Four-fold hollow site for S in a Ni(100) raft on NiO(100)

The reaction of H₂S with NiO(100) has been studied by polarization-dependent surface EXAFS. The results evidence reduction of the selvedge to form a Ni raft having S in four-fold sites with a S–Ni bond length of 2.21±0.02 Å. The Ni–Ni in-plane distance is 2.77±0.09 Å, representing a 6±4% contraction compared to that in NiO(100).     

Analysis of energy distribution in a loaded quantum anharmonic oscillator in a wide temperature range

Analysis of the energy distribution in an ensemble of quantum anharmonic oscillators loaded by an external force in a wide temperature range (from T = 0) is carried out using a general approach based on the virial theorem. At T = 0, anharmonic effects are observed: a linear variation of zero-point energy of an oscillator under loading (energy decrease during extension and increase under compression) and a linear variation of the average kinetic and potential energy components. At high temperatures, at which the dynamics of the oscillators becomes classical, the anharmonic effects are manifested in a linear variation in the vibrational energy and a linear variation in the average kinetic and potential energy components upon an increase in force. Mutually compensating variation in the average kinetic and potential energy components of the internal dynamic energy of an oscillator (energy redistribution upon loading) takes place both at low and high temperatures.     

Evidence by X-ray diffraction for hexatic B and crystal B structures in a pure compound

This letter presents an X-ray experiment which provides direct evidence of the existence in a pure compound of both B modifications, namely the crystal B and the hexatic B phases.In the hexatic B phase a hexagonal 1 0 0 diffuse peak was observed for which a satisfactory fit was obtained by assuming an in-plane structure factor of Lorentzian shape in agreement with theoretical predictions, leading to an in-plane positional correlation length $\text{ξ}{}_{\mathrm{\mid }}\text{= 60 ± 6}\text{A}\text{?}$.     

Evidence for mobility domains in (100) silicon inversion layers

In proof of the existence of domains with different mobilities measurements of Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations, piezoresistance, and transverse “Hall” field due to mobility anisotropy are provided. The energy splitting between the ground state subbands of different valleys has been determined.     

A vibrational and TDS study of sulfur adsorbates on Cu(100): Evidence for CH3S species

Vibrational (EELS) and TDS data for methyl mercaptan (CH₃SH), dimethyl sulfide (CH₃)₂S and dimethyl disulfide (CH₃S)₂ are analyzed to determine the nature of the adsorption states on Cu(100). Dimethyl sulfide is reversibly adsorbed on Cu(100); no dissociation (CS bond breaking) was found. By contrast, methyl mercaptan and dimethyl disulfide dissociate below 300 K to form adsorbed CH₃S (methyl mercaptide) species. Depending on the coverage, two orientations of methyl mercaptide are found: linear and bent. The two different orientations can be distinguished via the surface dipole selection rule by different intensities of the methyl rocking and deformation vibrations. By contrast with the methoxy species, which on Cu(100) decomposes to formaldehyde, no H₂C=S is liberated during decomposition of CH₃S. The mercaptide is stable to ∼ 350 K, but decomposes at higher temperatures to form adsorbed sulfur and recombinant methane, hydrogen and ethane. The methane appears to be formed by methyl-hydrogen recombination when the C-S bond scission occurs. TDS results show that sulfur released from the decomposition poisons the surface toward further adsorption. In addition, the selectivity toward methane versus ethane can be altered by pre-titrating the adsorbed hydrogen with oxygen, thereby changing the relative methyl-hydrogen and methyl-methyl recombination probabilities.     

Evidence for the exponential distribution of income in the USA

Using tax and census data, we demonstrate that the distribution of individual income in the USA is exponential. Our calculated Lorenz curve without fitting parameters and Gini coefficient 1/2 agree well with the data. From the individual income distribution, we derive the distribution function of income for families with two earners and show that it also agrees well with the data. The family data for the period 1947-1994 fit the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient 3/8 = 0.375 calculated for two-earners families. Received 21 August 2000     

Micro-photoluminescence of GaN quantum dots embedded in 100 nm wide cylindrical AlN pillars

Individual pillars were etched from a sample embedding a single plane of GaN/AlN quantum dots, deposited by molecular beam epitaxy on a sapphire substrate. Pillars with diameters ranging from 0.1 to 5 μm were fabricated by electron-beam lithography and SiCl₄ reactive ion etching. The PL from a single pillar could be measured by using a confocal microscope, with a spatial resolution of 600 nm. We report an intense PL signal from pillar diameters as small as 0.1 μm at room temperature. By increasing the power of the excitation laser from 0.05 to 200 μW, we induced a blue-shift of the PL energy peak from 2.38 to 2.86 eV, accompanied by a substantial broadening of the PL line. This is explained by the photo-induced screening of the internal electric field, which is close to 10 MV/cm in GaN/AlN heterostructures. Finally we report and tentatively explain a photodarkening effect, i.e., the progressive decrease of the PL intensity over two orders of magnitude, after one hour of continuous laser excitation. However, this effect does not seem to be correlated to the etching process.     

Inhomogeneous current distribution in wide high-temperature superconducting small-angle grain boundaries

Using space resolved magneto-optical microscopy we have studied the development of the critical state in high temperature superconducting small-angle grain boundaries in magnetisation experiments. It has been found that with respect to the position in the grain boundary plane this critical state develops in a highly inhomogeneous manner. Towards the centre of the grain boundary there exists a distinct suppression of the inter-granular currents flowing across the grain boundary. A strong correlation between the static (critical current) and the dynamical properties (e.g. electric field or flux-line velocity) of the vortex system inside the grain boundary appears to be the principal mechanism for the observed inhomogeneous current distribution in wide bi-crystalline current bridges.Received: 6 August 2004, Published online: 14 December 2004PACS: 74.25.Sv Critical currents - 74.72.Bk Y-based cuprates - 74.78.Bz High-T _c films - 74.81.Bd Granular, melt-textured, amorphous and composite superconductors     

Spatial distribution and temporal development of the gain in a wide aperture X-ray preionized excimer amplifier

The spatial distribution and temporal development of the gain in XeCl and KrF were studied in a wide aperture X-ray preionized excimer amplifier. In XeCl, the gain assumed a minimum in the centre of the discharge and the effective discharge width markedly increased with time. The gain in KrF showed less prominent spatial and temporal variation.     

Evidence for the poisson distribution for quasi-energies in the quantum kicked-rotator model

A transformation on the two-dimensional torus which is related to the problem of limit distribution for the distance between the levels in the kicked-rotator model is considered. The first four moments of the r.w. which describe the numbers of visits of a point in a rectangle of measure are calculated. It is shown that when 0 they converge to the first four moments of a Poisson r.w.     

Evidence for a narrow S = +1 baryon resonance in photoproduction from the neutron

The gamman-->K(+)K(-)n reaction on 12C has been studied by measuring both K+ and K- at forward angles. A sharp baryon resonance peak was observed at 1.54+/-0.01 GeV/c(2) with a width smaller than 25 MeV/c(2) and a Gaussian significance of 4.6sigma. The strangeness quantum number (S) of the baryon resonance is +1. It can be interpreted as a molecular meson-baryon resonance or alternatively as an exotic five-quark state (uuddsmacr;) that decays into a K+ and a neutron. The resonance is consistent with the lowest member of an antidecuplet of baryons predicted by the chiral soliton model.     

Phosphorus distribution profiles in 100-silicon using a spin-on source at low temperatures

 Incorporation of phosphorus into silicon from a spin-on dopant layer (SOD) at 400 ^°C is described. Annealing experiments were carried out with SOD films deposited on (100) silicon substrates by using the spin-on technique. Conventional heating on a hotplate in normal atmosphere and a temperature range up to 400 ^°C was used to study the dopant incorporation. After removing the SOD-films one part of the silicon substrates was annealed at higher temperatures. Investigations were carried out by SIMS, SAM, XPS, HTEM, stripping Hall and Van der Pauw measurements before and after the high temperature annealing. Chemical phosphorus concentration profiles obtained from low temperature annealed samples showed diffusion depths of 60–80 nm (extrapolated to a substrate doping level of 10¹⁶ cm^-3) and surface concentrations of 10¹⁹–10²⁰ cm^-3. Electron concentration profiles exhibiting maximum values around 2⋅10¹⁹ cm^-3 could be measured on high temperature annealed samples only. Received: 28 March 1996/Accepted: 19 August 1996     

Evidence for left-right asymmetries in the proton MRS of brain in normal volunteers

Although there is ample evidence in the literature for structural, functional and physiological asymmetries in the two hemispheres of human brain, direct evidence of a similar asymmetry in the in vivo distribution of brain metabolites has been lacking. In this study, the existence of chemical asymmetries in six different regions in normal human brain has been probed with single voxel proton spectroscopy using the STEAM technique in 100 normal right-handed male volunteers. Significant interhemispheric differences in the spectra were observed for all the regions studied in all the volunteers, although statistically significant asymmetries existed only for temporal, occipital and parietal regions. In addition to proven structural and functional asymmetries in the human brain, in vivo evidence of chemical asymmetry has been provided using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS).     

A search for the S(1936) in 100 GeV pBe interactions

A search for the S(1936) has been made in the invariant mass spectrum of p?p-pairs produced inclusively in proton-beryllium interactions at 100 GeV incident momentum. No enhancement is observed, giving a 3 standard deviation upper limit on the cross section of 220 nb/nucleon for production of a narrow p?p state around ≈ 1940 MeV in the x_F range 0.18 <x_F<0.48.