Free torsional vibration of cracked nanobeams incorporating surface energy effects

This paper investigates surface energy effects, including the surface shear modulus, the surface stress, and the surface density, on the free torsional vibration of nanobeams with a circumferential crack and various boundary conditions. To formulate the problem, the surface elasticity theory is used. The cracked nanobeam is modeled by dividing it into two parts connected by a torsional linear spring in which its stiffness is related to the crack severity. Governing equations and corresponding boundary conditions are derived with the aid of Hamilton's principle. Then, natural frequencies are obtained analytically, and the influence of the crack severity and position, the surface energy, the boundary conditions, the mode number, and the dimensions of nanobeam on the free torsional vibration of nanobeams is studied in detail. Results of the present study reveal that the surface energy has completely different effects on the free torsional vibration of cracked nanobeams compared with its effects on the free transverse vibration of cracked nanobeams.     

Free flapewise vibration analysis of rotating double-tapered Timoshenko beams

Free vibration analysis of a rotating double-tapered Timoshenko beam undergoing flapwise transverse vibration is presented. Using an assumed mode method, the governing equations of motion are derived from the kinetic and potential energy expressions which are derived from a set of hybrid deformation variables. These equations of motion are then transformed into dimensionless forms using a set of dimensionless parameters, such as the hub radius ratio, the dimensionless angular speed ratio, the slenderness ratio, and the height and width taper ratios, etc. The natural frequencies and mode shapes are then determined from these dimensionless equations of motion. The effects of the dimensionless parameters on the natural frequencies and modal characteristics of a rotating double-tapered Timoshenko beam are numerically studied through numerical examples. The tuned angular speed of the rotating double-tapered Timoshenko beam is then investigated.     

Free vibration of axially loaded thin-walled composite Timoshenko beams

Based on shear-deformable beam theory, free vibration of thin-walled composite Timoshenko beams with arbitrary layups under a constant axial force is presented. This model accounts for all the structural coupling coming from material anisotropy. Governing equations for flexural-torsional-shearing coupled vibrations are derived from Hamilton’s principle. The resulting coupling is referred to as sixfold coupled vibrations. A displacement-based one-dimensional finite element model is developed to solve the problem. Numerical results are obtained for thin-walled composite beams to investigate the effects of shear deformation, axial force, fiber angle, modulus ratio on the natural frequencies, corresponding vibration mode shapes and load–frequency interaction curves.     

Surface and thermal effects on vibration of embedded alumina nanobeams based on novel Timoshenko beam model

This paper deals with the free vibration analysis of circular alumina （Al2O3） nanobeams in the presence of surface and thermal effects resting on a Pasternak foun- dation. The system of motion equations is derived using Hamilton＇s principle under the assumptions of the classical Timoshenko beam theory. The effects of the transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia are also considered within the framework of the mentioned theory. The separation of variables approach is employed to discretize the governing equa- tions which are then solved by an analytical method to obtain the natural frequencies of the alumina nanobeams. The results show that the surface effects lead to an increase in the natural frequency of nanobeams as compared with the classical Timoshenko beam model. In addition, for nanobeams with large diameters, the surface effects may increase the natural frequencies by increasing the thermal effects. Moreover, with regard to the Pasternak elastic foundation, the natural frequencies are increased slightly. The results of the present model are compared with the literature, showing that the present model can capture correctly the surface effects in thermal vibration of nanobeams.     

多孔功能梯度材料Timoshenko梁的自由振动分析

基于Timoshenko梁理论研究多孔功能梯度材料梁(FGMs)的自由振动问题.首先,考虑多孔功能梯度材料梁的孔隙率模型,建立了两种类型的孔隙分布.其次,基于Timoshenko梁变形理论,给出位移场方程、几何方程和本构方程,利用Hamilton原理推导多孔功能梯度材料梁的自由振动控制微分方程,并进行无量纲化,然后应用微分变换法(DTM)对无量纲控制微分方程及其边界条件进行变换,得到含有固有频率的等价代数特征方程.最后,计算了固定-固定(C-C)、固定-简支(C-S)和简支-简支(S-S)三种不同边界下多孔功能梯度材料梁自由振动的无量纲固有频率.将其退化为均匀材料与已有文献数据结果对照,验证了正确性.讨论了孔隙率、细长比和梯度指数对多孔功能梯度材料梁无量纲固有频率的影响.     

Free vibration analysis of rotating composite Timoshenko beams with bending-torsion couplings

Meccanica - The free vibration of rotating bending-torsional composite Timoshenko beams (CTBs) with arbitrary boundary conditions is analyzed. The composite material coupled rigidity, Coriolis...     

Free vibration of axially loaded,rotating Timoshenko shaft systems by the wave-train closure principle

A systematic approach for the free vibration analysis of a rotating Timoshenko shaft system subjected to axial forces is presented in this paper. The system has multiple point discontinuities such as elastic supports, rotor masses, and cross-sectional changes. Wave reflection and transmission matrices are employed to characterize the wave motions between the sub-spans of the shaft system. These matrices are combined with the field transfer matrices expressed in wave forms to obtain the characteristic equation in a straightforward manner. The solutions are exact since effects of attenuating wave components are included in the formulation. The wave propagation-based matrix algebra leads to recursive algorithms which are suitable for computer coding. Three examples are presented to illustrate the numerical procedure.     

Bending of functionally graded nanobeams incorporating surface effects based on Timoshenko beam model

The bending responses of functionally graded(FG) nanobeams with simply supported edges are investigated based on Timoshenko beam theory in this article. The Gurtin-Murdoch surface elasticity theory is adopted to analyze the influences of surface stress on bending response of FG nanobeam. The material properties are assumed to vary along the thickness of FG nanobeam in power law. The bending governing equations are derived by using the minimum total potential energy principle and explicit formulas are derived for rotation angle and deflection of nanobeams with surface effects. Illustrative examples are implemented to give the bending deformation of FG nanobeam. The influences of the aspect ratio, gradient index, and surface stress on dimensionless deflection are discussed in detail.     

In-Plane vibration of Timoshenko arcs with variable cross-section

Summary This paper studies in-plane vibrations of Timoshenko arcs with variable cross-section by the transfer matrix approach. For this purpose, the equations governing the in-plane vibration of the arcs are written in a coupled set of first-order differential equations by use of the transfer matrix. Once the transfer matrix has been determined by numerical integration of the equations, the natural frequencies (the eigenvalues) and the mode shapes are calculated in terms of the elements of the matrix for a given set of boundary conditions. This method is applied to arcs with linearly, parabolically and exponentially varying cross-section, and the effects of the varying cross-section and slenderness on the free vibrations of the arcs are studied.

---

Übersicht Diese Abhandlung untersucht die ebenen Schwingungen von Timoshenkoskreisbogenträgern mit veränderlichem Querschnitt mit Hilfe einer Transfermatrix-Methode. Zu diesem Zweck werden die linearen Differentialgleichungen, die die ebenen Schwingungen der Kreisbogenträger beherrschen, durch Anwendung einer Transfermatrix umgeschrieben. Sobald die Transfermatrix durch numerische Integration der Gleichungen bestimmt ist, lassen sich die Eigenwerte und Schwingungsformen aus den Matrixelementen für beliebige Randbedingungen berechnen. Diese Methode wird auf die Analyse von Kreisbogenträgern mit linear, parabolisch und exponentiell veränderlichen Querschnitt angewandt. Die Einwirkungen des veränderlichen Querschnittes und der Schlankheit der Kreisbogentr äger auf die freien Schwingungen werden diskutiert.

     

On the vibration of laminated nonhomogeneous orthotropic shells

In this paper, an analytical procedure is given to study the free vibration of the laminated homogeneous and non-homogeneous orthotropic conical shells with freely supported edges. The basic relations, the modified Donnell type motion and compatibility equations have been derived for laminated orthotropic truncated conical shells with variable Young’s moduli and densities in the thickness direction of the layers. By applying the Galerkin method, to the basic equations, the expressions for the dimensionless frequency parameter of the laminated homogeneous and non-homogeneous orthotropic truncated conical shells are obtained. The appropriate formulas for the single-layer and laminated complete conical and cylindrical shells made of homogeneous and non-homogeneous, orthotropic and isotropic materials are found as a special case. Finally, the influences of the non-homogeneity, the number and ordering of layers and the variations of the conical shell characteristics on the dimensionless frequency parameter are investigated. The results obtained for homogeneous cases are compared with their counterparts in the literature.     

Analytical solutions for thermal vibration of nanobeams with elastic boundary conditions

A nonlocal Euler beam model with second-order gradient of stress taken into consideration is used to study the thermal vibration of nanobeams with elastic boundary.An analytical solution is proposed to investigate the free vibration of nonlocal Euler beams subjected to axial thermal stress.The effects of the nonlocal parameter,thermal stress and stiffness of boundary constraint on the vibration behaviors of nanobeams are revealed.The results show that natural frequencies including the thermal stress are lower than those without the thermal stress when temperature rises.The boundary-constrained springs have significant effects on the vibration of nanobeams.In addition,numerical simulations also indicate the importance of small-scale effect on the vibration of nanobeams.     

Flapwise bending vibration analysis of a rotating double-tapered Timoshenko beam

In this study, free vibration analysis of a rotating, double-tapered Timoshenko beam that undergoes flapwise bending vibration is performed. At the beginning of the study, the kinetic- and potential energy expressions of this beam model are derived using several explanatory tables and figures. In the following section, Hamilton’s principle is applied to the derived energy expressions to obtain the governing differential equations of motion and the boundary conditions. The parameters for the hub radius, rotational speed, shear deformation, slenderness ratio, and taper ratios are incorporated into the equations of motion. In the solution, an efficient mathematical technique, called the differential transform method (DTM), is used to solve the governing differential equations of motion. Using the computer package Mathematica the effects of the incorporated parameters on the natural frequencies are investigated and the results are tabulated in several tables and graphics.     

基于无网格法的Timoshenko曲梁动力分析

曲梁具有外形美观、受力性能良好的优点,故在工程中得到广泛应用。本文基于移动最小二乘近似和一阶剪切变形理论,提出一种对Timoshenko曲梁自由振动和受迫振动进行分析的无网格方法。通过一系列离散点离散曲梁,建立曲梁无网格模型,然后推导曲梁势能和动能方程,通过哈密顿原理给出曲梁自由振动和受迫振动的控制方程,因为本文方法不能直接施加边界条件,所以使用完全转换法处理本质边界条件,最后求解方程得到频率和振动模态。文末通过算例验证了本文方法的有效性,且通过收敛性分析表明本文方法具有较好的收敛性,并进一步分析了不同边界条件、跨高比和变截面变曲率对曲梁自由振动和受迫振动的影响,将计算结果与文献解或ABAQUS解进行对比分析,表明本文方法具有较高的精度,且适用于实际工程情况。     

Free vibration analysis of axially functionally graded tapered Timoshenko beams using differential transformation element method and differential quadrature element method of lowest-order

The present paper investigates the free vibration characteristics of Timoshenko beams whose cross-sectional profile and material properties vary along the beam axis with any arbitrary functions. Free vibration analysis of these beams is carried out through solving the governing differential equations of motion. Since the application of differential transformation method (DTM) does not necessarily converge to satisfactory results, an element-based differential transformation method, namely differential transformation element method (DTEM), is introduced which significantly enhances the accuracy of the results. Furthermore, differential quadrature element of the lowest order (DQEL) is introduced which is based on differential quadrature element method (DQEM). DQEL formulates the problem on the basis of the interpolation of the first differential of the functions; therefore, in contrast with DQEM higher differentials of functions are not employed in DQEL. The competency of DQEL and DTEM in free vibration analysis is verified through several numerical examples. The effects of taper ratio and material non-homogeneity on natural frequencies are investigated.     

Coupling of bending and torsional vibration of a cracked Timoshenko shaft

Summary A transverse surface crack is known to add to the shaft a local flexibility due to the stress-strain singularity in the vicinity of the crack tip. This flexibility can be represented by way of a 6 × 6 matrix describing the local flexibility in a short shaft element which includes the crack. This matrix has off-diagonal terms which cause coupling of motion along the directions which are indicated by the off-diagonal terms. Not all motions are coupled, however. To study the coupling of torsion and shear, a 3 × 3 flexibility matrix is used which includes the appropriate terms. Due to the shear terms of the Timoshenko beam equation of the shaft, bending vibration is finally coupled to torsional vibration. This effect is the subject of this investigation, which is of particular importance in turbomachinery operation. The equations of motion of a Timoshenko beam shaft with three degrees of freedom are derived. The free vibration of the shaft and the influence of the crack on the vibrational behaviour of the shaft is studied. The relation of the eigenvalues of the system, to the crack depth and the slenderness ratio of the shaft is derived. Moreover forced vibration analysis of the cracked shaft is performed. The significant influence of the bending vibration on the torsional vibration spectrum, and vice-versa, is demonstrated. It is believed that this effect can be very useful for rotor crack identification in service, which is of importance to turbomachinery.

---

Kopplung zwischen Biege- und Torsionsschwingungen einer Welle Tom Timoshenko-Balkentyp mit Riß

Übersicht Bekanntlich verringert ein von der Oberfläche in den Querschnitt reichender Riß infolge der Spannungs- und Verzerrungssingularität an der Rißspitze örtlich die Steifigkeit einer Welle. Dies kann mit Hilfe einer 6 × 6-Nachgiebigkeitsmatrix für ein kurzes Wellenstück, das den Riß enthält, beschrieben werden. Die Matrix enthält Elemente außerhalb der Diagonalen, wodurch eine Kopplung der Bewegungen in die Richtungen erfolgt, welche das Element anzeigt. Nicht alle Bewegungen sind dabei verknüpft. Zur Untersuchung der Kopplung von Torsion und Querschub wird eine 3 × 3-Nachgiebigkeitsmatrix benutzt, die die betreffenden Elemente enthält. Infolge der Querkraft-Terme in der Timoshenko-Balkengleichung werden letztendlich Biegef- und Torsionsschwingungen gekoppelt. Dieser Effekt ist Gegenstand der Untersuchung. Die Bewegungsgleichungen eines Timoshenko-Balkens mit 3 Freiheitsgraden werden hergeleitet. Die freien Schwingungen der Welle und der Einfluß des Risses auf das Schwingungsverhalten werden untersucht. Die Beziehungen zwischen Eigenformen, Rißtiefe und Schlankheitsgrad der Welle werden hergeleitet. Darüber hinaus werden erzwungene Schwingungen der angerissenen Welle untersucht. Der deutliche Einfluß der Biegeschwingung auf das Spektrum der Torsionsschwingung und umgekehrt wird aufgezeigt. Dieser Effekt ist bei Turbomaschinen bedeutsam, da er für die Identifizierung von Rotorrissen beim Betrieb nützlich sein müßte.

     

阶梯式Timoshenko梁自由振动的DCE解

本文基于微分容积法和区域叠加技术提出了微分容积单元法（Differential Cubature Element method，以下简称DCE方法），并用之求解阶梯式变截面Timoshenko梁的自由振动问题。根据梁的变截面情况将其划分为几个单元，在每个单元内应用微分容积法将梁的控制微分方程和边界约束方程离散成为一组关于该单元内配点位移的线性代数方程组，将这些方程组写在一起并在各单元之间应用连续性条件和平衡条件得到一组关于整个域内各点位移的齐次线性代数方程组，这是一广义特征值问题，由子空间迭代法求解该特征问题便可求得系统的自振动频率。数值算例表明，本方法能稳定收敛、并有较高的数值精度和计算效率。     

Analytical test functions for free vibration analysis of rotating non-homogeneous Timoshenko beams

In this paper, the governing equations for free vibration of a non-homogeneous rotating Timoshenko beam, having uniform cross-section, is studied using an inverse problem approach, for both cantilever and pinned-free boundary conditions. The bending displacement and the rotation due to bending are assumed to be simple polynomials which satisfy all four boundary conditions. It is found that for certain polynomial variations of the material mass density, elastic modulus and shear modulus, along the length of the beam, the assumed polynomials serve as simple closed form solutions to the coupled second order governing differential equations with variable coefficients. It is found that there are an infinite number of analytical polynomial functions possible for material mass density, shear modulus and elastic modulus distributions, which share the same frequency and mode shape for a particular mode. The derived results are intended to serve as benchmark solutions for testing approximate or numerical methods used for the vibration analysis of rotating non-homogeneous Timoshenko beams.