有机过氧化物-芳叔胺体系引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合的研究

以过氧化二酰(BPO、LPO)或有机过氧化氢物(TBH、CHP)和芳叔胺如DMA或对位具有不同取代基的衍生物组成的引发体系进行MMA聚合,研究过氧化物与胺的结构对聚合的影响。结果表明,过氧化二酰的活性要比有机过氧化氢物大,其顺序为BPO>LPO>CHP>TBH。对于BPO-芳叔胺或LPO-芳叔胺体系,芳叔胺中给电子取代基能提高聚合速度,而吸电子取代基能降低聚合速度。测定了MMA聚合的总活化能E_α,BPO-芳叔胺体系时E_α=36-54kJ/mole,LPO-芳叔胺体系时E_α=56-71kJ/mole;还研究聚合动力学。     

有机过氧化物与二元叔胺引发体系的研究

<正> 过氧化苯甲酰(BPO)引发烯类单体的聚合,可以添加芳叔胺N,N-二甲苯胺、N,N-二甲基对甲苯胺(DMT)促进BPO的分解而提高聚合速度。关于有机过氧化物与多元胺体系的研究,虽然有一些报道,但主要是多元伯胺或仲胺的体系,如异丙苯过氧化氢(CHP)与四亚乙基五胺或与二亚乙基三胺体系。本文采用BPO、LPO(过     

有机过氧化物与N-甲基-N-2-羟乙基苯胺引发体系的研究

 测定了有机过氧化物与N-甲基-N-2-羟乙基苯胺(HMA)体系引发MMA聚合的动力学方程和聚合表现活化能。由过氧化物/HMA/MNP的ESR波谱证实芳叔胺HMA中,与氮原子相连的亚甲基的氢被摘去形成相应的碳自由基,它能引发单体聚合成为聚合物的端基。这也由聚合物的UV光谱所证实,由实验结果提出这类体系的引发机理。     

有机过氧化物与N-甲基-N-2-羟乙基苯胺引发体系的研究

测定了有机过氧化物与N-甲基-N-2-羟乙基苯胺(HMA)体系引发MMA聚合的动力学方程和聚合表现活化能。由过氧化物/HMA/MNP的ESR波谱证实芳叔胺HMA中,与氮原子相连的亚甲基的氢被摘去形成相应的碳自由基,它能引发单体聚合成为聚合物的端基。这也由聚合物的UV光谱所证实,由实验结果提出这类体系的引发机理。     

有机过氧化氢物与芳叔胺体系引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合的研究

以有机过氧化氢物叔丁基过氧化氢(TBH)或异丙苯过氧化氢(CHP)与芳叔胺N,N-二甲基苯胺(DMA)或其衍生物组成的体系引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)聚合。研究有机过氧化氢物与芳叔胺结构对聚合的影响,测定了TBH-胺与CHP-胺体系引发MMA聚合的总活化能分别为50-57KJ/mol与39-62KJ/mol,并对CHP-DMT(N,N-二甲基对甲苯胺)引发MMA聚合动力学以及有关引发聚合机理进行了研究。     

STUDIES ON THE ORGANIC PEROXIDE-DITERTIARY AMINE INITIATION SYSTEMS

Radical polperization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated with organic peroxide-ditertiaryamine binary systems was studied. Benzoyl peroxide (BPO), lauroyl peroxide (LPO), t-butyl hydro-peroxide (TBH), and t-butyl peroxybenzoate (TBPB) were used as organic peroxide components,aromatic ditertiay amine 4, 4′-tetramethyldiaminodiphenylmethane (TMDAPM) an d aliphatic di-tertiary amine tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) were used as amine components. The polymeri-zation rate R_P, the overall activation energy of polymerization E_a, the rate equation of MMA poly-merization, and the end group of polymer formed were determined.     

SYNTHESIS AND POLYMERIZATION OF ALIPHATIC TERTIARY AMINO-GROUP N-SUBSTITUTED ACRYLAMIDES

Aliphatic tertiary amino-group N-substituted acrylamides, N-acryl-N′-methylpiperazine (AMP)and N-methacryl-N′-methylpiperazine (MAMP) were synthesized directly from N-methylpiperazinewith corresponding acryloyl chlorides and characterized by elementary analysis of their picrates,~1H-NMR, IR and MS. AMP did not polymerize with benzoyl peroxide (BPO), but could poly-merize with lauroyl peroxide (LPO). The rate equation of the polymerization was given as R_P=K_P [AMP]~(1.5)[LPO]~(0.5) and the overall activation energy of this polymerization system was 10.8Kcal/mol. The redox nature of LPO with the monomer itself was suggested. Even though AMP and MAMP hardly proceed the polymerization initiated with BPO, butunder lower concentration would form redox system with BPO to initiate the polymerization of MMAreadily. The rate equation of the polymerization of MMA initiated with MAMP-BPO systemwas given as R_P=K_P [MMA] [MAMP}~(0.5) [BPO]~(0.5) and the overall activation energy was 10.2Kcal/mol. The analysis of the obtained polymers confirmed that MAMP not only initiated the poly-merization of MMA by combining with BPO, but also took part in the polymer chains impartingthem with better biocompatibility.     

有机过氧化物与N,N-二(2-羟烷基)对甲苯胺体系引发烯类聚合及其机理的研究

研究了有机过氧化物BPO,LPO分别与N,N-二(2-羟烷基)对甲苯胺DHET,DHPT组成的体系引发MMA的聚合。测定其聚合速度R_p,聚合表观活化能,聚合速度方程,聚合放热过程的温度与时间的关系。用自旋捕捉和ESR波谱技术,测定了上述体系反应产生的自由基中间体,同时通过聚合物端基分析证实DHET,DHPT组份产生的自由基能引发单体聚合。依据实验结果提出了这类体系的引发机理。     

STUDIES ON ORGANIC PEROXIDE/N, NDI (2-α-METHYL-ACRYLOYLOXY PROPYL)-PARA-TOLUIDINE BINARY SYSTEMS

The polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated by organic peroxide and polymerizable aromatic tertiary amine such as N, N-di (2-α-methylacryloyloxy propyl)-p-toluidine (MP)_2PT binary system has been studied. It was found that the (MP)_2PT promotes MMA polymerization, and the kinetics of MMA polymerization fits the radical polymerization rate equation. Based on the ESR studies and the end-group analysis the initiation mechanism is proposed.     

Effect of thiourea on the radical polymerization of vinyl monomers. Part III. Effect of diphenyl thiourea on the polymerization of methyl methacrylate with various organic peroxides as initiator

The effect of diphenyl thiourea (DPTU) on the radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) has been studied in benzene solution at 50°C. with the use of cumene hydroperoxide (CHP), p-menthane hydroperoxide (PMHP), tert-butyl perbenzoate (tBPBz), di-tert-butyl peroxide (DBP), and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as initiators. In the CHP-initiated polymerization, the rate of polymerization increased appreciably on addition of DPTU with a linear dependence on the square root of DPTU concentration up to a maximum which was observed when the ratio of the concentration of CHP to DPTU was 2.5. Then the rate decreased gradually with increasing DPTU concentration in the range greater than the above ratio. It was found from kinetic studied that the overall polymerization rate R_p was expressed by the equation: R_p = K[peroxide]^1/2 [DPTU]^1/2[MMA], where K is the rate constant, α = 1.2 for CHP and α = 1.0 for tBPBz. It was thought that the acceleration effect observed was due to a redox reaction caused by the interaction of a peroxide–monomer and/or a peroxide–solvent complex with DPTU, and the decrease in the polymerization rate which was observed over a certain concentration of DPTU was due to the action of the oxidized product of DPTU as a transfer agent. The effect of substituents was studied by using para and meta-substituted DPTU. It was found that the polymerization rate increased as electron-donating substituents are added to the benzene ring of DPTU with considerable dependence on Hammett's equation (p = ?0.36). The acceleration effect is also observed for PMPH-and tBPBz-initiated polymerizations, whereas the DCP- and DBP-initiated systems show no effects on the polymerization rate.     

过氧化二碳酸酯和N N-二羟烷基对甲苯胺体系引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合

本文以过氧化二碳酸酯BPPD和芳叔胺DHET、DHPT、DMT、DMA组成的引发体系进行MMA聚合的研究。测定了聚合速率R_p,发现添加DHET、DHPT能促进MMA的聚合,缩短诱导期,提高R_p,其效果要比DMT、DMA为好。测定了E₃和聚合速率方程。由ESR谱和端基分析证实DHET、DHPT芳胺组分产生的自由基能引发单体聚合。     

Radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by an enolizable ketone–carbon black system

The polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated by an enolizable ketone (R₁? CO? CH₂? CO? R₂)-carbon black system was investigated. Although enolizable ketone itself could not do so, the polymerization of MMA was initiated by enolizable ketone in the presence of carbon black. In addition, a chloranil-enolizable ketone system was able to initiate the polymerization of MMA. It was found that the enol form of the ketone and quinonic oxygen groups on the carbon black surface played an important role in the initiation system; namely, it was considered that the polymerization was begun by the ketone radical (R₁? CO? CH? CO? R₂) formed by a one-electron transfer reaction from enolate ion to quinonic oxygen groups. The effect of solvent on the process was also studied. The rate of the polymerization increased, depending on the solvent used, in the following order: benzene < 1,4-dioxane < dimethyl sulfoxide < N,N-dimethylformamide < N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Furthermore, it became apparent that during the polymerization poly(methyl methacrylate) was grafted onto the carbon black surface (grafting ratio was ca. 40% when benzene was used as solvent) and the carbon black obtained gave a stable colloidal dispersion in organic solvent.     

Photopolymerization of methyl methacrylate with azo-containing polydimethylsiloxane as photoinitiator: Effect of siloxane chain length

The kinetics of the free radical photopolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated by azo-containing polydimethylsiloxane (PSMAI) and azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) was investigated. The greater polymerization rate R_p in MMA/PSMAI systems may be due to the higher value of the initiation rate R_i and the lower value of the termination rate constant k_t than that in MMA/AIBN system. The reaction orders with respect to initiators PSMAI decreased with an increase in polydimethylsiloxane chain length (SCL) in PSMAI. The observed deviations in polymerization rate from rate equation could be explained in terms of primary radical termination. The photoinitiator efficiency Φ of initiators decreased with increase in SCL, while the ratio of the rate constants for chain termination and chain initiation by primary radical increased with SCL. The fraction β of primary radicals entering into termination in MMA/PSMAI systems were larger than that in MMA/AIBN system. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Effect of triphenyl phosphite on the radical polymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate

The effects of triphenyl phosphite (TPP) on the radical polymerization of styrene (St) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated with α,α,-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) was investigated at 50°C. The rate of polymerization of St and MMA at a constant concentration of TPP was found to be proportional to the monomer concentration and the square root of the initiator concentration. The rate of polymerization and the degree of polymerization of both St and MMA increased with increasing TPP concentration. The accelerating effect was shown to be due to the decrease of the termination rate constant k_t with an increase in the viscosity of the polymerization systems. The chain transfer constant C_tr of TPP in St and MMA systems was determined from the degree of polymerization system. The C_tr of TPP was almost zero in the St system and 6.5 × 10^?5 in the MMA system.     

胺对有机过氧化物引发聚合的影响

<正> 有机过氧化物引发烯类单体的聚合,可以加入芳叔胺促进过氧化物的分解,提高聚合速度。其中最常用的芳叔胺有N,N-二甲苯胺(DMA)、N,N-二甲基对甲苯胺(DMT),本文采用过氧化二苯甲酰(BPO)、过氧化二月桂酰(LPO)、叔丁基过氧化氢(TBH)和过氧化苯甲酸叔丁酯(TBPB)四种过氧化物为引发剂进行甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)的本体聚合,测得其聚合速度R_p的顺序为LPO>BPO>TBH>TBPB,但在添加芳叔胺DMT或脂环叔胺N-乙基哌啶(NEP)时,则聚合速度的顺序变为BPO-胺>LPO-胺>TBH-胺>TBPB-胺。添加这两种叔胺虽然都能促进聚合,但只对BPO引发剂有显著的影响,研究结果如下:     

Synthesis and characterization of linear ABC triblock copolymer of ethylene oxide,methyl methacrylate,and styrene

A well‐defined linear ABC triblock copolymer of ethylene oxide (EO), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and styrene (St) was prepared by sequential living anionic and photo‐induced charge transfer polymerization (CTP) using p‐aminophenol as parent compound. In the first step, the diblock copolymer of PEO‐b‐PMMA with a protected aniline end group at PEO end was prepared by initiating of phenoxo‐anion the polymerization of EO and MMA successively, then the diblock copolymer of PEO‐b‐PMMA via deprotection of aniline at PEO end constituted a binary initiation system with benzophenone (BP) by charge transfer complex mechanism to initiate the polymerization of St under UV‐irradiation. The GPC and NMR measurements support that in copolymerization, either in the first or second step, neither homopolymer nor side reactions, such as chain transfer or chain termination, was found. The effect of the concentration of PEO_a‐b‐PMMA and St, and the polarity of solvent on the polymerization rate (R_p) of CTP is discussed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 825–833, 1999     

THE EFFECTS OF HINDERED AMINES ON METHYL METHACRYLATE POLYMERIZATION

The effects of hindered amines, such as TMP, TMPM, TUV-770, on MMA and St homopoly-merization have been studied. It was found that in the MMA polymerization initiated with BPO orAIBN, the presence of TMPM, TUV-770 prolonged the induction period and a little change on R_p wasobserved. However, in the presence of TMP R_p increased slightly. The activation energy of poly-merization and polymerization rate equation were determined.     

Studies on Polymerization of Vinyl Compounds Initiated by Metal Chelate III. Accelerating Effect of Aniline on the Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate Initiated by Nickel Chelate of β-Diketone

Aniline markedly accelerated polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by metal chelates of β-diketones. The kinetic studies of the polymerizaion of methyl methacrylate initiated by Ni (II) acetyl acetonate in the presence of aniline yielded R_p=[I]^0.55 [A]^0.66 [M]^1.87. The polymerization was of free radical in character. The accelerating effect of aniline was attributed to its reduction activation of the chelate. The activation energy for the overall polymerization was 21.3Kcal/mole, which yielded 33.4Kcal/mole for the activation energy for the initiation.     

STUDIES ON METHYL METHACRYLATE POLYMERIZATION INITIATED WITH PIPERIDINE DERIVATIVES AND ORGANIC PEROXIDE SYSTEMS

The polymerization of methyl methacrylate(MMA) initiated with piperidine derivatives,such as,piperidine(P),2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxyl piperidine(TMP),N-ethyl iperidine(NEP),1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-hydroxyl piperidine(PMP),and organic peroxides,such as,benzoyl peroxide(BPO),lauryl peroxide(LPO),f-butyl hydroperoxide (TBH),t-butyl peroxybenzoate(TBPB) systems was studied and discussed in this paper.The polymerization rate equation and the activation energy of polymerization were determined respectively.     

Vinyl polymerization with a binary system of p‐chlorobenzenediazonium salt and sodium tetraphenylborate

A combined system of sodium tetraphenylborate (STPB) and p‐chlorobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate (CDF) serves as an effective initiator at low temperatures for acrylate monomers such as methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethyl acrylate, and di‐2‐ethylhexyl itaconate. The polymerization of MMA with the STPB/CDF system has been kinetically investigated in acetone. The polymerization shows a low overall activation energy of 60.3 kJ/mol. The polymerization rate (R_p) at 40 °C is given by R_p = k[STPB/CDF]^0.5[MMA]^1.6, when the molar ratio of STPB to CDF is kept constant at unity, suggesting that STPB and CDF form a complex with a large stability constant and play an important role in initiation and that MMA participates in the initiation process. From the results of a spin trapping study, p‐chlorophenyl and phenyl radicals are presumed to be generated in the polymerization system. A plausible initiation mechanism is proposed on the basis of kinetic and electron spin resonance results. A large solvent effect on the polymerization can be observed. The largest R_p value in dimethyl sulfoxide is 11 times the smallest value in N,N‐dimethylformamide. The copolymerization of MMA and styrene with the STPB/CDF system gives results somewhat different from those of conventional radical copolymerization. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 4206–4213, 2001