电流密度对镁合金微弧氧化膜层性能的影响

微弧氧化技术是近年来备受关注的一种新颖的表面处理技术。在镁合金的应用技术与开发研究受到了发达国家和政府部门的高度重视的时候，将做弧氧化技术应用于镁合金的表面处理以增强其耐蚀、耐磨性能，止引起人们的广泛关注。本文采用不同的电流密度在AZ91D铸造镁合金上制得氧化膜层．主要研究了电流密度对微弧氧化膜层厚度、硬度的影响规律；分析了膜层的相组成；并且对膜层的耐腐蚀性能进行了评价。     

阴极电压脉冲占空比对钛合金微弧氧化膜特性的影响

利用自制多功能微弧氧化电源,在保持双极性电压脉冲幅度不变的条件下,研究了阴极电压脉冲占空比（d_c）对钛合金微弧氧化膜特性的影响.结果表明：阴、阳极的峰值电流随处理时间的变化分为几个不同阶段,各阶段的开始和结束时间与d_c密切相关.氧化膜主要由金红石和锐钛矿相TiO₂组成,金红石相TiO₂的相对含量在d_c=50%附近随d_c的 关键词： 微弧氧化 钛合金 占空比     

电源模式对镁合金微弧氧化陶瓷膜性能的影响

镁合金由于具有质轻坚固、阻尼抗震、易于回收等特点，近年来在航空、航天、交通、电子和电动工具等领域，尤其是作为汽车、笔记本电脑和3C产品壳体应用广泛。但是它的耐蚀性差严重限制了其应用，特别是铁、铜、镍重金属杂质浓度较高时。因此，必须对其进行适当的表面处理，才能使镁合金在工业生产中发挥其优良的性能。     

Ti6A14V微弧氧化涂层的生物活性

Ti6A14V材料具有优秀的机械性、耐腐蚀性、可塑性和表面氧化物的生物相容性。广泛应用于医学植入体如人造骨、人工关节和人造牙齿等。然而，钛及其合金表面自然生成的一层氧化膜是非常薄的(大约5啪)，因此需采用如微弧氧化技术、等离子体喷涂、等离子体浸没离子注入和离子束增强沉积等表面改性技术合成比较厚的氧化钛保护膜。     

钛合金微弧氧化过程中电学参量的特性研究

利用自制的数据采集系统研究了恒定电压下TC4钛合金微弧氧化(MAO)过程中有关电学参量随处理时间的变化规律. 结果表明，通电回路中的阴极和阳极峰值电流随处理时间的变化明显分为4个阶段；膜厚度随处理时间的变化明显分为3个阶段；氧化膜的动态正、反向电阻和动态正、反向电阻率也随处理时间分阶段变化. MAO过程中，各时刻的动态正、反向电阻值不同，一般情况下，动态正向电阻大于反向电阻. 对不同处理时间样品的扫描电子显微镜分析表明，MAO膜呈多孔结构并随处理时间变化.     

Ti-6Al-4V合金中片层组织形成的相场模拟

Ti-6Al-4V是典型的α+β钛合金,不同热处理制度和热加工工艺下可得到形貌各异的微观组织,从而表现出不同的力学性能,深刻理解合金中微观组织的形成机制有助于合金的进一步优化和改造.采用相场方法模拟Ti-6Al-4V合金中片层组织的形成及演化,以热力学数据库和动力学数据库为输入,通过计算定量预测β晶界上已存在初生α相时合金组织随时间的演化.结果表明,在一定条件下,随着时间的延长晶界α向β晶内生长形成片层组织,片状α簇的形貌与界面能各向异性密切相关;晶界取向对片层生长有重要作用,垂直于晶界生长时产生最密集的片层,随倾斜角增大片层加厚且生长缓慢;此外,热处理温度显著改变片层组织形貌,温度越高,片层尖端生长速度越慢,片层间距越大. 关键词： Ti-6Al-4V 相场模拟 片层组织     

Ti-6Al-4V合金方向光谱发射率特性研究

利用傅里叶红外光谱仪在温度范围为573～953 K、波长范围为3～20μm下测量Ti-6Al-4V合金在0°～84°下的方向光谱发射率,并系统研究了方向变化对其光谱发射率的影响。实验结果表明,在波长小于10.3μm的短波处,Ti-6Al-4V合金发射率在0°～84°下随角度变化呈现出类似绝缘体的特性,而在大于10.3μm的长波处,其变化呈现出类似金属的特性。该合金的光谱发射率在573～773 K范围内随温度的升高而增大,并且在0°～70°与80°～84°内随波长变化趋势相反。当Ti-6Al-4V合金氧化后,其发射率在60°时达到最大值且非金属特性在长波处随氧化时间增加越来越明显。由此可见,在不同测量角度下,温度、波长和氧化程度等因素对Ti-6Al-4V发射率的影响很大,该研究可以丰富Ti-6Al-4V合金的方向光谱发射率数据库,为辐射测温技术提供数据支持。     

电流密度对铝合金微弧氧化膜物理化学特性的影响

利用微弧氧化(MAO)技术，在LYl2铝合金上沉积了显微硬度达42.14GPa的超硬陶瓷膜.采用x射线衍射仪和显微硬度计研究了阳极电流密度j_a和阴极、阳极电流密度比j_c/j_a对MAO膜相构成和力学特性的影响.此外，利用扫描电子显微镜和恒电位仪分别对膜的微结构和抗点腐蚀特性进行了分析.结果表明，高j_a制备的膜主要含α-Al₂O₃相，低j_a制备的膜主要含γ-Al₂O₃相.显微硬度测试表明，这类膜有较高的硬度，但以j_a=15A/dm²和j_c/j_a=0.7制备的陶瓷膜硬度最高.抗点腐蚀测试表明，j_c/j_a对陶瓷膜的微结构有很强的影响. 关键词： 微弧氧化 显微硬度 电流密度 抗点腐蚀     

电学参数对胶体中工业纯钛微弧氧化膜特性的影响

利用自制多功能微弧氧化(MAO)电源对处在胶体中的工业纯钛表面进行了MAO处理,比较系统地研究了电压脉冲的峰值(U)和占空比(d)对膜层的生长特性、微观结构、相结构和处理后试样耐腐蚀性能的影响.结果表明,随着U的增加或d的加大,膜厚几乎呈线性增加,膜表面微孔尺寸和粗糙度逐渐增大,微孔密度逐渐减小.膜层主要由致密层组成,除U=450V,d=10%时制备试样的膜层中含有少量锐钛矿相TiO2外,其他试样的膜层全由金红石相TiO2组成;在30%硫酸溶液中的耐腐蚀测试表明,MAO处理后试样的耐腐蚀性能与U和d密切相关,随着U的增加或d的加大,试样的耐腐蚀能力逐渐增强.     

Growth characteristics of plasma electrolytic oxidation ceramic coatings on Ti-6Al-4V alloy

The aim of this work is to discuss the growth characteristics of the ceramic coatings on Ti alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) technique. Ceramic coatings were prepared on Ti alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation in different electrolyte solutions under different pulse modes. The composition and the structure of the coatings were investigated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The amount of the dissolved titanium into the electrolytes during PEO process was measured by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). The structure and the composition of the coatings were related to the mode of the spark discharge during PEO process. (a) Under the pulsed single-polar mode: In Na₃PO₄ solution, the spark discharge was mainly due to the breakdown of the oxide film, and the coatings prepared were porous and mainly structured by the Ti from the substrate. In K₄ZrF₆-H₃PO₄ and NaAlO₂-Na₃PO₄ solutions, the main mode of the spark discharge was the breakdown of the oxide film at the initial stage, and then changed into the breakdown of the vapor envelope, and the coatings were rough and thick, and mainly structured by the elements from the electrolyte. (b) Under the pulsed bi-polar mode in NaAlO₂-Na₃PO₄ solution, the spark discharge may be mainly due to the breakdown of the oxide film, the coatings prepared were dense in inner layer and loose in outer layer, and structured by the elements from both the substrate and the electrolyte. Besides, the ICP-AES analyses showed that the amount of the dissolved titanium in the electrolyte during PEO process was more under the breakdown of the oxide film than under the breakdown of the vapor envelope, which was consistent with the changes of the structure of the coatings. Cathode pulse in the pulsed bi-polar mode increased the amount of the dissolved titanium in the electrolyte, compared with the pulsed single-polar one.     

Investigation of Ti-6Al-4V alloy acoustic softening

High power ultrasonic vibration is widely used for improving manufacturing processes such as machining and metal forming. High frequency mechanical vibration affects material properties and friction forces in contacting surfaces. Flow stress reduction under superimposed ultrasonic vibration is called as acoustic softening. The amount of this parameter should be determined for ultrasonic assisted metal forming processes. For determination of this parameter for workhorse Ti-6Al-4V alloy, experimental setup was designed and fabricated. Then tensile test under longitudinal ultrasonic vibration was performed for different ultrasonic powers. Results show that ultrasonic vibration has considerable effect on plastic behavior of the alloy and decreases flow stress. Also, increasing ultrasonic power leads to higher acoustic softening. Yield stress reduction up to 9.52%, ultimate stress reduction up to 4.55% and elongation up to 13% were obtained at 340 W ultrasonic power. After applying ultrasonic vibrations and its termination, hardness of specimens were measured in which increase up to 9% was observed.     

Electrical discharge machining of titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V)

In this study, the electrical discharge machining (EDM) of titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) with different electrode materials namely, graphite, electrolytic copper and aluminium and process parameters such as, pulse current and pulse duration were performed to explore the influence of EDM parameters on various aspects of the surface integrity of Ti6Al4V. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectrograph (EDS) and hardness analysis were performed. The experimental results reveal that the value of material removal rate, surface roughness, electrode wear and average white layer thickness are tendency of increase with increasing current density and pulse duration. However, extremely long-pulse durations such as 200 μs led to decrease MRR and surface roughness. Furthermore, the surface hardness is increasing due to the Ti₂₄C₁₅ carbides formed on the surface and obvious cracks are always evident in re-solidified layer when machining copper electrode. The surface crack densities and critical crack lines were determined for the tested material. The graphite electrode is beneficial on material removal rate, electrode wear and surface crack density but relatively poorer surface finish.     

Laser gas-assisted processing of carbon coated and TiC embedded Ti-6Al-4V alloy surface

Laser gas-assisted treatment of Ti-6Al-4V alloy surface is carried out. The alloy surface is initially coated by a carbon layer, in which the TiC particles are embedded prior to laser processing of the surface. The carbon coating with the presence of TiC particles on the workpiece surface is expected to result in carbonitride compound in the surface vicinity after the laser treatment process. Optical and scanning electron microscopes are used to examine the morphological and the metallurgical changes in the laser treated layer. The residual stress formed in the surface region after the laser treatment process is critical for the practical applications of the resulting surface. Therefore, the residual stress formed in the laser treated region is predicted from the analytically equation. The X-ray diffraction technique is incorporated to obtain the residual stress formed in the surface region. It is found that the residual stress predicted agrees with the X-ray diffraction data. The dense structures consisting of TiC_xN_1−x, TiN_x, Ti₂N, and TiC compounds are formed in the surface region of the treated layer. This, in turn, significantly increases the microhardness at the surface.     

Preparation and properties of titanium oxide film on NiTi alloy by micro-arc oxidation

Titanium oxide ceramic coatings were prepared by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) in galvanostatic regime on biomedical NiTi alloy in H₃PO₄ electrolyte using DC power supply. The surface of the coating exhibited a typical MAO porous and rough structure. The XPS analysis indicated that the coatings were mainly consisted of O, Ti, P, and a little amount of Ni, and the concentration of Ni was greatly reduced compared to that of the NiTi substrate. The TF-XRD analysis revealed that MAO coating was composed of amorphous titanium oxide. The coatings were tightly adhesive to the substrates with the bonding strength more than 45 MPa, which was suitable for medical applications. The curves of potentiodynamic porlarization indicated that the corrosion resistance of NiTi alloy was significantly improved due to titanium oxide formation on NiTi alloy by MAO.     

Experimental investigation and metallographic characterization of fiber laser beam welding of Ti-6Al-4V alloy using response surface method

In the present study, experimental investigations of fiber-laser-beam-welding of 5 mm thick Ti-6Al-4V alloy are carried out based on statistical design of experiments. The relationship between the process parameters such as welding power, welding speed, and defocused position of the laser beam with the output responses such as width of the fusion zone, size of the heat affected zone, and fusion zone area are established in terms of regression models. Also, the most significant process parameters and their optimum ranges are identified and their percentage contributions on output responses are calculated. It is observed that welding power and speed plays the major role for full penetration welding. Also, welding power shows direct effect whereas welding speed shows the inverse effect on the output responses. The bead geometry is influenced by the defocused position of the laser beam due to the change in power density on the workpiece surface. However, overall fusion zone area is unaffected. Mechanical characterization of the welded samples such as microstructural analysis, hardness, and tensile tests are conducted. It is noticed that the hardness value of the FZ is higher than the HAZ and BM zone due to the difference in cooling rate during welding which promotes the formation of α′ martensitic phase in the FZ. Also, an average hardness value in the FZ is compared for two different defocusing positions (i.e. 1 and 2 mm). It is found that hardness value is higher for 1 mm defocused position than 2 mm due the decrement in grain size below a critical range at 2 mm defocused position. The ultimate tensile strength and % elongation of the welded samples are degraded as compared to BM which can be further improved by post heat treatment.     

Effect of microarc oxidation coating on fatigue performance of Ti-Al-Zr alloy

Ceramic coatings of different thickness were fabricated on Ti6Al2Zr1Mo1V alloy by microarc oxidation (MAO), and the effect of the coating on fatigue life was evaluated by 810 Material Test System. The microstructure, phase and chemical composition of the coatings were determined by SEM, XRD and EDS techniques. The coating mainly consists of rutile and a small amount of anatase TiO₂. With oxidation time ranging from 10 to 30 min, the coating thickness increases from 13 to 25 μm, while the interface between coating and substrate becomes more zigzag, characterized by increasing overgrowth regions of coating into substrate. Under the same cyclic stress of 750 MPa, the fatigue life decreases from 2.08 × 10⁶ cycles for uncoated specimen to about 3 × 10⁴ cycles for microarc oxidized specimen. Under the cyclic stress, the thicker the coating, the more cracks initiate in the overgrowth regions of coating into substrate near the interface, which are considered as the notch sites of stress concentration to induce the crack initiation, also is the key factor to cause the facture.     

Effect of nonuniform size distribution of submicrocrystalline structure elements on the mechanical properties of an alloy Ti-6Al-4V

The effect of nonuniform size distribution of grain-subgrain structure elements on the mechanical properties of an alloy Ti-6Al-4V in a submicrocrystalline state produced by multiple pressing is investigated. The presence of a small number of coarse grains in the grain size distribution is shown to decrease the yield and ultimate strength at room temperature and the degree of fracture strain under superplastic flow conditions. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 7, pp. 8–11, July, 2008.     

Ti6Al4V合金表面激光沉积复合涂层的组织和性能

为了增强Ti6Al4V钛合金的耐磨性,采用激光沉积制造方法在其表面上制备了以原位生成的TiC颗粒和直接添加的WC颗粒为增强相的耐磨涂层,观察了各涂层的微观组织,并测量了涂层的显微硬度和涂层在室温大气条件下的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明各涂层和基体呈现冶金结合,原位自生的TiC和部分熔化的WC颗粒均能够均匀弥散分布于基体上,由于增强相颗粒的弥散强化及激光沉积组织的细晶强化作用,基材的硬度和耐磨性均得到了提高。原位自生的TiC涂层比WC涂层硬度梯度分布平缓,但耐磨性稍差。