温度对空间用氢镍电池电化学性能的影响

以60 Ah氢镍电池为研究对象,研究了温度对电池电性能的影响. 结果表明,电池的放电容量、过充电率随着温度均呈先升后降趋势,最高放电容量可达63.68 Ah（-5 ^oC）,电池的适合涓流值及3天自放电率随着温度的升高呈增加趋势,电池的放电容量、过充电率、适合涓流值和自放电率与环境温度之间有近似的代数公式变化关系. -10 ^oC、80%放电深度（DOD）条件下循环3000次后,电池电性能无明显衰降;25 ^oC下循环550次,放电电压跌至0.8 V,电池失效. 结合相关参考文献结果及EIS试验分析可知,25 ^oC下电池循环性能迅速失效主要是由于高温下镍电极更易析氧和发生极板腐蚀,以及高温下镍极板更易粉化所致.     

单液流锌镍电池锌负极性能及电池性能初步研究

对单液流锌镍电池锌电极在电解液流动状态下,电沉积锌形貌随电流密度的变化进行表征,结果表明,随充电电流密度的增大电沉积锌层逐渐致密化,没有枝晶生成.组装了容量为2Ah的电池,并进行长时间充放电性能研究.测试结果该电池的平均充电电压为1.84 V,平均放电电压1.65 V,平均库仑效率达到96%,能量效率达到了86%.     

全钒液流单电池充放电行为及特性研究

建立具有外置双饱和甘汞参比电极及双液流电池的实验装置系统.使用该装置可在同一时刻同时测定小型液流单电池充放电时的电池电压、电池正负极电位及正负极开路电位,进而计算充放电过程电池的欧姆内阻降(iR)及其正负极过电位.以石墨毡为电极、Nafion 117作隔膜的全钒液流单电池,在60 mA.cm-2电流密度下,每一充放电循环的平均iR降约占总电压损耗的74%,表明该电池的电压效率受制于电池的欧姆内阻.充放电曲线显示,电池放电终点之所以出现主要是由于电池负极电位在放电末期的快速上升而引起的.本文设计的全钒单电池于60 mA.cm-2下工作时,其电压及能量效率分别达89%和85%,表明该电池结构合理,且石墨毡是钒电池合适的电极材料.     

三维网状结构Ru/石墨烯/碳纳米管复合材料作为锂氧电池正极催化剂的性能

利用物理浸渍和冷冻干燥等方法制备了具有三维网状结构的Ru/石墨烯/碳纳米管复合材料, 对该材料的结构、 形貌及电化学性能进行了表征和研究. 结果表明, 当Ru含量为30%, 热处理温度为500 ℃时, 材料的催化性能最优. 将其用作锂氧电池的正极催化剂, 以50 mA/g电流密度进行首次充放电时, 放电比容量约为5800 mA·h/g, 且在放电比容量为4000 mA·h/g以内时, 其极化电压仅为0.9 V; 当以50 mA/g电流密度进行恒容(500 mA·h/g)充放电循环时, 在极化电压低于1.1 V时, 仍能稳定循环12周. 复合材料电催化机理的研究结果表明, 三维网状结构不仅提供了O₂和Li⁺的传输通道, 更增加了放电产物Li₂O₂的储存场所. 金属钌纳米粒子的负载既增加了复合材料的反应活性位点, 又促进了放电产物Li₂O₂的分解.     

LiFePO_4新型正极材料电化学性能的研究

采用固相反应结合高速球磨法,合成了锂离子电池新型正极材料LiFePO4,并对该材料进行碳包覆处理;采用XRD、SEM、元素分析以及价态化学分析等方法对样品进行表征.实验表明,LiFePO4具有3.4V的放电电压平台,而且包覆碳后的磷酸铁锂具有更好的电化学性能,首次放电容量达147mAh/g,充放电循环100次后容量只衰减9.5%.     

LiFePO4的制备、结构与电性能研究

应用高速球磨-高温固相反应法于不同煅烧温度(400~700℃)下合成L iFePO4锂离子电池正极材料,X-射线衍射、扫描电镜和恒电流充放电等测试表明,煅烧温度对合成的L iFePO4晶体结构、表观形貌以及电化学性能均有很大影响;经600℃煅烧得到的L iFePO4样品具有良好的充放电性能,以0.1C倍率充放电,首次放电比容量为128.8 mAh/g,第15次放电比容量为129.1 mAh/g,充放电效率在99.7%以上;其高温充放电性能亦佳.     

单斜Li3V2(PO4)3/C复合材料的制备及其电化学性能

以LiOH·H2O、V2O5、H3PO4和蔗糖为原料,采用软化学法制备了锂离子电池正极材料Li3V2(PO4)3/C.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)对产物的结构和形貌进行表征,采用恒电流充放电、电化学阻抗考察了产物的电化学性能.结果表明.当煅烧温度达到700℃时,杂质相衍射峰消失,所得的样品为纯相的单斜Li3V2(PO4)3.颗粒粒度为1～2 μm;在3.0～4.5 V电压范围内以0.2C倍率充放电,首次放电比容量达到148.2 mAh·g-1,第50次循环比容量仍为144 mAh·g-1,容量保持率为97%,具有良好的循环性能;另外,样品还具有很好的倍率性能和高温性能.     

含水的凝胶电解质电化学特性及其在锂水电池中的初试

应用交流阻抗谱研究以聚甲基丙烯酸＿聚甲基丙烯酸锂＿甘油(GPE)作为锂水电池正极的体系,根据等效电路计算,发现升高温度和增加水含量均可提高体系的电导率.该体系导电过程类似于聚合物浓溶液,水分能降低聚合物的玻璃化温度,电解过程相当于电解水,分解电压1.50V.使用GPE组装室温全固态锂水电池,测定了该电池在恒负载(5.2kΩ)下放电曲线,发现当以石墨正极作集电极时,该电池能持续放电2h.使放电电压和放电电流下降的因素是:锂与GPE内水分反应生成的膜逐渐增厚,正极反应生成氢气,GPE内水份的扩散速率.     

磷酸钒锂溶胶-凝胶制备及电化学性能研究

以柠檬酸为螯合剂和碳源,应用溶胶-凝胶法制备锂离子电池正极Li3V2(PO4)3/C.XRD、SEM及恒电流充放电等测试表明,所得样品经800℃、12 h焙烧后具有单一晶相结构,粒度相对较小,分布均匀.0.1C、0.5C和1C放电首次比容量分别为153.0、143.1和130.6 mAh.g-1,50次循环容量效率分别为93.1%,85.4%和77.3%,充电效率达80%,放电电压较高.     

5V锂离子电池正极材料LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4的低温燃烧法合成及性能研究

以IANO_3、Ni(NO_3)_2·6H_2O、Mn(NO_3)_2和CO(NH_2)_2为原料,采用低温燃烧法成功合成了5V锂离子电池正极材料LINi_(0.5)Mn_(15)O_4.通过XRD、SEM、循环伏安和恒电流充放电实验对合成样品进行了表征.结果表明,在850℃合成的正极材料LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4具有立方尖晶石结构,规则的八面体晶形,粒度适中,比较均匀.合成产物具有良好的电化学性能,其充放电电压平稳,放电平台高达4.7V,4V放电平台几乎消失;放电容量达到124.92mAh/g,50次循环后放电容量仍可达到120.84mAh/g.     

Conversion of natural gas to C_2 hydrocarbons via cold plasma technology

The plasma technology served as a tool in unconventional catalysis has been used in natural gas conversion,because the traditional catalytic methane oxidative coupling reaction must be performed at high temperature on account of the stability of methane molecule.The focus of this research is to develop a process of converting methane to C2 hydrocarbons with non-equilibrium plasma technology at room temperature and atmospheric pressure.It was found that methane conversion increased and the selectivity of C2 hydrocarbons decreased with the voltage.The optimum input voltage range was 40-80 V corresponding to high yield of C2 hydrocarbons.Methane conversion decreased and the selectivity of C2 hydrocarbons increased with the inlet flow rate of methane.The proper methane flow rate was 20-40 ml/min (corresponding residence time 10-20 s).The experimental results show that methane conversion was 47% and the selectivity of C2 hydrocarbons was 40% under the proper condition using atmospheric DBD cold plasma technology.It was found that the breakdown voltage of methane VB was determined by the type of electrode and the discharge gap width in this glow discharge reactor.The breakdown voltage of methane VB,min derived from the Paschen law equation was established.     

Conversion of natural gas to C2 hydrocarbons via cold plasma technology

The plasma technology served as a tool in unconventional catalysis has been used in natural gas conversion, because the traditional catalytic methane oxidative coupling reaction must be performed at high temperature on account of the stability of methane molecule. The focus of this research is to develop a process of converting methane to C2 hydrocarbons with non-equilibrium plasma technology at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. It was found that methane conversion increased and the selectivity of C2 hydrocarbons decreased with the voltage. The optimum input voltage range was 40-80 V corresponding to high yield of C2 hydrocarbons. Methane conversion decreased and the selectivity of C2 hydrocarbons increased with the inlet flow rate of methane. The proper methane flow rate was 20-40 ml/min (corresponding residence time 10-20 s). The experimental results show that methane conversion was 47% and the selectivity of C2 hydrocarbons was 40% under the proper condition using atmospheric DBD cold plasma technology. It was found that the breakdown voltage of methane VB was determined by the type of electrode and the discharge gap width in this glow discharge reactor. The breakdown voltage of methane VB,min derived from the Paschen law equation was established.     

Rotational temperature of nitrogen glow discharge obtained by optical emission spectroscopy

Measurements of rotational temperature as low as several hundred Kelvin have been measured using optical emission spectroscopy (OES) in nitrogen direct current (DC) glow discharge. The strongest band of the first negative system of nitrogen was chosen to deduce the rotational temperature at four different positions in nitrogen DC glow discharge, the back of cathode; cathode sheath; positive column; and anode glow. In positive column the rotational temperature increased apparently with the increasing discharge voltage from 500 to 1000 V when the pressure was 10 Pa. But with pressure of 20 Pa the rotational temperature in positive column increased slightly with the increase of discharge voltage. On the contrary, the rotational temperature in cathode sheath took reverse tendencies when the discharge voltage varies from 500 to 1000 V. As regard the anode glow, the rotational temperature at 10 Pa decreased with the increase of discharge voltage, but that at pressure of 20 Pa increased. We attribute the different tendencies of the rotational temperature to the different discharge statues at different pressures. When the discharge voltage varies from 500 to 1100 V, the discharge with pressure of 10 Pa is normal glow and that with 20 Pa is abnormal glow.     

镱掺杂LiFePO4/C正极材料结构和电化学性能

采用高温固相法制备LiFe1-xYbxPO4/C(x=0,0.06,0.08,0.10)锂离子电池正极材料,并用X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电镜(SEM),循环伏安测试(CV)及交流阻抗测试(EIS)等方法进行结构和电化学性能的测试。XRD分析结果表明LiFe1-xYbxPO4/C(x=0,0.06,0.08,0.10)样品具有橄榄石型晶体结构。Yb的掺杂导致LiFePO4晶格中c轴方向的P-O键长增加,其中x=0.08样品具有最长的P-O键长。SEM图表明Yb的掺杂可明显细化颗粒,其中x=0.08时样品粒径为200 nm,比未掺杂样品降低了约2.5倍。电化学性能测试表明,Yb的掺杂使样品的放电容量增加,循环稳定性能提高。在-20～40℃温度区间内,放电容量随温度的升高而增加,其中x=0.08的样品40℃时放电容量为150 mAh.g-1,但测试温度达到60℃时,放电容量急剧下降。EIS测试表明Yb的掺杂可以明显改善电极表面电化学反应的动力学性能,降低电荷转移电阻,提高交换电流密度。     

涂碳铝箔对磷酸铁锂电池性能影响研究

本文研究了使用涂碳铝箔作为正极集流体磷酸铁锂电池的性能。研究对比了使用普通铝箔和涂层铝箔的10 Ah软包磷酸铁锂电池的主要性能。研究表明：使用涂层铝箔不但可以提高磷酸铁锂材料的粘结性,而且使用导电涂层可以有效降低正极材料和集流体的接触内阻,从而减小电池内阻,提高电池倍率性能。与使用普通铝箔作为集流体相比,通过使用涂碳铝箔可以使得电池的内阻降低65%左右,但是,磷酸铁锂正极材料的克容量却偏低约5~10 mAh·g^-1,首次效率也偏低4%左右;在快速放电15C倍率下,使用涂碳铝箔的电芯比使用普通铝箔容量提高约15%左右,10C放电倍率下,平台增加0.3~0.4 V;使用涂碳铝箔电芯的常温自放电率较高,但容量恢复率也较高;550周循环下,使用涂碳铝箔可以使得电池的循环性能提高约1%。而在电池低温性能方面,使用涂碳铝箔对低温性能并无改善。     

Improvement of overcharge performance using Li4Ti5O12 as negative electrode for LiFePO4 power battery

Liquid state soft packed LiFePO₄ cathode lithium ion cells with capacity of 2 Ah were fabricated using graphite or Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ as negative electrodes to investigate the 3 C/10 V overcharge characteristics at room temperature. The LiFePO₄/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ cell remained safe after the 3 C/10 V overcharge test while the LiFePO₄/graphite cell went to thermal runaway. Temperature and voltage variations during overcharge were recorded and analyzed. The cells after overcharge were disassembled to check the changes of the separated cell components. The results showed that the Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ as anode active material for LiFePO₄ cell showed obvious safety advantage compared with the graphite anode. The lithium ionic diffusion models of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ anode and graphite anode were built respectively with the help of morphology characterizations performed by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the different particle shapes and lithium ionic diffusion modes caused different lithium ionic conductivities during overcharge process.     

涂碳铝箔对磷酸铁锂电池性能影响研究

本文研究了使用涂碳铝箔作为正极集流体磷酸铁锂电池的性能。研究对比了使用普通铝箔和涂层铝箔的10 Ah软包磷酸铁锂电池的主要性能。研究表明:使用涂层铝箔不但可以提高磷酸铁锂材料的粘结性,而且使用导电涂层可以有效降低正极材料和集流体的接触内阻,从而减小电池内阻,提高电池倍率性能。与使用普通铝箔作为集流体相比,通过使用涂碳铝箔可以使得电池的内阻降低65%左右,但是,磷酸铁锂正极材料的克容量却偏低约5~10 mAh·g-1,首次效率也偏低4%左右;在快速放电15C倍率下,使用涂碳铝箔的电芯比使用普通铝箔容量提高约15%左右,10C放电倍率下,平台增加0.3~0.4 V;使用涂碳铝箔电芯的常温自放电率较高,但容量恢复率也较高;550周循环下,使用涂碳铝箔可以使得电池的循环性能提高约1%。而在电池低温性能方面,使用涂碳铝箔对低温性能并无改善。