性晶种能有效导向生成ZSM-5沸石,避免杂晶形成并可减小所得沸石的晶粒尺寸;所得ZSM-5在低硅铝比(SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio = 30)时呈纳米颗粒聚集体形貌,具有多级孔道结构性质;在较高硅铝比时(SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio = 60–120)呈小晶粒形貌,颗粒尺寸大约200 nm。值得注意的是由胶态晶种引入的少量TPAOH不完全堵塞沸石的微孔孔道,因此所得所有沸石均无需提前焙烧除去模板剂即可进行离子交换得到具有酸性的H型ZSM-5沸石,所得酸性H型ZSM-5沸石具有和常规方法得到的相同SiO₂/Al₂O₃比的ZSM-5相似的酸类型、强度和酸量,在催化甲醇转化制备烯烃时呈现出相似的甲醇转化率和烯烃选择性。与常规ZSM-5制备方法比较,该方法能够大大减少模板剂的使用量,避免了样品离子交换前的焙烧,方法绿色清洁、成本低廉,具有很好的潜在的工业应用前景。     

四乙基溴化铵-氟化物复合模板剂合成β沸石(Ⅱ)--β沸石晶化过程研究

采用FT-IR,XRD,SEM,TG,ICP-AES等技术研究了四乙基溴化铵(TEABr)-氟化物复合模板剂体系合成β沸石的晶化过程.发现本体系β沸石的合成遵循液相转变机理,在诱导期向生长期转变的转折点存在过渡态,氟离子对过渡态的形成和转变起到重要作用.在诱导期初期固相是富铝的,但晶体生长期固相硅铝比基本不变,表明硅铝同步进人骨架.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。